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Italian Renaissance Notes Questions: 1. What changes does Europe experience for the Renaissance to happen? 2. Where does the Renaissance begin? 3. How is Renaissance art different from the art that came before it? 4. Who are the sculptors of the Florentine Renaissance? What did they sculpt? 5. What does Renaissance architecture look like? 6. What is Florence’s biggest architectural achievement? 7. Who are the painters of the Florentine Renaissance? What did they paint? 8. What about Renaissance music in Italy? 9. Why is Rome so filled with art? 10. Who is the sculptor of the Roman Renaissance? What did he sculpt? 11. Who are the painters of the Roman Renaissance? What did they paint? 12. What architectural masterpieces are in Rome? What characteristics do they share? 13. What are the major ideas to come out of the Italian Renaissance? 1. What changes does Europe experience for the Renaissance to happen? Economics -- Expanding merchant class Globally -- Expanding world! Scientifically -- Expanding world of science Data gathering (thanks, Aquinas!) Heliocentric by end of Renaissance Educationally -- Expanding mind! Gutenberg! 1456 Artistically -- Expanding opportunities! Humanistically -- Expanding definition of man! Universities teach that man has free will! Refocus on HUMANISM! 2. Where does the Renaissance begin? Italy! Why? 1. 2. 3. 4. Specifically, begins in Florence! Florence – wool & silk center, Papal bankers Medicis! Cosimo-- Piero -Lorenzo -- Pater Patriae, 1434 to 64 Neoplatonic Academy Collector of books Patron of the arts 1464 to 69 1469 to 1492 1494 Medicis exiled 1498 Savonorola burned 3. How is renaissance art different from art that comes before it? No longer humanizes faith, but reflects humanity! Careful description and accurate forms Nude reemerges Classical references Atmospheric Perspective Linear Perspective 4. Who are the sculptors of Florence? A. Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378 – 1455) Sacrifice of Isaac Gates of Paradise Story of Adam & Eve Competition -- North doors Quatrefoils of Sacrifice of Isaac 2 entries are best – Ghiberti & Brunelleschi Why is Ghiberti’s chosen? B. (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) Donatello (1386 – 1466) Lo Zuccone David Repentant Magdalene Ghiberti’s apprentice, worked on doors Began as goldsmith, moves to sculpting No single style defines him Lo Zuccone – for Duomo David -- for Cosimo Repentant Magdalene – for Duomo 5. What does Florentine architecture look like? Influenced by geometry and symmetry of Ancient Rome & Greece Influenced by the harmonious proportions of music Compare to Gothic? Harmonious and balanced v. intricate and overwhelming 6. What is Florence’s biggest architectural achievement? The Duomo, Santa Maria del Fiore Filippo Brunelleschi Church finished in 1400 No dome, no light, no ventilation Dome needed is 180 ft. in diameter – no precedent Competition His proposal -- 2 shells, no centering Created all machines for this work: reverse hoist, load positioner, lantern crane Lantern with buttresses Da Vinci’s connection Brunelleschi’s other masterpiece: Pazzi Chapel What do we see? 7. Who are the painters of Florence? A. (Tomasso Cassai) Masaccio (1401-1427) “Big Tom” heavily influenced by Giotto! Expulsion from the Garden Tribute Money Painted for the decoration of the Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine Expulsion-- clear light source, shadow, volume, weight Tribute-- simultaneous modes of time Influenced all others: Lippi, Fra Angelico, Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Botticelli B. Filippo Lippi (1406-1469) Adoration Lippi is Masaccio’s student Finishes Brancacci Chapel Lippi’s “dispensation” Adoration painted for Cosimo Prefers pastels, softer figures than Masaccio C. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) Adoration of the Magi La Primavera Birth of Venus Botticelli is Lippi’s student Medici patronage Adoration – for Gaspare di Zanobi del Lama for his chapel in Santa Maria Novello all Medicis are shown, classical and religious Primavera and Birth -- both for Medici family linear, classical and religious, Known for beautiful figures, little muscular power D. Fra Angelico (1387- 1455) Annunciation Canonized Prayed before all paintings Less-convincing figures sit in perfect 3D space Natural detail is incredible! For monastery of San Marco, Florence E. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Vitruvian Man Madonna of the Rocks Madonna and St. Anne Last Supper Mona Lisa Drawings Born in Vinci Verocchio’s apprentice Biggest patron is Duke of Milan Very few completions and copious notes! Vitruvian -- based on treatise of Vitruvius Drawings -- chiaroscuro Madonna -- triangular composition Chiaroscuro Sfumato Last Supper -- Milan Perfect linear perspective Vanishing point / halo Considered first painting of the High Ren. Raphael uses it for School of Athens Not fresco Mona Lisa -- “La Giocanda” Florentine merchant’s wife Motherhood/ maternal Portraiture in 3/4s Sfumato! Leda and the Swan 8. What about Renaissance music in Italy? Popular music, simple (Italianizing = simplifying) Performance oriented, little of what is written is written down during the period What’s written down moves away from counterpoint towards simple harmony Lorenzo the Magnificent’s lyrics = native tongue 9. Why is Rome so filled with art? Because. . . Pope Leo X is a de Medici Pope Julius II is a big Michelangelo patron 10. Who is the sculptor of the Roman renaissance? Michelangelo Buonarati! (1475-1564) (89!) Pieta David Moses Slaves Ghirlandaio Lorenzo de Medici in the gardens of Palazzo Medici Two biographies in his lifetime! Studies anatomy Saw himself as a sculptor Carrara marble Liberated figure Pieta -- 23 years old Pyramid composition Serenity/ acceptance Only work he signed ** inspires other sculptures David -- 26 -29 years old Contest Florentian symbol Moses -- 38 years old Only figure completed for Julius’s tomb Most ambitious sculpture project of his life, 40 figures Keeper of the laws = Moses “horns” Slaves or Captives -- 38 Unfinished for tomb 11. Who are the painters of the Roman Renaissance? A. Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Ceiling Last Judgment Sistine Chapel -- 1508-1512 (33 to 37 years old) Private chapel of the Pope Walls by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Perugino Commissioned by Julius II 44 ft. by 133 ft 68 ft up, vaulted ceiling 300 figures! Up to 43 sq. ft. a day Optimism, human power Full span -- man’s sin, judgment, salvation Exceedingly complex thought! Divided into 3 sections: 1. lunettes/ spandrels -- ancestors of Christ as written in Matthew symbolize mankind before salvation/ redemption pendentives -- chosen people are saved from destruction through miracles foreshadow salvation 2. External band of thrones -- 7 male prophets, 5 female sibyls all foretold of Jesus/ Messiah 3. Central rectangle -- nine smaller rectangles from Genesis “Ignudi” -- strength, grace, power of man Philosophical divide as well – the three platonic stages, matter, becoming, being Last Judgment -- 1533- 1541 (58 years old) 22 years after Sistine Pessimistic about man’s condition St. Bartholomew = Michelangelo B. Raffaelo Sanzio (Raphael) School of Athens Perugino’s student Known for serene scenes, less drama Began painting the papal apartments in 1508 School of Athens Intellectual spirit of the era Considered his masterpiece Divided into reason and spirit Plato/Aristotle = Apollo/Athena Influence of both Da Vinci and Michelangelo 12. What architectural masterpieces are in Rome? SO MANY! Can’t talk about it all! A. Tempietto by Donato Bramante Commemorative structure for St. Peter’s martyrdom in church courtyard What do we see? B. St. Peter’s by many including Bramante, Michelangelo, and Raphael St. Peter’s tomb Constantine’s church Chief architect is Bramante until 1514, then Raphael Michelangelo is chief from 1547 to 1564 (age 71 when he takes over) Michelangelo designs dome inspired by _______________________________ “Largest” dome 450ft x 130 ft Uses pendentives Greek cross shape Colonnade and façade are Baroque by Bernini 13. What are the major ideas to come out of the Italian Renaissance? A. Classical Humanism Man is the measure of all things -- focus on civic duty, service to others, here and now, ethics, man’s abilities and beauty, intellect! B. Scientific Naturalism Careful observation of nature, universe, etc, in the effort to understand and reproduce it. C. Individualism Seeking personal prestige D. Mixing of Classical/ Pagan and Christian ideas Coexistence and religious and scientific, the Classical and the Biblical
