Download Part I. Grammar Articles There are two articles in English which

Part I. Grammar
Articles
There are two articles in English which called (a/an) indefinite articles and
(the) definite article.
Use an before vowels (a, e, i, o, u)
Use a /an + a singular noun.
Definite article: the
Use the to talk about specific things and places.
Use the when the noun denotes a thing unique: the sun, the Earth, so on.
Names of oceans, seas, straits, channels, canals, mountain chains, rivers and lakes
usually take the definite article.
Names of theaters, cinemas, museums, hotels, newspapers and magazines usually
take the definite article.
Absence of the Article Zero article
Don’t use when you talk about things in general.
Don’t use with time expressions, have +meals.
Don’t use in front of uncountable nouns.
Don’t use with names of continents, countries, cities, towns and villages.
Don’t use with names of persons, streets, parks, squares, universities,colleges,
airports and railway station.
Don’t use with names of months, days of week.
Exercise 1. Use articles: a, an .
Table, apple, door, eye, ear, desk, pen, teacher, engineer, school, film, station,
airport, English book, blackboard, computer, ice-cream, umbrella, flower.
Exercise 2. Use the necessary article.
Family, mother, father, daughter, son, uncle, aunt, niece, nephew, brother,
sister, husband, wife, baby, child, grandmother, grandfather.
Exercise 3. Use articles where necessary.
Star, London, umbrella, Volga, Browns, king, Abai Square, inkpot, Alatau,
airplane, train, Smith, north, son, sun, south, Irtysh, Almaty, station, earth, Pacific
Ocean, Europe, Asia, USA, girl, west, moon, Thames, Black Sea, office, east.
Exercise 4. Use articles where necessary.
1.This is …good book. Take … book from … table. 2. We have … English
lesson. 3. Where is your … brother? - He is at … home 4. Our … cat is sitting near
… chair. … chair is in … middle of … room. It is … large room. 5.What’s …
weather like today? - … weather is fine. 6. … sky is blue today. 7. … Earth is our
planet. 8. My father is … engineer. 9. My mother is … doctor. 10. We live in …
big house. I like … house very much. 11. I like to sit on … sofa and read … book.
12… London is … capital of … Great Britain. 13. We are in … Almaty now.
Exercise 5. Use articles where necessary.
1. He is … Bolat. 2. He is in … office. 3. Give me … textbook, please. 4. Our
Academy is in … Zhandosov street. 5. It is … Lesson Ten. 6. … blood is red. 7.
We write with … pen. 8. … children’s room is between … sitting –room and …
bedroom.
9. There is … big tree in … garden. 10. Where is … cat? - … cat is on …sofa.
Nouns (singular and plural)
Nouns are the names of objects, i.e. things, human beings, animals, materials
and absract notions.
All nouns can be divided into two main groups: proper names (e.g. John,
London, the Thames) and common nouns.
Common nouns are subdivided into countable (things you can count: an apple,
a table) and uncountable (things you can’t count: water, rice
Nouns (singular and plural)
The plural of most nouns is built up by means of the suffix –s or –es.
The suffix –es is added to nouns ending in s, ss,sh,ch,x and z (e.g.glassglasses, brush-brushes).
It is also added to nouns in o preceded by a consonant (e.g. tomato-tomatoes,
hero-heroes)
Nouns ending in –y preceded by a consonant change the –y into ies.(e. g. flyflies, country-countries). But if a noun ends in –y preceded by a vowel, only –s is
added (e.g. key-keys, boy-boys).
The following nouns ending in –f or –fe have the ending –ves in the plural:
life-lives, shelf-shelves.
But these nouns ending in –f or fe take only –s in the plural: roof-roofs, cliffcliffs, gulf-gulfs, proof-proofs, safe-safes, belief-beliefs, grief-griefs, cuff-cuffs.
A few nouns form their plural by a change of vowel. They are man-men,
woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children, person-people,
goose-geese.
Exercise 1. Use the nouns in the plural:
a) hat, bag, bench, box, cat, shoe, leg, house, plate, dress, dish, hand , bus;
b) lady, toy, city, boy, family, country, day, monkey, story, baby.
c) leaf, knife, thief, wolf, shelf, wife.
d) man, woman, foot, tooth, mouse, child, person.
Exercise 2. Use the nouns in the plural:
Postman, plane, dictionary, student, town, photo, tree, chief, factory, place,
gate, map, Negro, class, apple, life, party, rose, way, play, map, page, goose.
Exercise 3. Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in singular.
Weather, furniture, information, advice, news, money, watch, knowledge,
progress, hair, love, anger, work, fish, fruit.
Exercise 4.Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in the plural.
Contents, wages, clothes, goods, politics, suburbs, slums, trousers, spectacles,
memoirs, scales, tropics.
Exercise 5. Use the nouns in the singular:
Cities, factories, families, days, toys, keys, heroes, Negroes, pianos, photos,
leaves, knives, thieves, roots, safes, geese, teeth, feet, dishes, buses, classes, boxes,
bases.
Exercise 6. Write these nouns in the right column. Use the model.
Model: countable noun
uncountable noun
a sofa
water
an office
milk
Chair, milk, silver, gold, blood, music, rain, snow, desk, letter, tea, smoke,
flour, dress, cat, child, love, man, dust, office, sense, hospital, phone, ear,
roof, wind, coffee, mind, café, table, sugar, cheese, butter, bread, house,
assistance, event.
Exercise 7. Use these word combinations in the plural:
A long letter, a large room, an old man, a little boy, a beautiful flower, a red
apple, a cold day, a long pencil, an easy text, a square box, a round table, a big
house, a thin paper, a red rose, a green tram, a nice shirt, a long skirt, a wide street,
an interesting text, a nice dress, a dark room, a deep lake, a hard work.
Verb be (present)
Verb to be (present) is conjugated in positive:
I am
We are
You are
You are
He, she, it is
They are
Interrogative: Am I ?
Negative: I am not
Is she,he it ?
She,he it is not
Are we,you, they ?
We,you, they are not
Contracted form: ‘m – am, ‘re – are, ‘s – is.
Exercise 1. Use “to be” in the present simple.
He …a student. You…English. She …a young lady. Nick…from Glasgow.
My mother…a doctor. They … from Canada. Assima…in Almaty now. The book
… thin. This … a classroom. I … a teacher.
Exercise 2. Make these statements negative and interrogative.
1. I am a student. 2. My brother is in the army. 3. English is my favourite
subject. 4. The flats in this house are very comfortable. 5 They are at home. 6. It is
ten o’clock. 7. You are doctors. 8. I am from Kazakhstan.
Exercise 3. Use to be.
1. A: What … your name?
B: My name … Amina.
2. A: Where … she from?
B: She … from Almaty.
3. A: What … her name?
B: Her name … Amina. She … an actress.
4. A: What … their names?
B: Their names … Ann and Jane. They are singers.
5. A: Where … they from?
B: They … from the USA.
6. A: What … his name?
B: His name … Dauren.
7. A: … he a lawyer?
B: Yes, he … .
Exercise 4. Use the right word.
A brother, a dentist, at an office, uncle, in the army, a secretary, a policeman,
the school, a teacher, son, a taxi driver, head.
1. My father is …. 2. His … is a computer operator. 3. He is a clerk …. 4. His
… is an office worker. 5. My … is a rich businessman. 6. Their son is … now. He
is a soldier. 7. He is … and his brother is …. 8. She is … and her sister is …. 9.
This man is … of our department. 10. Her aunt is headmistress of ….
Exercise 5. What are your relatives?
Model: My father is an engineer.
mother
a cook
father
a pensioner
wife
a housewife
husband
an economist
son
a secretary
daughter
a schoolgirl
brother
a student
sister
a teacher
cousin
a computer operator
uncle
a lawyer
aunt
a worker
grandfather
a dancer
grandmother
a doctor
Exercise 6. Combine the following phrases according to the model.
Model: I’m glad to meet you.
А. I am glad, I’m happy, I’m ready, I’m hungry, I’m thirsty, I’m late for work,
I’m sorry, I’m busy, I’m bored, , I’m tired, I’m cold;
B. read a book, go to bed, have a sandwich, hurry up, have a drink, put a coat
on, to meet you, can’t find your book, at work, have a new car, help you.
Exercise 7. Make up sentences using these word combinations.
Model: I’m fond of sport.
To be surprised at smb, to be ill, to be mistaken, to be sure, to be proud of, to
be worried, to be fond of, to be afraid of, to be interested in, to be present, to be
absent.
Imperative Mood
The Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests, prohibitions.
Infinitive
+ Imperative
- Imperative
Open
Open the door.
Don’t open the door.
There are only two forms, one + and - .
Singular and plural are the same.
Exercise 1. Read and ask a partner to do.
Model: Aigerim, stand up, please, come here!
Don’t stand, stop, take the book, go to the door, don’t open it, go to your seat,
sit down, please, stand up, please, come here thank you.
Exercise 2. Use the verbs of command:
A. 1. … here! 2. … to the table! 3. … the book! 4 … the bag. 5. … the door.
6. … at my cat.
B. 1. … not … the book. 2. … not … down. 3. … not … at Aigerim. 4. …
not … to the door. 5. … not … my pen.
Exercise 3. Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do).
Pronouns
Pronouns can be divided into the following classes:
1) personal pronouns
6) indefinite pronouns
2) possessive pronouns
7) reciprocal pronouns
3) reflexive pronouns
8) interrogative pronouns
4) emphatic pronouns
9) relative pronouns
5) demonstrative pronouns
Personal pronoun
Possessive pronouns
Nominative case
Objective case
Simple form
Absolute Form
I
me
my
mine
You
you
your
yours
He
him
his
his
She
her
her
hers
It
it
its
We
us
our
ours
They
them
their
theirs
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding –self (in the plural –selves).
Myself
ourselves
Yourself
yourselves
Himself
Herself
themselves
Itself
Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns – they are
homonyms.
Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasis.
e.g. My mother herself opened the door. (or My mother opened the door
herself.)
Exercise 1. Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun.
Model: Aigerim is from Kazakhstan.
She is from Kazakhstan.
1. Tom is from the USA. 2. Peter and Ann aren’t from Kazakhstan. 3.
Aigerim
and her brother live in Astana. 4. Mr. Brown is a young man. 5. The building is
new and tall. 6. Anuar and I are good friends. 7. Assima speaks English very well.
8. You and your sister are students.
Exercise 2. Complete the chart.
Nominative
Objective
I
me
…
you
He
…
She
…
…
it
We
…
…
you
They
…
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun.
1. I love you? Do you love …? 2. I work with John. I have lunch with …
every day. 3. Can you speak slowly? I can’t understand …. 4. She lives near me. I
often see … on the bus. 5. She doesn’t like my sisters. She never speaks to …. 6.
The music is terrible. I hate …. 7. What do you think about these boots?- I don’t
like … very much. 8. I want to talk to you about something. Can you phone …
tomorrow, please? 9. We arrive at the airport at 8. 00. Can you meet …? 10.
Excuse me, I have a problem. Can you help …?
Exercise 4. Use a possessive adjective.
1. Don’t take (we) … pen. 2. Look at (they)… picture. 3. I know (she)…
teacher very well. 4. Don’t repeat (he)… words. 5. Answer (I) … questions.6. Put
(you) … paper on the table. 7. Show us (you) new car. 8. Don’t read (she) letter.
