Download Name

Fall Semester Honors Final Review Guide
Name ____________________________________________ Date _________ Period_______
The Semester Final will cover the following topics:
- Scientific Method, Evolution, Cell, Cell Transport, Water, Mitosis, DNA and Protein
Synthesis,
- About 50% of the test will come from 1st quarter and 50% from 2nd quarter.
- Please be sure to review all of your notes, labs and homework assignments.
Terms you should know.
Scientific Method
Qualitative
Quantitative
Inference
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Biology
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Mutation
Cells
cell theory
prokaryote
eukaryote
phospholipids
lipid bilayer
Cell Transport
passive transport
concentration gradient
equilibrium
diffusion
osmosis
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
ion channel
carrier protein
facilitated diffusion
active transport
sodium-potassium pump
endocytosis
exocytosis
Water
Covalent bond
Molecule
Ionic bond
Proteins
Amino acid
Enzymes
Nucleic acid
Mitosis
Binary fission
Chromosome
Somatic cells
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Diploid cells
Haploid cells
Sister chromatid
Centromere
Chromatin
Histones
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
DNA
Nucleotide
Chargaff’s rule
Double helix
DNA replication
Replication fork
Helicase
DNA polymerase
Ligase
Deoxyribose
RNA & Protein Synthesis
protein
amino acid
uracil
transcription
translation
RNA polymerase
messenger RNA
codon
transfer RNA
anticodon
ribosomal RNA
Genetics
Gene
Allele
Independent assortment (Law
of)
Segregation (Law of)
Genotype
Phenotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Cross
Punnett square
Test cross
Pedigree
Linked genes
Sex-linked genes
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Multiple alleles
Polygenic inheritance
1
Scientific Method
A scientist named Dr. Smartee, wondered why his two favorite fish, Flotsem and Jetsem were not growing
at the same rate. Flotsem, a male, was growing at a faster rate than Jetsem, also a male. He bought the fish
at the same time and the fish salesman assured him that they were the same age. He thought that maybe one
fish was eating all the food during feeding time. The scientist decided to do an experiment. He separated
the fish into two different tanks and fed them the same amount of food for two weeks; made sure they had
the same amount of light, and kept the solute levels the same. After two weeks he weighed the fish and was
amazed by the results. Flotsem’s weight had increased by 1 gram, and Jetsem’s weight increased by 4
grams.
1. What was the independent variable in the above scenario?
2. What was the dependent variable in the above scenario?
3. What are two controlled variables that were identified in the above scenario?
4. What were the results of this scenario?
5. Did the results support Dr. Smartee’s hypothesis?
6. Could Dr. Smartee conclude that Flotsem was stealing Jetsem’s food or is another explanation possible
for the results?
7. Graph the Result
Cells
8. What molecule in the cell contains hereditary information (instructions for growth and development)?
9. What is a prokaryote? Give an example.
10. What is a eukaryote? Give an example.
11. What are TWO differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
2
12. What is an organelle?
13. What is a biotic factor? Give an example.
14. What is an abiotic factor? Give an example.
15. In the table below list the function of each of the organelles.
Organelle
1. Cell membrane
Function (what does it do!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
4. Nucleolus
5. Mitochondria
6. Ribosomes
7. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
8. Golgi Apparatus
9. Lysosomes
10. Cytoskeleton
11. Cilia
12. Cell wall
13. Vacuole
14. Chloroplast
16. What organelles are found only in plant cells?
3
17. Label the cell: Plant, Animal, or Prokaryote. Label all the organelles using numbers is acceptable.
Cell type:________________
Cell type:________________
Cell type:________________
4
Cellular Transport
18. What is homeostasis? What organelle helps maintain homeostasis?
19. What will happen to a cell placed in the following environments? Draw each using X’s as solutes and an
arrow representing solution movement.
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
20. Complete the following summary table.
Type of solution
Where is solute
concentration the
highest (inside cell
or outside cell)
Will water
move in or out
of cell?
Will the cell swell,
shrink, or stay
the same size?
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
21. What are two differences between active transport and passive transport?
22. List and describe the types of passive transport.
23. List and describe the types of active transport.
5
24. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
25. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Water
Properties of Water
26. Complete the chart:
Properties of
Definition of Property
Water
Cause of Property
(Hydrogen bonding
or polarity)
Which Olympic Event
Demonstrated the
Property
Surface Tension
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary Action
Polar vs. Non
polar
Specific Heat
27. Explain hydrogen bonding.
28. Draw three water molecules that are bonded together. Show polarity, hydrogen bonds, and covalent
bonds within your drawing.
