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Name ______________________________________________________________ Chapter 3 The Spanish and French Attempt to Settle Carolina (Information in this Chapter correlates with Sections 1 and 2 in Chapter 4 of the South Carolina Beautiful Palmetto State Textbook) Standard 8-1: You will demonstrate an understanding of the settlement of South Carolina and the United States by Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans. Indicator 2: Compare the motives, activities, and accomplishments of the exploration of South Carolina and North America by the Spanish, French, and English. Essential Question: How did changes in Europe lead to exploration? Conquistador encomienda Plantation Slave Trade Winds Triangular trade route A Spanish conquerer who overtook South America. A Spanish plantation which used Native Americans as slaves. A large farm that grows cash crops and uses slave labor. People who are owned by others for the purpose of providing cheap labor. a wind that sailors followed that blows in a regular pattern. A pattern of trade that followed the trade winds from Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Northwest Passage A Ship route that was believed to join the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Religious persecution capitalism intellect Huguenots 1|Page Being judged or treated unfairly due to your religious beliefs. individuals (not the government) own property and can use the property to make a profit. smart way of thinking French settlers escaping religious persecution. Section 1: Changes that Prepared Europe for Expansion Technological Changes 1. Name some technological changes that led to European Exploration. Intellectual Changes 2. What two movements challenged the way people thought in the 13th Century? Religious Changes 3. What was a major religious changes that forced some people to leave Europe to seek religious freedom? 4. What were some effects of the Protestant reformation (switch from Catholic to Protestant)? 2|Page Technological Changes • In the 1400s, the printing press was invented, which allowed ideas to be exchanged more rapidly and accurately. • The writings of Amerigo Vespucci convinced cartographers (map makers) that lands being explored were not part of Asia but new land. (New World out there.) • New land was opened for exploration, conquest, and settlement because of technological changes such as better ships, navigational devices, warfare, and gunpowder. Intellectual Changes • The Renaissance and Enlightenment challenged the way people thought. • The printing press allowed this new way of thinking to spread, and this new knowledge led to innovations and inventions. Religious Changes • As knowledge increased among people, the Pope’s authority, and the Catholic religion, were questioned by Martin Luther, who sparked the Protestant Reformation. • Protestant Reformation was a switch from Catholic religion to Protestant religion. • Some Protestant denominations resulted (Lutherans and Huguenots); England became a Protestant nation with Henry VIII as head. • Effects of the Protestant movement included religious wars, intolerance, and persecution, which caused many people to leave Europe for America. Political Changes 5. What were the powerful nations that were forming because of riches made from exploration? Political Changes • Powerful nations included France, Spain, Portugal (Roman Catholic countries) and England (Protestant country). • The exploration of Columbus in 1492 resulted through Ferdinand and Isabella’s unification efforts to develop Spain as the most powerful nation. Economic Changes 6. What was the economic change that happened which allowed individuals to own property and make money off of this property? Economic Changes • A final set of changes for Europeans to explore and settle America was prompted by the rise of capitalism. • Capitalism was promoted by the new national monarchs, who granted land and exclusive trade rights to individual capitalists. Europe Ready for Expansion to America 7. What five areas experienced changes which transformed Europe and led to Europe’s exploration? Europe Ready for Expansion to America • Europe was transitioned from the Middle Ages into the modern era because of changes in technology, intellect, religion, politics, and economics. • With all of these changes, Europe was empowered to be more successful and conquer the new land. Section 2: Early Explorations and Attempted Settlements Early Explorations and Attempted Settlements 8. What four countries were competing to settle the Americas? Motivation for Exploration 9. What motivated these countries to explore Asia? 10. What did Africa supply these countries with for trade? 11. How did Christianity play a role in exploration? 