Exercise 5. Use an object pronoun.
1. I see a newspaper in your hand. Give it to …, please. 2. This present is from
Jane. Come and thank …. 3. I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with ….
4. Where is my bag? I can’t find … here. 5. My son can’t do this task. Go and help
…, please. 6. We often meet our friends. We meet … at the Institute.
7. Your shoes are dirty. Don’t wear …. 8. Your home task is very difficult.
We must help …. .
Exercise 6. Use the absolute form.
1. Their house is better than (our house). 2. Is this her coat? - Yes, it’s (her
coat).
2. Your pen is bad. Take (my pen). 4. Our room is larger than (their room). 5.
My car is older than (your car). 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister). 7. Their
work is better than (your work). 8. His book is thicker than (her book).
Exercise 5. Use a reflexive pronou.
1.
He bought ... a new car. 2. She speaks very little of .... 3. Be careful!
Don’t hurt .... 4. We’ll find it .... 5. They told me the news .... 6. Did you invite
him ....
Demonstrative pronouns: this/that/these/those
Use this/that + a singular noun.
Use these/those + plural nouns.
This/that/these/those can be pronouns or adjectives.
Exercise 1.Use the nouns in the plural.
this waiter, this tea-cup, this king, that wall, that door, this man, that woman,
that shelf, that lady, this knife, that fork, this story, that picture, that umbrella, this
bag.
Exercise .2, Use:
a) this/these
1. My name is Amina and … are my parents. 2. … man is our neighbour.
3. How much are … pens? 4. … is my brother and … are my parents. 5…. is an
umbrella. … are pictures. 6.… are dogs. 7. … is a flower.
b) that/those
1. I want to buy … book.2. Look at … photo. 3. Do you like … cars? 4. Can
you give me … pencil, please? 5. Put … letters on the table. 6. … windows are
clean.
Exercise 3. Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural.
a)That woman, that man, this wall, that corner, that forest, that river, this
chair, that bench, this paper, that letter, this goose, that duck, this photo, that
picture.
b) 1. This is a table. 2. This table is big. 3. That is a book. 4. That is an
English book. 5. This is a black cat. 6. That is a thin notebook. 7. This is a young
woman.
8. That’s a nice picture. 9. This man is my English teacher. 10. What is this?
Sentences with there is / are
We use “There is / are” constructions talking about the existence of people ,
things, etc.
There is (singular).
+ There is an apple.
- There isn’t an apple.
? Is there an apple?
There are (plural)
There are apples.
There aren’t apples.
Are there apples?
Exercise 1. Use there is/ are.
1.… a table in my study room. 2. … two large windows in the kitchen.
3.… flowers in the vase. 4. … a film on TV. … a mirror in the bathroom.
5.… no balcony in my room. 6. … a lot of newspapers on the shelf. 7. … a cup of
tea on the table? 8. … English books on the shelf?
Exercise 2. Make these statements negative and interrogative.
1. There is a fireplace in the house. 2. There is a garden in front of the house.
3. There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard. 4. There are trees in the street.
5. There are girls in the yard. 6. There is a glass of water on the table. 7. There is a
bus in the street. 8. There are pens under the book.
Exercise 3. Finish the sentence.
1. There is a …. 2. There are …. 3. There is no …. 4. There are no …. 5. Is
there …. ? 6. Are there ….?
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrases:
a big dog, some little plates, some fresh milk, some cheese, a new pen, some
children, a little mouse, a blue vase, two pictures, some English books, a white cat,
ten red apples, some pretty girls, a red rose.
1. There is … in the yard. 2. There are … on the table. 3.There is … on the
shelf.
4. There is … in the bottle. 5. There are … in the park. 6. There is … on the floor.
7. There is… on the bed. 8. There are … on the wall. 9. There are … on the dish.
10.There is … in my pocket. 11. There are … on the dancing-floor. 12.There are
… on the shelf. 13. There is … in the garden. 14. There is ... in the fridge.
Exercise 5. Add question tags to the following statement.
Model: There is a bright lamp on his table.
There is a bright lamp on his table, isn’t there?
1. There is a cake on the plate. 2. There is a cat on the carpet. 3. There are
some children in the garden. 4. There is a flower in the glass. 5. There are some
apples on the table. 6. There is snow in the street. 7. There are some cups on the
shelf. 8. There is a mouse on the floor. 9. There is a ball under the bed. 10. There
are some girls by the window. 11. There is milk in the bottle. 12. There are some
people in the street.
Numerals
Numerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals.
Cardinal numerals
Ordinal numerals
One
first
Two
second
Three
third
Four
fourth
Five
fifth
Six
sixth
Twelve
twelfth
Sixteen
sixteenth
Twenty one
twenty first
Sixty
sixtieth
Remember! 503 – five hundred and three
2,075 – two thousand and seventy five.
Dates are read in the following way:
st
1 September –the first of September (September the first).
5th June 1959 –the fifth of June nineteen fifty nine.
Common fractions are read in the following way: 2/3 –two thirds.
Decimal fractions are read as: 3,5 – three point five, 8,03-eight point naught three.
Exercise 1. Write the numbers in words.
3, 19, 24, 28, 50, 48, 1, 2, 11, 94, 12, 57, 79, 83, 88, 59, 9, 34, 45, 5, 10.
Exercise 2. Write the numbers and the dates in words.
1957, 2007, June, 5, 1959, 1/3, 2/3, 21/2, ¼ 0,25, the 30th of September,
1005, 5345, phone number: 451236, 100, 1000, 1005, 1,000,000,000.
Exercise 3. Write the dates in words.
1959, 1988, 2004, 2006, 1979, 1464, 1547, 5/VI, 18/IX, 23/X, 17/XII, 10/V.
Exercise 4. Order weekdays and months.
a)
Tuesday, Saturday, Friday, Monday, Thursday, Wednesday, Sunday;
b)
December, April, January, November, August, February, June,
October,
July, March, September, May.
TIME
What time is it?
It’s 9.00. (nine o’clock)
8.30. (half past eight)
7.15. (a quarter past seven)
6.45. (a quarter to seven)
14.05. (five minutes past two)
9.35. (twenty five to ten)
Exercise 5. Write the times in words.
Model: It’s 10.00. (ten o’clock)
12.00, 15.30, 17.45, 20.15, 6.00, 7. 25, 14.16, 19.53, 21.15, 18.17, 10.00.
Have got and have
Use have got for possession. Don’t use the auxiliary verb do/does with have
got.
Always contract have/has got in + and –
e.g. I’ve got a car. I haven’t got a car.
He’s got a fax. He hasn’t got a fax.
Use have with possession and activities. Use the auxiliary verb do/does with
have.
I have
We have
I don’t have
We don’t have
You have
They have
You don’t have
They don’t have
He, she, it has
He, she, it doesn’t have
Exercise 1. Use “to have” in the right form.
1. I … a brother. 2. He … a new car. 3. They … got a large family. 4 . Jane …
an English class today. 5. We … breakfast in the morning. 6. You … a test today.
7. She … two cousins and an aunt and an uncle. 8. Daniyar … a sister.
Exercise 2. Make these statements negative and interrogative.
1. Amina has got a lot of friends. 2. I have got a question. 3. He has a car.
4.They have good results in swimming. 5. We have dinner at the hotel today. 6.
You have got skates. 7. He’s got a computer. 8. She has two sons and a daughter.
Exercise 3. Give short answers.
Model: Have you got a family? - Yes, I have. or: No, I haven’t.
Has he got a cat? –Yes, he has. or: No, he hasn’t.
1. Have you got any sisters or brothers? 2. Have you got any relatives in London?
3. Has your father got a lot of money? 4. Has your grandmother got a lot of
grandchildren? 5. Has your cousin got a friend? 6. Has your sister got apet? 7.
Has your friend got a cat and a dog? 8. Have they got a new house?
Possessive ‘s
The possessive is formed by means of the suffix –s and the apostrophe (-‘)
alone.
The –‘s is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns, e.g.
men’s, women’s.
The apostrophe (-‘) alone is added to regular plural nouns, e.g. parents’,
workers’ and also to proper names ending in –s, e.g. Hercules’ labours.
Use ‘s with people
My brother’s wife.
Use s’ with plural nouns.
My parents’ car.
Use of with things.
The capital of Italy.
Exercise 1. Use possessive ‘s
1. (The number/the car) is 175. 2. (bedroom/the parents) is on the second
floor. 3. These are my (books/sister). 4. (office/the boss) is very large.
5. Your (pictures/children) are so nice. 6. (friend/Jack) is Peter. 7. (the report/the
student) is very interesting. 8. (children/my neighbour) are very good.
Exercise 2. Write the sentences with an apostrophe (‘).
Model: Martha is my brothers girlfriend.
Martha is my brother’s girlfriend.
1. This is my parents car. 2. Do you know Aizhans sister? 3. The womens
toilets are over there. 4. I think this is that womans bag. 5. Our teachers wife is
French. 6. We have coffee in the teachers room at 10.00. 7. His pupils tasks are
hard. 8. Her friends sister is an artist.
Prepositions
Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its
relation to some other word in the sentence. Prepositions may be single words, e.g.
in, for, below, and also phrases consisting of more than one word, e.g. because of,
due to, in front of. Besides, there are a large number of combinations in English
based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition, e.g. in addition to, on top of,
on account of.
Prepositions of time: in, on, at, after, before, during.
Prepositions of direction: into, from, of, to, out of, under, over, near.
Prepositions of place: on, under, in, at, in front of, by, over, behind, between,
from.
Use in for parts of the day, months, years and seasons.
Use on for specific days and dates.
Use at for times of the day and festivals. Remember: at night, at the weekend.
Exercise 1. Use prepositions on, in, or into, at.
1. There are many people … the park today. 2. Why is the girl crying? – She
has dropped her doll … the water. 3. The picture is … the wall. 4. There are some
books and pens … the teacher’s table. 5. We put the box … the box. 6. I like to sit
… the sofa … my room. 7. Mother is cooking dinner … the kitchen. 8. There is no
tea … my cup. 9. I get up … seven o’clock or … a quarter past seven. 10. …
Sunday I usually get up … nine o’clock or … half past nine. 11. My birthday is …
the fifth of June. 12. … the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas.
14. … Wednesday I usually have a lot of work. 15. Lev Tolstoy liked to get up …
sunrise.
Exercise 2. Use prepositions to or of.
1. London is the capital … Great Britain. 2. It is clear … me that you don’t
know your lesson. 3. I explained … the teacher that by the end … the lesson I had
not finished the translation … the text.4. I sent a letter … my friend. 5. He bought a
book … English poem and gave it … his sister. 6. The roof … the house is old.
Exercise 3. Use prepositions where necessary.
1. We tried to speak … him, but he did not want to listen … us. 2. He did not
even look … us and did not answer … our questions. 3. He says you always laugh
… him, never speak … him and answer … his questions.4.How many cities do you
have … your country? 5. I cannot speak … you now, the professor is waiting …
me.
6. There is a monument … Abai … the square … Arts. 7. She works … an office.
8. Every morning I look … the mirror, wash and comb … my hair. 9. Turn … the
corner … the house and look … the flowers grown … my mother. 10. I must go …
the institute and explain … him some details … our work.
