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Biochemistry Organic Compounds Name: _______________________ Carbs and Fats Notes Carbohydrates (#1) Organic Compounds… All contain at least one ________________ atom!! Carbon forms four ____________________ bonds. Likes to bond with _______________, nitrogen, oxygen, (phosphorus, sulfur, calcium) and other carbons! Organic Molecules of Study a. _______________________________ b. _______________________________ c. _______________________________ d. _______________________________ Making Molecules Monomer: single units that make up larger ________________ – like links in a chain! Polymer: made by linking together ___________ monomers. The CHAIN itself! Linking and Unlinking Monomers: Two basic reactions: 1) Dehydration synthesis ------------------------> Dehydration – ____________________ lost Synthesis - ______________________ = removing a _____________ molecule to ____________ a polymer!! 2) Hydrolysis ---------------------------------------> Hydro – ____________ Lysis – ______________ = Using _________ to ___________ __________ polymers! _____________________________!!!!!!!! Common Macromolecules: ORGANIC Molecules... molecules composed of CLASSES Building blocks 1.) Carbohydrate (CH2O) 2) fats (lipids) (CHO) Monosaccaride Fatty acids & Glycerol phospholipids (CHOP) steriods/sterols 3) proteins Amino Acids 4) nucleic acid (DNA,RNA) Nucleotide(sugar, phosphate, base) 1) Carbohydrates “Carbo” from ____________(C) “Hydrate” from ____________ (H2O) A: Monosaccharides = (Building blocks= simple ________________ (the monomers!!) Ex: ________________,_______________, _________________, (sugars) POLYMERS = more than one monomer General formula: (CH2O)n B: Disaccharides are made of two _________saccharides!!! (1+1 = ____) Formula: C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 - H2O =C12H22O11 Ex,________________, ________________, _____________________ C: Polysaccharides: C and H BIOLOGICAL ROLE __________________________’s to _____________________________’s of monosaccharides!! Ex: Starch Starch: Used for long-term energy storage in ______________________. EX: ______________________________ Animals digest (break down) starch to obtain _____________________! Ex: Glycogen Used for energy storage in __________________. Similar to starch, but Has more side ____________________________. Animals digest (break down) glycogen to obtain_____________________! Ex: Cellulose Cellulose has a different type of bond, the long chains of monomers actually ________ to each other. Primary structural molecule in __________________________! _______________________!!!!! Animals cannot break it down; this is the ________________ in your diet! 1a)_____________________ fats: contain no double bonds between carbons. "Carbons are _________________ with hydrogens." Examples: ____________ and ___________. These are ________________________ at room temperature. Examples: butter, lard, shortening, and bacon 1b) _____________________ fats: have double bonds between carbons. They are __________________ at room temperature. Ex: Chitin Composes the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects, lobsters, crabs, etc.) Hard and protective (the crunch before the smoosh) Biochemistry Organic Compound Lipids (#2) Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, and some steroids. Also called triglycerides. FUNCTIONS: __________________________, ___________________________, __________________________, ___________________________, __________________________, ___________________________ General Formula: _______________________ Lipids are ____________________________ which means they repel water. 1) Fats are monomers of 1 _____________________________ and 3 _____________________________ formed by dehydration synthesis. Lipid “POLYMERS”: phospholipids, waxes, steroids 2) ___________________________________: major component of cell membranes. Nerve function They form a _____________________________________membrane. Phospholipid and cell membrane: Proteins (Elements: PSCHON) 3) __________________________: form hydrophobic coating to repel water. 4) Some___________________: lipids bent into rings. Ex: __________________________ 5) Hormone: progesterone testosterone 6) Vitamin D Functions of Proteins Structural support: cacoons, webs, tendons,ligaments Storage: egg whites Enzymes: for digestion and to speed up life processes Transport: hemoglobin, proteins in cell membranes Fight infections: antibodies Some hormones: insulin Proteins: How They’re Made •Monomers are____________________! (4 units surround central carbon) •There are _______ different amino acids! Amino Acids Polymers: •Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds (________________________again!!) •Dipeptide (______ amino acids) •Polypeptide (_______amino acids) •What is produced each time they join?? ___________________________ Biochemistry Organic Compounds Proteins (#3) and Nucleic Acids (#4) The _______________________ of amino acids determine the shape of the proteins! The shape determines_________________________!! Denaturing •Denatured = ________________________________ •Causes: ___________________, ______________, _______________ concentration, and other environmental factors Shape determines function… A protein is a very long chain of amino acids joined by ________ bonds by _________________ • Proteins take different SHAPE due to the ORDER of amino acids. This shape is TELLS the FUNCTION of the proteins! When a protein loses its shape, it is said to be denatured and can no longer function in the same way as before. •If denatured or misshapen, it can’t ________________! Structure of Proteins Primary Structure is just the specific order of amino acids in the chain. Secondary Structures are either a helix or a pleated sheet formed form hydrogen bonds reacting between the amino acids Tertiary Structure occurs because of attractions between alpha helices and pleated sheets. Quaternary Structure is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain. To Summarize… PROTEINS (structure determines function!!) _____________________ structure (amino acid chain) _____________________ structure (helices, pleated sheets) _____________________ structure (bonds between side groups of peptide chain) _____________________ structure (bonds between two polypeptides) Biological Molecules #4 Nucleic Acids 1. Monomers of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides: consist of nitrogeneous _________________, ______________________group, and ________________ sugar. (Deoxyribose or Ribose sugar) Long chains of small repeating subunits, called: Nucleotides What are the 2 kinds of Nucleic Acids? 1) Ex: DNA DNA coils tightly to form _____________________________ DNA is found in the Nucleus of cells and is a _____________ 2) Ex: RNA Found in the______________________ and is a __________________________. IMPORTANCE: DNA:_____________________________________________________ RNA: ____________________________________________________ Nitrogeneous Bases: A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base (Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, or Uracil). Nucleotides: Join by ____________________________!! (NOT dehydration synthesis) The nucleotides join together. Then they pair up… In DNA, Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (purines pair with pyrimidines) A-T, C-G Pairing in RNA… In RNA, Uracil replaces Thymine and pairs with Adeninel!!! C is still with G Biomolecules Notes You are what you eat!