3|Page European countries were competing to see who could get the biggest empire first. These nations included Spain, France, England, and Portugal (in South America). Early explorers had reached Africa, India, China, Japan, and Australia. There they encountered civilizations that were hundreds of years old and they saw great opportunity to make money there. Motivation for Exploration 1. Getting rich by trading silks, spices, jewels, and perfumes from Asia. 2. Selling the Africans they encountered as slaves. 3. Saving lost souls they wanted to convert to Christianity. 4. A chance to expand their empires and gain riches and land for their King, country, and themselves. A New Way of Thinking 12. Why was a land route to Asia undesirable at this time? A New Way of Thinking During this time, all trips from Europe to Asia had to either be taken by a land route, which was long, dangerous, expensive, and you couldn’t carry much, or by sailing around Africa. This was a very long and dangerous trip due to rough seas. 13. Why was sailing around Africa undesirable? Christopher Columbus felt that it may be better to sail to the west to get to Asia. He sailed from Spain in 1492 with plans to return with ships full of riches from Asia. Columbus did not realize instead that he would end up in the Americas. Even though Columbus never realized he had “discovered” this new continent, we date the European discovery of America from Christopher Columbus’s landing in 1492. Christopher Columbus sparked and interest and other countries followed his lead. 14. What explorer challenged the way people thought about travel and unknowingly discovered America? 15. What year did this explorer set sail from Spain? 16. He felt like it would be best to sail in which direction? 17. Where was he trying to go? The Spanish The Spanish 18. Which country was the first European country to settle large areas of land in America? 19. Where did this country establish most of their encomienda’s first? 20. What did an encomienda or plantation rely on? 21. Why did the Native American slave population have to be replaced as a labor source? 4|Page Spain had a lot of money from earlier explorations (stealing gold from Inca, Maya and Aztec civilizations), and they were the first European country to settle large areas in the Americas. Spain established encomiendas in Central and South America and set up encomiendas. These were large sugar plantations on which the native peopleswere enslaved. The plantation system and slavery provided incredible wealth for their Spanish masters, and would also become the basis of the plantation system and slavery in North America. The problem with enslaving the Native Americans is that they began to die out quickly because of disease, so they needed a new source of labor. Africa was along the triangular trade route and the Spanish noticed that many African tribes were using slave labor themselves. They seized this opportunity and began to trade for African people as slaves. 22. Where did the Europeans get the idea to use Africans for slave labor? As more settlers came over, the Spanish brought their culture, style of government, and their Catholic religion to the New World. 23. Name 2 things the Spanish introduced to the Americas. The Spanish had been so successful in Central and South America that they decided to spread their claim to include North America. 24. The Spanish in Florida and Carolina Because of their great success in South America, where did the Spanish try to spread their • claim? • The Spanish in Florida and Carolina 25. Who was one of the most famous Spanish explorers to explore SC, and plundered the Cofitachequi tribe near Columbia, SC? • • Spaniards, in pursuing more wealth, gave claim to large sections North America. Ayllón, a Spanish explorer, sent 2 expeditions to Florida and as far north as South Carolina with little success. (1539 – 1542) - De Soto attempted to strengthen Spain’s claim to La Florida. De Soto and his army were the 1st Europeans to explore interiors of what was to become the United States. Remember the Cofitachequi tribe near Columbia, SC? The armies in their searches spread disease and destruction among the Indian nations. Why were the Spanish Interested in Carolina? Why were the Spanish Interested in Carolina? 26. What were the Spanish hoping to find along the Carolina coast? 27. What blew up the east coast and by Carolina, which made it easier for the ships to return to Spain? 28. What made SC ideal for the expansion of the plantation system? 5|Page 1. They hoped they would find gold here like they had in South America. 2. The Carolina coast is also on the “highway” of the Atlantic, and the trade winds in the Atlantic blow up the east coast and then back across the Atlantic to Europe. Since ships relied on wind, sailing up the coast of Carolina made it easier to get home to Europe. 3. The climate and soil was ideal in SC, so they wanted to expand the plantation system and make money. San Miguel de Gualdape 29. Why did Ayllon hire Francisco Gordillo? 