Exercise 4. Answer the questions using the following words: at the wall, in front
of, in the left (right) –hand corner, to the right of, on the left, to the left on, in the
centre of, in the middle of, at the opposite wall, above the table, on the wall,
between the windows, round the table.
1. Where is your dining-room in your flat? 2. Where is your wardrobe? 3. Where
are the chairs? 4. Where is the TV set? 5. Where is the dressing table? 6. Where is
the sofa? 7. Where is the sideboard? 8. Where are the pictures? 9. Where is the
standard lamp? 10. Where are the arm-chairs? 11. Where is the lamp? 12. Where is
the piano? 13. Where are the books?
The Present Simple
Use the Present Simple for things you do every day/week/year.
Remember the” s “ for + she, he, it.
Use the auxiliary verb “to do” in negative, interrogative, short answers.
Contracted form: don’t = do not doesn’t = does not
The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of
frequency as often, seldom, sometimes, always, never, ever, usually, occasionally,
once (twice, three times) a week, every year (week, month, day).
Exercise 1. Use the verbs in the present simple.
1. We (to learn) English at the Institute. 2. I (to like) music and pictures.
3. Gulmira (to play) tennis very well. 4. They (to live) in London. 5. My friend (to
work) at an office. 6. He (to walk) much. 7. Amina (to know) many songs.8. Anuar
(to go out) to parties every weekend. 9. He (to be) a handsome boy. 10. Assima (to
have) many friends at the Institute.
Exercise 2. Make these statements interrogative and negative. Use the model.
Model: She speaks two foreign languages.
She doesn’t speak two foreign languages.
Does she speak two foreign languages?
1. I go to the Institute every day. 2. Assima dances very well. 3. Mary speaks
French, Spanish and Russian. 4. My family is large. 5. Every day my father works
in the garden. 6. They play football twice a week. 7. Dauren is good at foreign
languages. 8. In the evening we meet our friends.
Exercise 3. Combine the right word combinations.
Model: cook dinner.
a)cook, watch, read, play, drive, wear, live, answer, get up, ask, speak, buy,
have, get, go away, do, eat, write, go.
b) a car, the phone, tennis, television, in a flat, dinner, a magazine, a
uniform, English, question, early, a taxi, in a restaurant, a flower, for the weekend,
sport or exercise, letters to friends, shopping for clothes, lunch.
Exercise 4. Use ‘s (possessive), ‘s (plural) or ‘s third person where necessary.
1. My friend … father work … in Germany. 2. His brother … a lawyer. He
…25. He work… at a plant. 3. He live… in Paris with his three children….
He has two boy… and a girl. 4. My brother … wife … is Aizhan. She … an
economist. 5. Pauline .. parent … live .. in Paris too. 6. Her brother look…
like Pauline… mother but not her father.
Exercise 5. Add question tags to the following statement.
Model: He studies English, doesn’t he?
1. I have a computer. 2. She doesn’t go to the cinema. 3. I like beautiful
flowers.
4. They don’t go to the university on Saturday. 5. We do our home task
everyday. 6. He speaks German. 7. She often goes to the theatre. 8. My wife is
pretty.
Exercise 6. Use the right verb..
1. I ( live/lives) in Astana. My best friend (live/lives) in Astana too.
2.The boy (walk/walks) to school. 3. Pilots (sleep/sleeps) in hotel.
4. Liz (take/takes) her dog for a walk. 5. Nurses ( work/works) every day.
6. She (buy/buys) a new dress. 7. They ( have/has) an English class today.
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are: who (whom), whose, what, which, how much, how
many. They are all used in forming questions.
Word order in questions
Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive
Do
you
read?
Does
she
speak English?
Where do
they
live?
What time does
he
come back?
How many…? + countable nouns. How much …? + uncountable nouns.
Remember word order ASI and QASI.
Exercise 1. Make up questions.
1.
My sister likes painting. (What?) 2. He studies at the University.
(Where?) 3. Her mother is a school teacher. (What?) 4. Her eyes are dark blue.
(What colour?) 5. Our granny is 65. (How old?) 6. I go to the theatre on Sunday.
(When?)
Exercise 2. Insert suitable question words.
How often? What? What time? When? How much? How many? Which?
What kind? Why? Who? Where?
1. … do you live?
2. … do you live with?
3. … … of music do you like?
4. … … do you usually get up in the morning?
5. … are you learning English?
6. …do you go to the swimming -pool?
7. … … do you go to the cinema?
8. … do you prefer: tea or coffee?
9. … … brothers and sisters have you got?
10. … … tea and coffee do you drink a day?
11. … do you do?
Exercise 3. Order the words to make sentences.
1. cinema/ my/ in/ there/ street/ a/ is.
2. in/ three/ this/ there/ supermarkets/ are/ town.
3. mobile/ bag/phone/ my/there/isn’t/ in/the.
4. cross/ two/ the/ there/ bridges/ river/ are.
5. house/Scotland/sister’s/in/my/is.
6. Barbara/her/works/shop/brother’s/in
7. Japan/her/car/boyfriend’s/is/from.
8. daughter’s/bank/in/friend/our/works/a.
9. money/mother/lot/earns/of/Susan’s/a.
10. job/stressful/is /Tom’s/very.
Exercise 4. Order the words to make negative form.
1. hot/ a/ Betty/ doesn’t/ shower/ take/
2. dancing/ like/ he/ doesn’t.
3. such/ I/ like/ don’t/ weather.
4. in/ the/ you/ in/ walk/ never/ park/ evenings/the.
5. live/ mother/ doesn’t/ the/ in/ country/ your.
6. to/ south/ his/ don’t/ the/ sisters/ summer/ in/ go.
Exercise 5. Order the words to make questions.
1. your / helps / to/ you/ lesson/ who/do?
2. the/ leave/ when/ you/ do/ institute?
3. day/ your/ do/your/ grandmother/ parents/ visit/every?
4. your/ you/ do/ brother/ homework/ his/ help/ with?
5. how/ go/ to/ hairdresser’s/ the/ often/do/you?.
6. English/ want/ learn/ to/ you/ do/ why?
7. English/ like/ you/ do/ why?
8. get/ the/ institute/ how/ you/ to/ do?
9. Dauren/work/what time/finish/does?
10. live/they/where/do?
Exercise 6. Complete the questions with do or does.
1. … you live in a flat?
2. … your parents work in an office?
3. … you speak French?
4. … Amina play the piano?
5. … your father smoke?
6. … they have lunch at home?
7. … Assima do exercise at the weekend?
8. … you go on holiday every year?
Exercise 7. Answer these questions.
1. What time do you get up?
2. Do you do your morning exercises every day?
3. What do you have for breakfast?
4. What time do you leave home?
5. What time do you come to your institute?
6. How long does it take to get there?
7. What time is your lunch hour?
8. Where do you go after classes?
9. What do you do in the evening?
10. Where do you usually spend the weekend?
Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of
indefiniteness. We find the following subgroups among them:
1. indefinite pronouns proper:
a)some,any,no;
b) somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone
Negative: no, none, nobody, nothing, no one
2) distributive pronouns:
a) all, every, each, other, either, neither, both.
b) everybody,everyone, everything.
3) quantative pronouns:
much, many, little, few, a few, a little, a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great
many.etc
Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another
Remember! Use some + C nouns in + sentences.
Some =not an exact number/quantity.
Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in – and- ?
Remember! Use much, little, a little with uncountable noun.
Use many, few, a few with countable noun.
Reciprocal pronouns
There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another. They show
that something is done mutually. Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of
an object in the sentence.
Relative pronouns
The pronouns who (whom), whose, what, which, whose. They are all used to
connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses. Owing to their auxiliary
function they are called relative pronouns.
e.g. Do you know who has bought the house?
You’ll never guess what present I want him to give me.
Exercise 1. Use some, any, no.
1. I want to show you … pictures. 2. There is … coffee at home. 3. Are there
… bookshelves in your study room? 4. There are … English students in our
Institute. 5. Are … newspapers on the desk? 6. Have you got … children?
7. Jane has …brothers or sisters. 8. Has he … French magazines at home?-Yes, he
has … . 9. I have … friends in Britain. 10. We have … pets at home.
Exercise 2. Complete the dialogue with a, an, some, or any.
A: I invited my sister for dinner. Is that OK?
B: No, it isn’t. We don’t have … food.
A: There are … eggs and … cheese. I can make … omelets.
B: There aren’t … eggs. I had the last two.
A: We can make … pasta. Are there … tomatoes?
B: Yes, and there’s … onion. What about drink? Is there … wine?
A: Yes, there’s … bottle of red wine.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with some, any, no, something, anything,
nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody and each other, one another.
1. Do you have … classes today? - No, we have … classes on Saturday.
2. Is there … interesting in the newspaper? - Yes, there is … interesting here.
3. Is there … in the house? - No, there is … . 4. There is light in the flat.
I think … is at home. 5. There is … in the fridge. Go and get … food.
6. I have … relatives in London. 7. Have they got … chairs in the kitchen?
8. We have … friends in Paris. 9. Ann and Kevin help … with the housework. 10.
We don’t speak …. 11. They often see .... 12. They have known ... for two years.
Exercise 4. Insert suitable nouns.
1. There is a … in my study room. (table, kitchen, desk) 2. Is there any … in that
room? (cooker, furniture, fridge) 3. There is no … in the house. ( mirror, fireplace,
telephone) 4. Is there … in your kitchen? (hot water, garage, computer) 5. There is
no balcony in my … . (garden, room, bathroom) 6. There are two large … in the
sitting room. (TV sets, wardrobes, windows) 7. We have a table and some … in the
dining room. (chairs, bookshelves, beds) 8. They have two … near the fireplace.
(beds, armchairs, tables).
Exercise 5. Insert much, many, little, few, a few, a little .
1. There are … spoons on the table. 2. There is … ink in my pen. Have you
got any ink? 3. I’d like to say … words about my journey. 4. I have … money, so
we can’t go to the cinema. 5. The clerk works …, that’s why he knows nothing. 6.
There are two large windows in this room and there is … light in the room. 7. … of
these students don’t like to look up words in the dictionary. 8. Do you have … time
this week? 9. Wait … . 10. Has he got … books? – No, only … .
Exercise 6. Translate these sentences.
1. I don’t know which of them speaks French. 2. That is not what I want. 3.
The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher. 4. The woman who
was here is a book-keeper. 5. The books which are on the table are mine. 6. There
is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday. 7. I don’t know whose handwriting
is it.
Exercise 7. Complete the questions with how much/how many.
1. … people are there at the party?
2. … milk does she drink?
3. … coffee did you drink yesterday?
4. … eggs are there in the fridge?
5. … money do you have with you?
6. … hours does your baby sleep?
7. … free time do you have during the week?
The Past Simple
Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished
actions in the past. The Past Simple is the same for all persons. But the
interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically, by means of the auxiliary
verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to.
Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didn’t + infinitive in negative.
Present to past: am/is – was, are - were
Present to past: there is/are – there was/ were
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences. Use was, were, wasn’t.
A: Who’s that?
B : It’s William Shakespeare.
A: Why … he famous?
B: He … a writer.
A: … he Scottish?
B: No, he … . He … English. He …born in Stratford –upon-Avon.
A: And … he married?
B: Yes, he … married. His wife’s name …Anne.