29. Describe in words water’s polarity.
6
Mitosis
30. Draw the 4 stages of mitosis (label them while you’re at it… ).
31. List the phases of the cell cycle (there are 5 phases; mitosis itself is ONE of them).
32. In which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?
33. What are the functions of mitosis?
34. Is interphase a stage of mitosis? What happens during interphase?
35. How many cells are produced during mitosis? How many chromosomes does each contain?
Molecular Genetics (DNA, RNA, proteins)
36. What does DNA stand for?
37. What is a gene?
38. What do genes code for?
39. The four nitrogen bases of DNA are (spelled out):
7
40. Base-paring: in DNA
a. ___________pairs with____________, and ___________ pairs with _____________
41. Chargaff! If the genome of an organism consists of 32%guanine, what is the concentration of the other
bases?
a. G=_32%__, C=_________, A=_________, T=_________
42. Compare and contrast DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
43. What is a nucleotide? What are the 3 components to a nucleotide?
44. Describe the structure of DNA. Draw it.
45. Diagram the process of DNA replication. Include the replication fork, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase,
and 3’and 5’ on both old and new strands.
46. Create the complementary DNA sequence:
5’ A-T-C-G-A-A-T-T-G-C-A-T-A-T-T-A-C 3’
47. Why is DNA replication important?
48. RNA base Pairing:
a. ___________pairs with____________, and ___________ pairs with _____________
8
49. RNA uses the nitrogen base _____________________ instead of __________________.
50. Diagram the process of transcription.
51. Why is transcription important? Why is it beneficial for the DNA? Be detailed.
52. Create the mRNA from the following DNA:
3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G 5’
53. What are the 3 types of RNA found in the cell? What are their functions?
54. What occurs during translation?
55. Diagram the process of translation.
9
56. What types of RNA are involved with translation?
57. What types of RNA are involved with transcription?
58. What are the building blocks of protein?
59. If an mRNA had 12 codons, how many amino acids would it code for?
60. Where does transcription and translation occur in the cell? (ID both)
61. The mRNA codon AUG codes for the amino acid _______________
62. The mRNA codon CCA codes for the amino acid ________________
63. Find the entire amino acid sequence for the following DNA sequence. (transcribe then translate)
3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-T-T-A-C-A-C-G-A-C-T-G-C-A-G-G 5’
64. What is a mutation?
65. What are the three major effects mutations can have?
66. List types of
a. DNA mutations
b. Gene mutations
c. Chromosomal mutations.
10
Genetics
67. Who is the father of genetics? What did he study?
68. Describe his experiments and the two major laws of heredity he discovered.
69. Compare and contrast DNA, gene, & allele. Give an example.
70. What is a dominant and recessive genotype?
71. What do the terms homozygous and heterozygous refer to? Give examples.
72. What is the predicted genotypic and phenotypic ratios of two heterozygous parents for a completely dominant
trait?
73. Predict the outcome of offspring between homozygous and/or heterozygous parents for completely dominant
traits.
74. Predict the outcome of offspring of parents with various blood types.
a. AO x BO
b. AA x BO
c. OO x AB
75. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example or explain a model trait.
76. Cross two heterozygous (pink) snapdragons. What are the different genotypes and the corresponding phenotypes
that result?
77. What is co-dominance? Give an example or explain a model trait.
78. Cross two heterozygotes (AB) for blood type. What are the different genotypes and the corresponding
phenotypes?
79. Can a person pass on a trait, even they don’t show or have it themselves? HOW?
80. What does a dihybrid cross predict? How can you figure out the allele combinations they will pass on?
11
81. Which chromosome are most sex-linked traits carried on?
82. What are all possible genotypes of parents when predicting sex-linked traits?
83. The pedigree to the right shows the presence or absence of the albinism trait in several generations of a family.
K
L
M
N
Analysis
84. Determine whether the albinism trait is dominant or recessive. Explain your reasoning.
85. Determine the genotypes for females A & B.
86. Based upon your conclusion to Question 1 & 2, determine what the genotype is for the parents of Female A and
Female B.
87. Determine the genotypes as many of the family members of this pedigree as possible and label each genotype in
the pedigree above. Use the following designations in and place the numbers of each on the lines below:
AA = Homozygous dominant. _________________________________________________
Aa = Heterozygous: _________________________________________________________
aa = Homozygous recessive: __________________________________________________
?? = Not enough information to conclude:
88. Is this trait sex-linked on the x chromosome?
YES or
NO
89. Explain why or why not.
12