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Name: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Period: ___
AP Biology - Chapter 41 Outline, Due date: April 23, 2009
I
Nutritional Requirements
A. Animals are heterotrophs
B. Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal’s fuel
1. Glucose Regulation
2. Caloric Imbalance
3. Obesity
C. Essential nutrients and carbon skeletons
1. Essential Amino acids
2. Essential Fatty acids
3. Vitamins
4. Minerals
II.
Food types and feeding mechanisms
A. Oportunistic feeders
B.
Diverse feeding adaptations
1. suspension- feeders
2. substrate-feeders
3. deposit-feeders
4. fluid –feeders
5. bulk-feeders
III. Overview of food processing
A. Four main stages
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. elimination
B.
Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
1. intracellular digestion
2. extracellular digestion
3. gastrovascular cavity
4. complete digestive tract
5. alimentary canal
IV. Mammanlian Digestion
A. Oral Cavity
B.
Pharynx
C.
Esophagus
D.
Stomach
1. pepsin/pepsinogen
2. gastrin/gastrinogen
3. acid chime
4. pyloric sphincter
E.
Small Intestine
1. duodenum
a. carbohydrate digestion
b. protein digestion
c. nucleic acid digestion
d. fat digestion
2. jejunum and ileum
a. villi and microvilli
b. hepatic portal vessel
F.
Digestive Efficiency and cost
G.
Hormone regulation
H.
Large intestine
V. Evolutionary Adaptations
A. Dentition
B. Intestinal length
C. Microorganisms
D. Ruminants
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