A: And … they happy?
B: I don’t know.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be.
1. Today is Monday, so yesterday was Sunday.
2. A: Hi … your sister at home?
B: No, she … . She …here this morning, but now she … at work.
3. My books … here on my desk this morning. Where … they now?
4. James … born in England, but his parents … born in Singapore.
5. My boss … angry today because I … very late for work yesterday, and this
morning too.
Exercise 3. Write three main forms of the following verbs:
a) to ask, to like, to look, to learn, to smoke, to talk, to thank, to work, to help,
to hope, to pass, to watch, to close, to excuse, to love, to shave, to open, to answer,
to order, to prepare, to play, to stay, to try, to need, to dictate, to repeat, to
translate, to want.
b) to buy, to think, to teach, to see, to write, to wake up, to speak, to tell, to
meet, to get, to leave, to read, to drink, to sit, to have, to come, to give, to eat, to
pay, to hear, to do, to be, to know, to say, to take.
Exercise 4. Make these sentences negative and interrogative:
1. I got up very early. 2. I made breakfast. 3. I left the house at seven. 4. He
came on time. 5. We saw her in the office. 6. Jane passed her exam in English. 7.
He showed me his new flat. 8. I did morning exercises in the morning. 9. She
needed money. 10. He went to his club at night.
Exercise 5. Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the
right column according to the rules of pronunciation:
Model: [t]
[d]
[id]
smoked
lived
wanted
To study, to walk, to live, to wash, to want, to stop, to close, to stop, to end, to
watch, to play, to decide, to attend, to kiss, to use, to smile, to smoke, to arrive, to
help, to enjoy, to dance, to last, to listen, to translate, to pass, to start, to finish.
Exercise 6. Complete the dialogue with the past simple:
A: Where did you go last night?
B: I went to that jazz club in town.
A: … it good?
B: Yes, it was great.
A: Who … with you?
B: I went with my boyfriend and some friends.
A: What … you … ?
B: I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last week.
A: What time … you … home?
B: We got home at about 3.00. in the morning.
A: … you … a taxi home?
B: No, my boyfriend has a car.
A: … you … a good time?
B: Yes, we had a really good time.
Exercise 7. Complete the text. Use there was/ there were.
I went on holiday to Greece last month. I stayed in a nice hotel, there … two
swimming pools in the garden. There … a small beach in front of the hotel. There
… any cars on the road, but there … some buses, and a lot of tourists.
There … a restaurant in the hotel, but there … some very nice restaurants in
the town. There … a big window, so I could see the sea. In the evening, when there
… any people on the beach, it was very beautiful.
Exercise 8. Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simple.
Yesterday (be) my birthday. My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket. In the
evening we (go) out. I (wear) my new jacket. We (look) for a Chinese restaurant
but we(not can) find one, so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant .
After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub. We (dance) for two hours. We (not
get) home until 3.00.I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed.
Exercise 9. Complete the following questions using the past simple.
Model: Did you go out last night?
1. What…………………….? (you/ wear)
2. Where……………………? (you/ go)
3. What……………………..? (you/ do)
4. ……………….................. with you? (your sister/ go)
5. What…………….. to eat? (you/ have)
6. What time ……………..? (the party/ finish)
7. What time…………….? (you/ get home)
8. …………………a good time? (you/ have)
Modal verbs
We find the following modal verbs in English: must, may, can, should, ought
to, shall, need and dare. Besides, to have and to be in some of their uses are also
classed among modal verbs.
Use must: 1. for obligation;
2. for strong recommendation.
Use may/might to say what is possibly going to happen (but you aren’t sure),
permission.
Use can/could to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability
to do something.
Needn’t - no obligation.
Should, ought to- duty.
Exercise 1. Make these statements interrogative and negative.
1. We must discuss it now. 2. I may go to the cinema this evening. 3. They
can understand what he means. 4. Anuar must return the book to the library. 5. You
must leave the room at once. 6. I must explain it all to you. 7. You may ask him to
be the chairman. 8. She can show you how to do it.
Exercise 2. Complete with can, must, or may:
1. He … speak English. 2. … I come in? - Yes, you …. 3. This … be your
coat. 4. It … be very interesting. 4. You … do this task tomorrow. 5. You … work
at your English. 6. She … be English with a name like Jane.
Exercise 3. Translate these sentences:
a)1. Peter can speak three foreign languages. 2. Gulmira can translate this
text into English. 3. Can you play the piano? 4. Dauren can’t play tennis, can
he? 5. Can she show me her new picture? 6. He can go there now.
b) 1. The children may watch TV tonight. 2. May I have your textbook? 3.
May I smoke here? 4. You may look through the magazines. 5. They may come
back tomorrow.
c) 1. We must finish the work tonight. 2. Amina must be in class now. 3.
You mustn’t smoke here. 4. She must be a French teacher. She has a lot French
books. 5. “must we do it now?”- “No, you don’t have to.
d) 1. They have to do their homework every day. 2. Weekdays she has to get
up at 6 o’clock every day. 3. Do you have to go to class every day? 4. Does he
have to see them tonight? 5. We don’t have to learn these sentences by heart.
Exercise 4. Use “must” or “needn’t”:
1. Must I tell the truth? - …, it’s important. 2. Must I go shopping? -…, we
have a lot of food. 3. Must I do this work now? - …, you can do later. 4. Must I
tape these papers today? - …, I need them today. 5. Must I take the dog out for a
walk? - …, I’m busy now. 6. Must I come on Sunday? - …, it’s your birthday.
Exercise 5. Use modal verbs: can, could, be (to) , must, have(to):
It was autumn. A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for
something to eat, but he … find nothing. Then he came up to the lake. “There …
be some fish,” he thought. “If I … catch one I shall … to have dinner”. He saw a
few fishes but they were swimming too fast. The fox … not swim. “How … I catch
them?” he thought and said, “Little fishes!”- “We … not hear you.”- “Come
nearer, you … come on land and live in peace as I do. You … always find
something to eat in the forest and you will … to meet friends.”- “He … be stupid if
he tells us to come on land,” thought the fishes.
Exercise 6. Use must, mustn’t, needn’t, have, should, shouldn’t:
-Well, kids, this is Kelly, your baby sitter for the time we’re away. You … be
nice to her. Dad and I are sorry we … leave you for a month, but we really ….
-Hi, you …be Sam, and this … be the little Nancy.
-Oh, you … be so noisy. Come, Kelly, we … show you around the house.
You … do a lot of work. The only thing you … do is feed them and look after
them during the day.
- … I go shopping?
- No, you …, we have a housekeeper and a mild.
- … I wash up?
- No, you …, you … do any work about the house.
-What time … I come in the morning?
-You … come at 9 and stay till 5, but you … late in the morning, and you …
allow Sam to stay out in the garden long. You … be firm about it. If anything
goes wrong, you … phone us.
-You … worry, I’ll do my best.
Exercise 7. Translate these sentences.
1. You will be able to come tomorrow. 2. She might go for a walk. 3. The
children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm. 4. You mustn’t go out
today. 5. I have to get up very early. 6. We didn’t have to wait. 7. You should
follow my advice. 8. You needn’t do it now. 10. You ought to help her. 11. He is to
arrive on Monday.
Exercise 8. Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative
form:
1. I often have to go to the library. 2. She has to stay in bed. 3. I’ve to speak
to you. 4. He’s to see a lot of people today. 5. He had to go for the book at once. 6.
She had to go to bed late last night.
The Future Simple
Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person,
singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons, singular and plural)
and the infinitive without to. It should be mentioned that in present- day English
there is a tendency to use will for all the persons.
I, we shall + infinitive
You, he, she, it, they will + infinitive
Use be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions
Exercise 1. Use the future simple:
1.Next year he … (to be) 25. 2. We … (to be) very glad to see you as soon as
possible. 3. The meeting … (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 p.m. 4. I … (to come)
and help you. 5. I think the weather … (to clear) tomorrow. 6. I …(to book) tickets
in advance.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs:
1… I show the city? 2. … you give me a camera for a moment? 3. … he
spend his free time at home on weekend. 4. … she meet us at the station?
5.… you tell me how to get to the centre? 6. … I show you the way?
Exercise 3. Make these statements negative and interrogative.
1. Her relatives will live in Canada. 2. She will know French.3. We shall have
a class in English.4. He will be a student of the University. 5. I shall have an
interesting job. 6. There will be many people on Sunday here.
Exercise 4. Make these statements negative and interrogative.
1. We are going to revise the grammar rules.
2. He is going to write a letter to his friend.
3. My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning.
4. I am going to go to Astana next week.
5. These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month.
6. I am going to meet my friend tonight.
Exercise 5. Answer these questions.
1. When are you going to have your English?
2. What are you going to do in the evening?
3. When are going to speak to your friend?
4. Is your friend going to play football?
5. Are you going to read a new text?
Exercise 6. Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verb;
be, break, have, not pass, wake up, win.
Model: It’s my dream holiday. I know I’m going to have a good holiday.
1. They’re playing very well. I think they … the match.
2. She’s very bad student. She … the exam.
3. Look at the blue sky. It … a beautiful day.
4. You’re driving very fast. We … an accident.
5. Be careful with that glass. You … it.
6. The baby is very tired. I don’t think she … tonight.
Correlative conjunctions
Both … and, either …or, neither … nor.
Remember! With we, you and they, when A does something to B and B does the
same to A.
For A and B use: both … and ….
For not A and B use: neither… nor ….
For A or B use: either… or ….
Exercise 1. Translate these sentences.
1. Both Ann and Jim are coming. Both of them are coming. 2. Neither Rome
nor Madrid has got a port. Neither of them has got a port. 3. You can have either a
cake or an ice cream. You can have either of them. 4. Both the mother and the son
have brown hair. Both of them have brown hair. 5. Neither the father nor the
mother wears glasses.
Neither of them wears glasses. 6. They look like either English or French.
Exercise 2. Complete the text with both, either, neither or each other;
I’ve got two older sisters, but I don’t like … of them. … of them are tall. In
fact, they work as models. They help … with the work. They are … married, but
… of them has children. They are very busy I haven’t seen … them for over a
month.
Exercise 3. Make up six sentences using both… and, either… or, neither…nor.
The Continuous Tenses
Use the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past,
Future) Indefinite Tenses and the –ing form of the verb.
Remember!
To be + Participle I (ing)
Exercise 1. Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in
the interrogative form:
1. We are writing some exercises. 2. She is writing something. 3. They are
having an English lesson. 4. He is studying English.5. We are going to the
Institute. 6. It is raining.
Exercise 2. Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences:
1. They are having an … lesson. 2. … is teaching them English. 3. The
teacher is writing … on the blackboard. 4. They are looking at …. 5. She is coming
from …. 6. The old man is sitting on …. 7. The old man is listening to …. 8. … are
falling from the branches on the ground.
Exercise 3. Put the verb in the present continuous;
A: Hello.
B: Oh, Dad. Where are you?
A: I’m in my hotel. I’m having a drink in the bar. (have)
It (rain) a lot here. Is Mam there?
B: Yes, but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now.
A: Oh, What (do) you …?
B: My friend Jane is here.
A: Jane? Why (not/do) you … your homework?
B: Don’t worry. We (study) together.