30. Spain’s First Attempt at Settling Carolina San Miguel de Gualdape In 1520, a Spanish sea captain named Francisco Gordillo sailed along the coast of SC. He was hired to search for slaves by his friend, Ayllón. While searching, Gordillo captured a Native American and named him Francisco de Chicora. Chicora was converted to Catholicism and worked for Ayllon. He learned the Spanish language and became friends with the Spanish men. He often entertained them with wild tales about his homeland. He told them that giants and men and women with long tails lived there. He also claimed that the land was full of gold, which made the Spanish very interested in this place called “Chicora”. In 1526, Spain sent Ayllón to Carolina with supplies and equipment to start a colony. This first Spanish settlement was called San Miguel de Gualdape. It was the first European settlement attempted in what is today South Carolina. The settlement was located on the Waccamaw River close to Georgetown, SC. However, the colony was not successful and did not last long. Supplies ran low, a harsh winter and disease led to the death of many of the settlers. The settlers that were left, abandoned San Miguel de Gualdape and returned home. Who did Gordillo capture? 31. What did this Native American tell the Spanish that interested them the most and made them want to come to Carolina? 32. What was the name of the 1st Spanish attempt at a colony in Carolina? 33. Where was it located? 34. What problems did this settlement face which led to its abandonment? The French in South Carolina The French in South Carolina 35. What country challenged Spain’s claim to Carolina? Why did France want to explore Carolina? 36. What was France trying to find? 37. What country today has French ancestry? 6|Page Not all nations believed Spain had the right to claim all the land on the east coast. The French were the first to challenge Spain’s claim on the land that occupies today’s SC. Why did France want to explore Carolina? 1. They were trying to find the Northwest Passage. It does not exist. They began in the Northeast in Canada and sailed down the St. Lawrence River claiming land for France along the way. They established settlements in Montreal and Quebec which today are in Canada. 38. The French were not as interested in creating permanent settlements in America. What were they interested in? 39. How did that affect the relationship between the French and the Native Americans? 2. They weren’t interested in taking over the land. They were mainly interested in establishing trading posts colonies to trade furs and animal skins. French traders established positive relations with the native people. Frenchmen traveled along the rivers west of the Appalachian Mts., and claimed those lands for France. They named this territory Louisiana after the King of France. 3. Another reason France was interested in this area was 40. What did the French name because it was not far from the Spanish settlements the territory west of the Appalachian in South America. Here they could attack Spanish ships full of Mts.? gold. 41. Why did the French have interest in the Spanish ships sailing on the trade winds? The French settlement in Carolina 42. Where was the French settlement, in Carolina located? 43. What problems did this settlement face? 44. What was the outcome for the colony? The Spanish Try Again 45. Where was the Spanish settlement of Santa Elena located? 46. How long did Santa Elena last? 47. What was the outcome for the Spanish colony, Santa Elena? 48. How long did the Native Americans live in peace without Europeans trying to settle Carolina? 7|Page The French settlement in Carolina Jean Ribault, the French explorer, took a group of French Huguenots, and founded Charlesfort ,in 1562 near present day Beaufort (Paris Island). As with the Spanish settlements, the French colony was doomed from the start. Supplies ran low, the people failed to plant crops. Jean Ribault went back to France to get more supplies. France was in the middle of a civil war and he couldn’t return. The settlers that survived built a raft and set sail for France. They had to resort to cannibalism to survive. The Spanish Try Again The Spanish tried again in 1565 to settle Carolina. Pedro Menendez de Aviles founded the town of Santa Elena and built Fort San Felipe on Paris Island. They used the materials left behind from Charlesfort- the French settlement located at Beaufort and Paris Island. The settlement actually lasted 10 years, but there were constant Native American attacks. Spain had decided it was too expensive to defend the settlement and the settlers fled the settlement and went to St. Augustine, Florida. For nearly 80 years, Native Americans in South Carolina were able to live in peace without Europeans trying to settle here. 8|Page