Exercise 4. Use the continuous tenses;
1. She … (to work) very hard nowadays. 2. I … (to use) John’s mobile phone
because I’ve left mine at home. 3. The weather (to get) hotter and hotter. 4. Where
you (to go)?-I (to go) to the supermarket. 5. The Browns (to come) to see us
tonight. 6. Where is Ann? -She (to do) the flat. 7. What you (to do) when I rang
you up yesterday? -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister. 8. Tomorrow we’ll have
a party. What dress you (to wear)? -I don’t know.
Exercise 5. Use the correct form of “to be”:
1. ... you going to the baker’s? Buy a loaf of bread for me, please.
2. We ... driving too fast and didn’t see the traffic lights. 3. He ... choosing an
umbrella too long but didn’t buy any. 4. I hope it ... not raining tomorrow. It’s our
shopping day. 5. He ... celebrating his birthday tomorrow. Let’s go and buy him
some present. 6. What ... you looking for? – I ... trying to find a Christmas present
for my wife. 7. While my mother ... paying for the things I bought a bar of
chocolate for myself. 8. Where ... you going? – I ... going to the theatre. 8. ... she
sitting in the living room now?
Exercise 6. Give short answers to these questions.
1. Am I speaking to Ann? 2. Are you buying anything? 3. Was I speaking too
long? 4. Were you driving too fast? 5. Was it raining in the morning? 6. Will you
be wearing your new dress? 7. Shall I be seeing you tomorrow? 8. Will she be
waiting for you?
Exercise 7. Circle the correct form: present simple or present continuous.
1. What do you do/What are you doing here? - I’m waiting for a friend.
2. Do you walk/Are you walking to work every day? 3. Barbara isn’t here. She
buys/is buying a present for her daughter. 4. I go/am going to work now. See you
later.5. It rains/is raining a lot here in the winter. 6. My husband watches/is
watching football three times a week.
Exercise 8. Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in
interrogative form.
a) 1. At seven o’clock he was just getting up. 2. When I saw him he was
opening the door of your house. 3. While Amina was washing up Dauren was
taking his bath. 4. When the bell rang they were all sleeping. 5. They were having
a walk in the park. 6. At that time she was walking her dog. 7. When the phone
rang they were dancing in the sitting-room. 8. In the kitchen she was cooking
dinner.
b) 1. I’ll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night. 2. We’ll be
packing if they come at nine. 3. They’ll be discussing this problem at this time
tomorrow. 4. I’ll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon. 5. I’ll be going to
the cinema at 3o’clock tomorrow. 6. They will be having dinner at that time. 7. I
shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon. 8. He will be waiting for you at
seven in the evening.
Exercise 9. Give full answers to the following questions.
a) 1. What were you doing when I rang you up? 2. What were you reading
while I was writing my composition? 3. What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was
laying the table? 4. What were you looking for when I opened the door? 5. What
were they doing when it began raining? 6. What was the mother doing while they
were leaving home?
b) 1.What will you be doing if I come at eight? 2. Will you be hurrying home
after classes? 3. Where will you be going for your holidays? 4. Do you know when
you’ll be taking your English exam this year? 5. Where will you be going at 3
o’clock tomorrow? 6. What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow?
Exercise 10. Use the past simple or past continuous.
1. A few minutes later a young man … (to arrive). 2. One fine morning as she
… in her room, someone … at the door. ( to sit, to knock) 3. When I … into the
room Tom … bread and butter. (to come, to cut) 4. He … something but I … him
well. (to cry, to hear) 5. When he … in, she … in a big armchair by the window.(to
come, to sit) 6. When he … you home you … chess. (to call, to play)
The Perfect Tenses
The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the
Present (Past, Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II.
The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished.
Remember!
To have + Participle II (Past Participle)
Exercise 1. Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in
the interrogative form:
1. They have done something. 2. He has given them some money. 3. You have
brought something for us. 4. I have taken some English books from you. 5. She has
read it to her. 6. He has written it to somebody.
Exercise 2. Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect:
1. I am eating my breakfast. 2. We are drinking water. 3. He is bringing them
some meat and vegetables. 4. You are putting the dishes on the table. 5. They are
having tea. 6. She is taking the dirty plates from the table.
Exercise 3. Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect.
1. I don’t know this girl, I never (meet) her before. 2. “Where is Mother?”“She just (go) out. 3. Don’t worry about the letter. I already (post) it. 4.” Do you
speak Spanish?” - “No, I never (study) it. 5. He (see/ not) his friends since last
September. 6. I (not/speak) to her yet.
Exercise 4. Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence.
1. He has told us a good fortune. 2. I have put his things in the room next to
yours. 3. The cat has been asleep most of the day. 4. She has lived in Almaty for
five years.5. The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves. 6. I have finished my
writing for today.
Exercise 5. Complete with the correct word:
for, since, yet, already, just.
1. I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasn’t answered my letter ….
2. A: How long have you been living there?
B: … six months.
3. A: Do you want a cigarette?
B: No, thanks. I’ve … had one.
4. He’s had his car … last April.
5. A: Indiana Jones is on TV tonight.
B: Oh, no! I’ve … seen it about five times.
Exercise 6. Think of the questions for which the following might be answers.
1. Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake. 2. He has gone home. 3. She
hasn’t seen him since the summer. 4. He has given her a beautiful rose. 5. The
alarm clock has just rung. 6. She has put her umbrella on the table. 7. She has
changed her name. 8. She has always tried to stop him.
Exercise 7. Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short
answers:
Model: She doesn’t study Spanish.
She doesn’t study Spanish, does she? Yes, she does. (No, she doesn’t)
1. He’s French. 2. This is the train to London. 3. Banks don’t open on Sunday.
4. You’ve been to London before. 5. You’re late for class. 6. She doesn’t eat meat.
7. You didn’t come to our place yesterday. 8. Your sister doesn’t study English.
Exercise 8. Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect.
1 Look! They (stop). 2. I (want) to see you. I (not/see) you for ages. 3.” What
(be) his name?”- “His name (be) Jack”. “How long you (know) him” - “I (know)
him for 10 years”. 4. “You (know) the girl who just (leave) the shop?” - “That (be)
Bella”. - She (be) a customer of yours?” - “Not, exactly. She (be) here several
times, but she never (buy) anything”. 5. I (not/see) your pictures for a long time.
Can I look around? 6. There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I
(not/do) them.
Exercise 9. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form. (Present perfect or past
indefinite)
1. A: You ever (visit) Chicago?
B: Yes, I (be) there several times.
C: Yes, I (be) there a few years ago.
2 A: You (be) at the Ryan’s lately?
B: Yes, I (be).
C: Yes, I (go) there last night.
3 A: He (speak) to you about his plans recently?
B: No, he (not/speak).
C: No, he (go) to Vilnius last week and (not/arrive) yet.
Exercise 10. Open the brackets using: A. past perfect; B. future perfect.
A. 1. She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already). 2. When we came the
performance (to begin). 3. He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set). 4.
By the end of the year she (to play in two films). 5. When they came home the
football match (to finish). 6. By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn
her part). 7. She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam). 8. I didn’t know
what to do when I (to spend all the money).
B. 1. When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up). 2. By the
end of this year I (to learn English very well). 3. I’ll need this magazine. Will you
(to look through it by morning)? 4. If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish). 5. We
mustn’t be late. They (to eat everything) by the time we come. 6. Before they
choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them). 7. When you go out it (to
stop raining). 8. By the end of May she (to pass all the exams).
Exercise 11. Use the past perfect.
Examples: Why didn’t you listen to that play on the radio?(hear)
I didn’t listen to that play on the radio, because I had heard it before.
1. Why didn’t you see Fred when you came to Moscow? (leave)
2. Why didn’t Madina want to go the cinema? (see the film)
3. Why didn’t you tell him my new address? (forget)
4. Why couldn’t you get into your flat at once? (lose the key)
5. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money)
Exercise 12. Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect.
1. After dinner Mr. Brown proposed a game of cards. He (not/play) cards
since his illness. 2. His smile (be) something she never (see) before. 3. He decided
to wait till he (talk) to the man himself. 4. He (come) into the room a moment after
I( get ) there. 5. When he (return) at eleven o’clock the telegram (arrive). 6. He
(promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer. 7. She (know) why he
(come). 8. They (move) into the new house when their friends (come).
Exercise 13. Answer the questions in the future perfect, using the words in
brackets.
Examples: Will you still be busy if I call you at six? (finish) Oh, no, we will
have finished by that time.
1. Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow? (move to their new house)
2. Will you be discussing the plan at 2 o’clock? (make a decision)
3. Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning? (finish)
4. Will your brother still be a student next autumn? (graduate)
5. Will you still remember me in five years? (forget)
Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite, future indefinite
and future perfect
1. He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back. 2.” It (be) very
late.”- “They (be) back soon.” 3. “There (be) no planes tonight.”- “Never mind, I
(go) by train.” 4. You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it? 5. By the time you
(finish) cooking they (do) their work. 6. “I (be) afraid, my train (leave) by that
time.”- “(not/worry), I (drive) you home.” 7. I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow
morning. 8. If you (think) it over you (see) I am right.
Exercise 15. Put the verb in brackets into present, past, future simple; present, past
continuous.
1. Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute. 2. Your
grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday? 3. What your brother
(to do) tomorrow? 4. I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow. 5. Where Kate (to go)
when you meet her yesterday? 6. Look at these children: they (to skate) very
well.7. You (to skate) last Sunday?- Yes, we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday.
We (to skate) again next Sunday. 8. What you (to do ) now?-I (to wash) the
dishes. 9. What you ( to do ) at three o’clock yesterday?- I(to have) dinner. 10. You
(to have) dinner now? 11. Your father (to go) on business trip last month? 12.
Look! My friends (to play) football.
The Present Perfect Continuous
The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in
the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verb.
Remember!
It is usually used with:
- since,
- for.
I have been learning English for 10 years.
I have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in it.
Compare:
I live in Almaty.
I have been living in Almaty since childhood.
She is doing her homework.
She has been doing her homework since morning.
Remember!
Don’t use these verbs in the present perfect continuous: to see, to hear, to feel,
to watch, to love, to hate, to like, to dislike, to think, to understand, to know, to
have.
Exercise 1. Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect
continuous.
1. I ( work) on this problem for two months. 2. She (sleep) all this time? 3.
You
( talk) this nonsense all day long.4. He says he (not/feel) well for the past week.5.
You are red all over. How long you (lie) in the sun today? 6. We (see) each other
regularly since the party at Helen’s place.
Exercise 2. Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous.
1. He (translate) the text for two and half hours. 2. He (translate) the text now.
3. They (watch) TV now. 4. They (watch) TV since 7 o’clock. 5. Mike (do) the
problems at that moment. 6. Mike (do) the problems since he came from college.
Exercise 3. Put the verb in brackets into the present simple, present continuous,
present perfect, present perfect continuous.
1. This man (to be) a writer .He (to write) books. He(to write) books since he
was a young man. He already (to write) eight books. 2. What you (to do) here since
morning? 3. Lena is a very good girl. She always (to help) her mother about the
house. Today she (to help) her mother since morning. 4. He (to run) now. He (to
run) for ten minutes without any rest. 5. Where he (to be) now? – He (to be) in the
garden. He (to play) volleyball with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast
time. 6. I(to live)in Almaty since 1997. 7.You (to find) your notebook?-No! I still
(to look ) for it. I already (to look) for it two hours, but (not yet to find) it.8. You
(to play) with a ball for three hours already. Go home do your homework. 9. What
you (to do)? – I (to read). 10. I(to read) for two hours already. I already (to read)
sixty pages.11. I (to wait) for you since two o’clock. 12 It is difficult for me to
speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it.
The Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means
of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing –form of the verb.(e.g.I
had been working, He had been working). The same auxiliary is used to form the
interrogative and negative forms. In spoken English the contracted forms I’d, he’d,
she’d, we’d, you’d, and they’d are used in affirmative sentences and hadn’t in
negative sentences.
Exercise 1. Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect
continuous.
1. For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry. 2. I could not
believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time. 3. He threw the letter he
had been reading on to the table and turned to me. 4. She looked up. No, she had
not been dreaming. 5. The man, who had been staring at the blank wall, looked up
at the inspector. 6. The man was still leaning against the wall. He had been leaning
against the wall when I came into the room, his arms folded across his chest.7.
Jane, who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again, sat down at the table.
Exercise 1. Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous.
1. He opened the box and looked at the tablets. Yes, they were the same ...(to
have). 2. As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where he
...(to take part) in a wrestling match. 3. It wasn’t hard for me to work out that you
...(to visit Richard. 4. She realized that she ... (to feel) that way for days. 5. That
morning he told me that he ... (to dream ) about the mountains. 6. She smiled. She
... (to wait) for exactly that question. 7. He wondered why the man ...(to tell) lies
for such a long time.
8. I... (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.
positive
comparative
superlative
One syllable
Hot
Large
hotter
larger
Two or more syllable words
Interesting
more interesting
Beautiful
more beautiful
Good
Bad
Many, much
Irregular forms
better
worse
more
the hottest
the largest
the most interesting
the most beautiful
the best
the worst
the most
Old
older
elder
the oldest
the eldest
Far
farther
further
the farthest
the furthes
To say that two things are the same use:
as……as
The dog as big as a horse.
To say that two things are different use:
not so ….as
She was not so young as he thought.
Remember!
the…..the
The more we study the more we know.
much better
much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought
Exercise 1. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
a) Tall, green, new, short, great, warm, fresh, young, light, full, long, sweet,
high, poor, small, clear, quick, free.
b) Heavy, early, easy, happy, lazy, dirty, pretty, angry, busy, funny, clever,
slender, simple, noble, polite, complete, sincere, severe.
c) Famous, active, serious, stupid, splendid, immense.
d) Beautiful, careful, interesting, outstanding, pleasant, attentive, wonderful,
comfortable, excellent, favourite.
e) Good, bad, little, many, much, far, old.
Exercise 2. Write comparative sentences.
Model: The Nile/the Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon.
1. Driving/flying (dangerous). 2. My English/your English (bad). 3. This
chair/ that chair (comfortable). 4. Buses/trains (cheap). 5. French wine/ English
wine (good).
Exercise 3. Give full answers to the following questions.
a) 1. Is your sister taller than you? 2. Is my room warmer than yours? 3. Is she
prettier than her mother? 4. Is the path narrower than that one? 5. Is he cleverer
than his brother? 6. Is he more attentive than his brother? 7. Is your flat more
comfortable than mine? 8. Is honey sweeter than sugar?
b) 1. Is his work the best? 2. Is she the prettiest girl of the group?
2. Is he the most outstanding writer of the world? 4. Is this the most interesting
play of the season? 5. Is he the worst student of the faculty? 6. Is he the best friend
of yours? 7. Is the story the longest in the book? 8. Is this bag the heaviest?
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the
adjectives.
1. She is (lovely) woman in the world. 2. His pride is (strong) part of his
nature. 3. I think you are (pretty) than any one else. 4. I spend my (happy) hours
with you. 5. This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others. 6. That is (good)
thing, it is (good) than anything else. 7. The park seems even (beautiful) than
before. 8. You are (kind) man in the world. 9. My sister is six years (old) than I.
10. He is (bad) partner I can think of.
Exercise 5. Insert the forms older, elder, oldest, or eldest.
Model: She is the oldest woman in the village.
1. What is your … brother? 2. My sister is two years … than I. 3. Mary is the
… of the three sisters. 4. He is the … boy in our group. 5. Semey is one of the …
town in our country. 6. He is the … of the two brothers. 7. Uncle Ben is the … man
in the village. 8. This is the … oak-tree in the whole park. 9. It is … than any of the
trees in the wood. 10. She is five years … than her … sister.
Exercise 6. Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below.
Three times as wide, four times as deep, five times as narrow, twice as big, ten
times as clever, twice as strong, ten times as fascinating, twice as hot, many times
as long.
1. The lake we have just crossed is … as the one we crossed yesterday. 2.
Now the road seemed …, which always happens when you dead tired. 3. The
streets in the new district were … as in the old one. 4. Have you seen the new film?
To my mind it is … as the one you took me to last week. 5. Take care! This cup is
… as that one.6. Tom boasted that he was … as me. 7. She was … as her husband,
that’s why everybody sought her advice. 8. This house is … as that one. 9. The
canyon before them … as the one they had so successfully got over the day before.
Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern “as + adj +
as”.
1. This tree is …. 2. This road is …. 3. Their dining room is …. 4. The flowers
in my garden …. 5. In spring days are …. 6. My study is …. 7. My dog is …. 8.
Her watch is ….
Exercise 8. Give full answers to the following questions.
1. Is she as pretty as her mother? 2. Is this book not so interesting as that one?
.3. Is it as cold today as yesterday? 4. Are they not so busy as you? 5. Are the cats
as clever as the dogs? 6. Are their friends not so hard-working as they? 7. Is your
new dress not so long as that one? 8. Is this rule not so difficult as the previous
one?
Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern “so +adj +
as”.
1. Her face is not …. 2. Their marks are not …. 3. My friend is not …. 4. Her
eyes are not …. 5. Our kitchen is not …. 6. The days are not ….
Exercise 10. Insert as … as or so … as.
1. He is … kind to me … you. 2. His voice is … disagreeable … his face. 3.
She is not … clever … her friend. 4. In all the country-side there is no garden …
lovely … his. 5. The sea is not … blue … the sky. 6. I am going to be … good …
my grandmother.7. Relatives are never … good … friends. 8. Her face is …
pleased … the face of the woman at the gate.
Exercise 11. Choose adjective or adverb. Underline the right word.
1. Our teacher speaks very slow/slowly. 2. Her English is perfect/ perfectly. 3.
Everything happened very quick/quickly. 4. The food was very good/ well. 5.
Please drive careful/carefully. 6. You can walk safe/safely. 7. My sister dresses
very good/well. 8. The weather is terrible/terribly tonight. 9. He’s very
polite/politely.
Exercise 12. Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives:
Bad, good, careful, hard, easy, healthy, slow, quiet, beautiful.
Model: I don’t speak French well.
1. We played … in the semi-final and we lost 3-1.
2. Hurry up! You’re walking very ….
3. Can you talk …, please? Your father is asleep.
4. We had a good map and we found their house….
5. The boss likes him because he works ….
6. Open the bag …. There are eggs inside.
7. He eats very … - lots of fruit and vegetables.
8. She sings …. I’m sure she’s going to be famous.
9. He speaks English …..
Future- in- the- Past
The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of
the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person, singular and plural) and would (for
the second and third persons, singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional
verb without the participle to.(e.g.I said I should do it, He said he would do it). The
same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms. In spoken
English the contracted forms shouldn’t and wouldn’t in negative sentences.
Remember!
Should/would + infinitive
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past.
1. I know we (not to be late) 2. I knew we (not to be late). 3. I want to know
whether he (to be) at home. 4. I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home.5. He
asked when I (to be) ready. 6. I am afraid I (to be) late.7. He hopes you often (to
visit) him. 8. He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there.
Exercise 2. Write these sentences in past.
1. Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days? 2. They expect
he will be at home in a few days. 3. Are you afraid we shan’t be in time? 4. She
promises that she will finish the work in a week. 5. I think Henry will help us. 6. I
think we shall do it.
Exercise 3. Use these sentences in the subordinate clause, and the sentences in
brackets use in the principal clause.
Model: My brother will be sleeping.
I supposed that my brother would be sleeping.
(I supposed: he believed: She was sure: We were told: I heard: she said: He
understood: She imagined: The letter said.)
1. He will solve the problem in no time. 2. The new film will be in many
cinemas. 3. The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the
lesson.4. She will not like this TV programme. 5. The train will arrive on time. 6.
The children will be playing in the yard. 7. All the newspapers will publish this
information. 8. They will win the game. 9. I shall go to the south. 10. My sister
will not forget to ring me up.
Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into present, past, future simple; present, past,
future continuous; present, past and future perfect.
1. Mike (to eat) ice cream every day. Look, he (to eat) ice cream now. When I
(to see) him in the morning, he (to eat) ice cream, too. He (to say) he (to eat) one
ice cream already by that time. I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice
cream.
2. They (to walk) along the street and (to talk). Suddenly Hick (to stop) and
(to say): “Oh, what shall we do? I (to lose) the key to the door.” “If you (not to
find) it,” said Pete, “we (to have) to wait for mother in the street.” 3. When I (to
come) to the station yesterday, I (to learn) that my train already (to leave). 4. What
he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday? 5. I (to give) you this book as soon as
I (to finish) reading it. 6. When the ship (to cross) the ocean, a great storm (to
break) out. 7. Let’s go for a walk. The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine). 8. If
you (to help) me, I (to do) this work well. 9. I always (to get) up at eight o’clock,
but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later. 10. When I (to come) home yesterday, my
brother (to sleep).
The Passive Voice
Use the passive:
- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action,
e. g. The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it).
- If the person who did the action is also important use by.
The film was made in 1997 by James Cameron.
The Present Indefinite Passive – is(am,are) done
The Past Indefinite Passive –
was(were) done
The Future Indefinite Passive – will (shall) be done
The Present Perfect Passive –
have( has) been done
The Past Perfect Passive had been done
The Future Perfect Passive will(shall) have been done
The Present Continuous Passive – is (am,are) being done
The Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the present, past or future simple passive.
1. The postbox (to empty) every day. 2. The stamps (to postmark) at the post
office. 3. The letters (to sort) into the different towns.4.My question (to answer)
yesterday. 5. His new book (to finish) next year. 6. Bread (to eat) every day. 7. I (to
ask) at the lesson every day. 8. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 9.
These trees (to plant) last autumn.10.This work (to do) tomorrow. 11.We (to
invite) to a concert last Saturday. 12. St. Petersburg (to found) in1703.
Exercise 2. Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive
voice.
1. Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times.2.The birthday cake
with candles has been brought in. 3. A New-Year tree has been decorated in the
centre of the square. 4.What is being done in the house for the guests ?-The whole
house is being decorated; the guest room is being washed and cleaned; big dinner
is being cooked, a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for
the guests.5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6. His name is often
referred to in the articles. 6. If you wear this hat you’ll be laughed at. 7. Your
luggage will be looked after. 8. We had been taken out our luggage before the car
arrived.
Exercise 3.Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive).
The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating. It
(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace. It (to hold) annually on the monarch’s
“official” birthday which is the second Saturday in June. Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards. She (to escort) by Horse
Guards riding to the Palace. The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands.
The procession (to head) by the Queen.
Exercise 4. Express the following sentences in the passive. Do not mention the
subjects of the active verbs. The first sentence has been done for you.
Example: They asked me my name and address.
I was asked my name and address.
1. Someone told us a very funny story yesterday. 2. They have offered my
brother a very good job. 3. They never tell me the family news. 4. A guide will
show the tourists most of the sights of London. 5. The examiners didn’t give us
enough time to answer all the questions. 6. The teacher hasn’t asked Peter any
questions at this lesson. 7. The house agents showed us some very nice flats. 8.
You must obey the rules. 9. You can buy videos like this anywhere.10. It’s raining.
11. Someone will drive you to the airport.
Exercise 5. Use the verbs in the passive voice:
1. They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square. 2. We had
taken out luggage before the car arrived.3. What music are they playing? 4. They
are speaking on educational problems. 5. I have cooked the dinner and laid the
table. 6. They were singing folk songs. 7. She opened the door and let him in. 8. I
hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday. Don’t worry; we’ll look
after your children. 10. Nobody has lived in this house for a long time,
Exercise 6. Use prepositions with or by.
1. America was discovered … Columbus. 2. The boy was cured … a very
skilful doctor. 3. His letter was written … a pencil.4. “Hamlet” was written …
Shakespeare. 5. He was killed … a knife. 6. He was knocked down … a big stick.
Direct and indirect speech
Exercise 1. Use indirect speech instead of direct speech.
Model: She says, “I get up at seven”.
She says (that) she gets up at seven.
She says, “He is my friend”. 2. She says,” We must be there at five”. 3. She
says,” I can help you”. 4. She says, ”I liked him and always felt sorry for him”. 5.
She says, “You’ll find everything in the kitchen”. 6. She says, “They were
watching TV at the time”. 7. She says, ”You’ve torn your stocking”. 8. She says,
“He didn’t tell me anything”.
Model: She says, ”What is he?”
She asks (me) what he is.
1. She says, ”Who is this girl?” 2. She says, ”What colour is your new hat?”
3. She says, ”How much did you pay for it?”4. She says, ”Who can help me?’5.
She says, “Why are you crying?” 6. She says, “Who will come to your party?” 7.
She says, “Why don’t you answer?” 8. She says, “Who has done all this?’
Model: She says, “Are you a doctor?”
She asks (me) if/whether I am a doctor.
1. She says, “Is it all right?” 2. She says, ”Is it still snowing?” 3. She says,
“Must I answer at once?” 4. She says, “Will you come to the disco?” 5. She says,
“Have you ever been here?” 6. She says, “Did you meet her in Moscow?” 7. She
says, “Don’t they agree?” 8. She says, “Was she there too?”
Model: He says, “Stop talking!”
He tells them to stop talking.
1. He says, “Get up!” 2. He says, “Please give me a pencil.”3. He says, ”Call
me Jack.” 4. He says, “Open your books, please.” 5. He says, “Let me have any
job.” 6. He says, “Stop crying!” 7. He says, “Please wake me up at eight.” 8. He
says, “Please help yourself.”
Sequence of Tenses
Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate
clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse.
Remember!
Study how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of
tenses.
Present Indefinite
I do…
Present Continuous
He is doing…
Present Perfect
I have done….
Past Indefinite
I did….
Past Continuous
I was doing…
Past Perfect
I had done…
Future Indefinite
Shall/will do
Time and place changes:
Here
This
These
Now
Today
Yesterday
A year ago
Last night
Tonight
Past Indefinite
I did…
Past Continuous
He was doing….
Past Perfect
I had done…
Past Perfect (or stays the same)
I did/had done….
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been doing…..
does not change.
Future –in-the-Past
should/would do
there
that
those
then/ at that moment
that day
the day before
a year before
the previous night
that night
Tomorrow
the next day
Direct and indirect speech
Indirect statements
He said: “I am an engineer. I work at a plant”
He said that he was an engineer and worked at a plant.
He said to me: “I saw my friend yesterday”.
He told me that he had seen his friend the day before.
Indirect commands
He told me: “Keep quiet! Don’t make noise!”
He asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise.
Indirect questions
He asked me: ”What is Nick doing?”
He asked me what Nick was doing.
He asked: “Have you done your homework?”
He wondered if I had done my homework.
Exercise 1. Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary
changes.
1. She said to me, “John’s planning to graduate from college next year”. 2. He
said, “I hope the weather will be better next week”. 3. Mr. Brown said,” I’ve had
seven visitors today”. 4. The secretary said, ”Mr. Smith left a message for you
yesterday”.
5. The old teacher said to me, “It happened many years ago”.6. Ann said to me,
“I’m going to London for the weekend”. 7. Mary said, “We’ll come and pick you
up tomorrow morning”. 8. She said, “You’ll have to make a hotel reservation in
advance”.
Exercise 2. Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary
changes.
1. John asked Bill, “Have you visited the Tretyakov Gallery?” 2. He asked
me, ”Will you return next month?” 3. “When is your plane leaving?’ she asked me.
4. “Whose team won the game yesterday?” he asked me. 5. She asked the
policeman, “Is there a bus from here to New York University?” 6. “Where did it
happen?” he asked John. 7. Mary asked Ann, “Is it far from here?’ 8. “When will
you take us for a drive around the city?” he asked.
Exercise 3. Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary
changes.
1. “Please, read this text,” said the teacher. 2. Mrs. Brown said, “John, don’t
buy any fruit today.” 3. The mother said to her son, “Please, don’t stay there long.”
4. We asked John, “Please, read your new poem.” 5. “Don’t pour milk in my tea,
please.” Ann said. 6. Don’t have ice cream, please. You have a cold.” the mother
said to her daughter. 7. “Please, repeat these words after me,” she said.
Exercise 4. Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary
changes.
1. “Tom, go to bed,” said his mother. 2. “I have never seen your toys,” said
Tom to Pete. 3. Our grandmother said “we shall go to the zoo tomorrow”. 4. “ I
saw my friend at the stadium yesterday,” said Ann to her sister. 5. Her brother said
“Why didn’t you ask your teacher to explain it?” 6. “There are a lot of trains to my
station Sunday,” said Andrew to us. 7. Nancy asked me “Did you see “Hamlet” last
night?’ 8. “Please don’t touch me,” he said to me.
Exercise 5. Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary
changes.
1. Mike said he liked Dickens’s novels very much. 2. He told me he had read
“Hamlet” the year before. 3. The teacher said that the pupils would read the text
the next day. 2. She asked me to buy some bread on my way home. 5. Mother told
me not to be late for dinner. 5. The teacher asked who was ill. 6. Nick asked Pete
what he had seen at the museum. 7. Amina said that she had seen the film several
months before. 8. Boris told me that he had made a radio-set. 9. She said she had
seen Assima that day. 10. Jack said that he often went to see Bob.
The Gerund and The Infinitive
The gerund (verb+ ing)
Remember! Use the gerund:
1. after prepositions
2. after certain verbs: like, love. hate, don’t like, enjoy, mind, finish, stop.
3. as a subject as a sentence.
Use to + infinitive:
1. to answer the question “why”
2. after adjectives
3. after certain verbs: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget,
seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn and manage.
Use infinitive (without to)
1. after make and let.
2. after some expressions ( would rather, had better).
Exercise 1. Put the verbs into the correct form. gerund or infinitive?
1. John and Marry are planning … soon. (get married)
2. Carol left without … goodbye. (say)
3. … by plane is quite expensive. (travel)
4. I’m trying … a new flat mate. (find0
5. It’s difficult … when you worried. (sleep)
6. I went to the supermarket … some vegetables. (get)
7. She doesn’t mind … but she hates … . (cook, shop)
8. Mark’s good at … . He’d like … an architect. (draw, be)
Exercise 2. Answer with a gerund or an infinitive. Complete with to do or doing.
1. What do you hate ... in the house?
2. What are you thinking of … next summer?
3. What do you want … tonight?
4. What do you like … in your free time?
5. Are you planning … anything next weekend?
6. What do you find difficult … when you’re tired?
Exercise 3. Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive.
1. Could you help me cook the dinner?
I’m sorry. I’m not very good at … .
2. Why are you going to the supermarket now?
… some milk. We have got any.
3. Would you like … to the cinema tonight?
I can’t. I need …. I’ve got an exam tomorrow.
4. I don’t really enjoy … sport, but I don’t mind tennis. In fact my girlfriend’s
trying … me how to play.
5. I fell asleep on the sofa last night … TV.
Exercise 4.Complete the following sentences using a gerund.
1. Go on …. 2. He stopped …. 3. He couldn’t help …. 4. We all enjoyed ….
5. Have you finished …. 6. I don’t mind …. 7. Her cousin is fond of …. 8. The
child is rather good at …. 9. She goes in for …. 10. The boy doesn’t read a
sentence without …. 11. The poem is worth …. 12. You won’t go there without
….
Exercise 5. Put “to” where it’s necessary.
1. I like … play football. 2. My sister can’t … speak English. 3. They wanted
… cross the river. 5. It’s time for your sister … go to bed. 6. May I … use your
mobile?
7. I would rather… stay at home today. 8. Let me … help you withyour test. 9.
You look tired. You had better … go home. 10. I’m glad ... meet you. 11. we were
planning ... do a lot of things yesterday. 12. What makes you ... think that you are
wrong. 13. The mother didn’t let her ghild ... go outside. 14. I think you ought ...
apologize. 15. Make him ... speak louder. 16. The man told me not ... walk on the
grass.
The Participle
The Participle has two syntactic functions:
an attribute
Building
The young men building our house with me are my brothers.
Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our
school.
Built
They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century.
an adverbial modifier
Building
He made his living building houses for people.
Being built Being built with great skill, the house has been used by the them for
centuries.
Built
If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years.
Having built
Having built the house, he began building a greenhouse.
Having been built Having been built of concrete, the house was always cold in
winter.
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences from English into native language, paying
attention to the function of the participle in the sentence.
1. The boy playing in the garden is my sister’s son. 2. You can get the
recommended book in the library. 3. Having lived in that town all his life, he knew
it very well. 4. Being checked with great care, the report didn’t contain any
errors.5. Seeing her he raised his hat. 6. Having been advised by the doctor to go to
the south, she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi. 7. Informed of the arrival of
the ship, they sent a car to the port. 8. Having been well prepared for the interview,
he could answer all the questions.
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences from English into native language, paying
attention to the function of the participle in the sentence.
1. A person bringing good news is always welcome. 2. While skating
yesterday he fell and hurt himself. 3. Books read in childhood seem like old
friends. 4. Being a great book-lover, he spent a lot of money on books. 5. There are
many books describing the life of people in the North. 6. When writing an essay
we must use new words and phrases.
Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses.
Model: When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music, he
gave up his job to become a singer.
Discovering that he had a talent for music, the shop assistant gave up his job
to become a singer.
1. When I visit a strange city, I like to have a guide-book with me. 2. All the
people who live in this house are students. 3. The man who is speaking now is our
new secretary. 4. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Paul decided
to open it. 5. Since he knew who the man was, Paul was very pleased to have the
chance of talking to him. 6. People who take books from the library must return
them in time. 7. There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of
activities.
The Complex Object
The Complex Object (the Objective – with –the – Infinitive Construction)
consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the
infinitive. It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause.
Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive
The Complex object is used after the verbs:
To think, to want, would like, to believe, to know, to expect, to find, and to
understand, to suppose, after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is used.
To hear, to see, to make, to let, to watch, to feel, to observe, etc. After such verbs
the bare infinitive (without to) is used.
Exercise 1. Underline the complex object
1. Ann wants me to wait for her after school. 2. She doesn’t want us to get wet
through. 3. I would like you to get ready for the party. 4. Nick didn’t want his
friend to go with him to the mountains. 5. Kate wants her sister to wash her hands.
6. They’d like us to invite Ann. 7. I wanted my father to help me with my English.
8. I wouldn’t like you to go to the theatre.
Exercise 2. Ask “what” questions.
Model: I want Mike to answer the questions.
What do you want Mike to do?
1. I want him to make a speech. 2. The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for
two days. 3. Ann wouldn’t like the teacher to ask her some questions. 4. The man
wanted his son to work in a plant. 5. They’d like me to join the game. 6. I would
like you to go there.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the complex object.
1. I would like you …. 2. They believe him …. 3. He knows her …. 4. They
believed us …. 5. Mother asked her daughter …. 6. Father knew his son ….
Exercise 4. Rewrite these sentences using the complex object.
I did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers. 2. He knows that
my mother is a kind woman. 3. She expected that her brother would bring her the
book. 4. Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician? 5. I know that
my friend is a clever man. 6. I expect that he will understand your problem and
help you to solve it.
Exercise 5. Underline the complex object.
1. They saw the child cross the road. 2. We saw the man leave the house. 3.
The woman heard the baby cry. 4. We watched her water the flowers. 5. The
grandmother watched Ann do her homework. 6. The teacher made us write this
exercise once more. 7. The father made his son work hard. 8. He watched the
clerks talk and laugh during the break. 9. I felt the blood rush into cheeks. 10.
Don’t let it trouble you.
Exercise 6. Join the following sentences using the complex object
Model: The farmers worked in the field. We saw it. – We saw the farmers
work in the field.
1. Ann watered the flowers. The woman saw it. 2. Somebody sang in the park.
I heard it. 3. The doctor touched his leg. The boy felt it. 4. The farmers were busy.
We saw it. 5. The father got angry. The children felt it. 6. My little sister watered
the flowers. I didn’t see it. 7. The schoolchildren planted some trees. The man saw
it. 8. The house was on fire. The people saw it.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences using the complex object.
1. I saw …. 2. I heard …. 3. I watched …. 4. I made ….
Exercise 8. Ask “what” questions for your group mates to answer.
Model: The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner. –What did her
mother make Peter do?
The mother couldn’t make her daughter wear the red dress. – Why couldn’t
the mother make her daughter wear the red dress?
1. The grandfather made Nick carry this box away. 2. The teacher made the
boy learn these words. 3. The farmer made his workers work till 8 o’clock. 4. The
teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 o’clock. 5. He made them
promise to return the books the next week. 6. Helen couldn’t make her sister put on
this dress. 7. She couldn’t make her brother help her about the house. 8. I couldn’t
make Ann tell me the truth.
1.
Exercise 9. Ask “why” questions for your partner to answer.
Model: The mother couldn’t make her daughter wear the red dress.- Why
couldn’t the mother make her daughter wear the red dress?
She couldn’t make her wear the red dress, because the girl didn’t like it.
1. She couldn’t make Pete eat fish. 2. Nick couldn’t make his dog sit still. 3.
She couldn’t make me carry the basket. 4. Nobody makes us change the plan. 5.
Nobody could make Alec work hard. 6. The mother couldn’t make Jane go to the
party. 7. The teacher couldn’t make that boy work hard. 8. The woman couldn’t
make her son help her in the garden.
Exercise 10. Rewrite these sentences using the complex object.
Model: He was reading in the garden. I saw him.
She saw him reading in the garden.
1. The girl was sleeping. I saw her. 2. They were talking about computers. He
heard them. 3. You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday. I saw
you. 4. The little girls were playing on the grass. We watched them. 5. The ship
was leaving the port. He stood and looked at it. 6. They were fishing. We saw it. 7.
The pupils were writing a test paper. The teacher watched them.
Conditional sentences
Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition.
They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, when, as soon as, until, in case,
unless..
Condition
subordinate clause
principal clause
First conditional: if = present simple, will/won’t = infinitive.
Real
If it looks like rain,
we’ll stay at home.
If he is working on Friday,
he won’t be able to go with
us.
Second conditional: if + past simple, would/wouldn’t + infinitive.
Unreal
If I had more time,
I would come over.
If you knew him better,
you wouldn’t think so.
Third conditional: If +past perfect
would have + past participle
Unreal
If it hadn’t been so hot last summer we could have gone to the
South.
Exercise 1. Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of
time and condition.
1. I’ll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train.2. If the day (to be )
hot, we shall go to the beach. 3. If he (to return) home before Friday, he will help
us to do the translation. 4. If you (to want) to see all these places, you must stay
here for a week. 5. Please, drive to the airport, if you (to have) time tomorrow in
the morning. 6. Speak to him about it when you (to see) him.7. Will you wait until
he (to come) back? 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the verbs.
Model: Hurry up! We’ll miss the train if we don’t run. (miss, not run)
1. I know it’s a secret, but if you … me, I … anybody. (tell, not tell) 2. It…
expensive to fly. If we …, it ... cheaper. (drive, be) 3. Their house is difficult to
find. You … lost if you … a map. (get, not take) 4. She’s very lazy. If she …
harder, she … the exam. ( not work, not pass) 5. It’s midnight. If you … to bed
now, you … tired in the morning. (not go, be)
Exercise 3. Say what you will do.
1. When I have my house I’ll …. 2. When I arrive in London I’ll …. 3. If I
know English very well I’ll …. 4. When I am free I’ll …. 5 Before I go to New
York I’ll….
6. If you look through today’s paper you’ll ….
Exercise 4. Practise the following according to the model.
Model: He runs round the park in the morning, so he keeps very fit.
If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too.
1. He lives in the South, so he can grow a lot of flowers. 2. They use electric
typewriters, so they finish their work soon. 3. He lives near his work, so he is never
late. 4. He goes to bed early, so he always wakes up in time.5. His French is good,
so he reads French books in original. 6. They have a maid, so they can enjoy
themselves.
Exercise 5. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.
Model: If I( to know) about it , I ( to help) you.
If I had known about it, I would have been helped you.
1. The place was very dull. Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week, we
(not enjoy) our holiday. 2. If you (not to interfere), they (to forget) all about it in an
hour.
3. The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive. 4. Someone (may
notice) if she (to open) the letter. 5. She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk
all the way. 6. She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady.
Wish + past simple/past perfect, + would + infinitive
Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present
situation.
e.g. I wish I had more money. (but I haven’t got more)
Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past
situation.
e.g. I wish I hadn’t said that. (but I said it and I’m sorry now. )
Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not
to do) something, because are annoyed.
e.g. I wish he would come. (He is late. I want he come.)
e.g. I wish you wouldn’t play your music so loudly. (I want you to stop. It’s
annoying me.)
You can also use wish + would when you want something to happen.
e.g. I wish it would stop raining.
Remember! Don’t use wish+would for a wish about yourself.
Exercise 1.Translate these sentences into your native language in written form.
1. I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car. 2. I wish you had given him
my phone number. 3. I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter. You only
made it worse. 4. I wish it were not snowing now. 5. I wish he had borrowed that
book from the library. 6. “I wish I were independent of my mother” said Jane. 7. I
wish you had not discouraged him. 8. I wish he were here now. 9. I wish I knew
them.
Exercise 2. Respond to these statetments according to the model.
Model: John is always late.
I wish he weren’t.
1. Jane is always angry with me. 2. He often borrows money from his brother.
3. She often changes her mind. 4. You can’t change anything now. 5. Jim won’t
apologize to her.
Exercise 3. Change your sentences using I wish. Translate them.
Model: I’m sorry. I don’t know Mr Smith.
I wish I knew Mr Smith.
1. I’m sorry I cannot deal with this matter. 2. I’m sorry I’ll have to go to the
doctor’s for a checkup. 3. I’m sorry I don’t know how to do it. 4. I’m sorry you
can’t read the book in the original.
Model: I’m sorry, Iwe didn’t think of it before.
I wish we’d thought of it before.
1. I’m sorry he didn’t leave a message. 2. I’m sorry they rejected our offer. 3.
I’m sorry the play wasn’t a success. 4. I’m sorry you had to hurry. 5. I’m sorry they
refused our invitation.
Exercise 4.Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in
writing)
1. I wish I ..(have) a tape recorder. 2. John wishes he ... (be) a student. 3. I
wish I ...(go) to the movies with you last night. 4. Alice wishes she ...(visit) her
friend yesterday. 5. I wish I...(can) help you but I can’t. 6. I wished, when a boy, I
(learn) to skate. 7. I wish I ... (watch) this show on TV last night. 8. I wish I
...(answer) that letter.
Used to/didn’t use to
Use:
1. for past habits;
2. for past situations or states that have changed.
Exercise 1. Translate these sentences.
1. You used to live in London. 2. He didn’t use to smoke as much as he does
now. 3. There used to be an old apple tree in the garden. 4. You didn’t use to make
that mistake. 5. Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden? 6. I used to
work in London but I don’t work there now. 7. Nick used to go for a walk every
day last summer. 8. He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother
was in the 5th grade.
Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences with any more.
Model: I used to work there but I don’t now.
I don’t work any more.
1. I used to like coffee but I don’t. 2. He used to be a teacher but now he isn’t.
3. Ann used to live here but now she doesn’t. 4. They used to love each other but
now they don’t. 5. She used to smoke but now she’s stopped. 6. We used to keep in
touch but now we don’t.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
1. Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at
college?
2. Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
3. When you were at school did you use to do any sport?
4. When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything?
5. When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV?
6. When you were at home did you use to get up early?
7. When you were a teenager did you use to smoke?
The Complex Sentence
The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one
or more dependent (subordinate) clauses. The subordinate clauses may function
grammatically as subject,object, predicative, attribute or adverbial modifier in a
main clause. The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating
conjunctions and connectives.
Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectives:
that, what, if, whether, who, whoever, which, whatever, where, why, how,
how+adjective.
e.g. I told you what I know.
He thought that the train arrived at 6.15.
He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now.
Exercise 1. Translate these sentences.
1. The doctor’s advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately.
2. That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising. 3. We have never
discovered who did it. 4. You may rely upon what he says. 5. I think he is in the
office. 6. I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me. 7. He isn’t what he
pretends to be. 8. I cannot understand why he did it. 9. I am not satisfied with what
I have done. 10. The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this
work. 11. The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the
negotiations will begin tomorrow. 12. As soon as he saw me, he asked whether the
manager had returned from London. 13. While we were discharging the S.S.
“Pskov”, we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water. 14. He said
that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived.
Exercise 2. Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses.
Translate these sentences. Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary.
1. This was what I wanted to do. 2. And this is what he remembered. 3. Now
the question is whether he’ll go back on his word or not. 4. I’m sorry that I allowed
you to call on us. 5. But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant. 6. Then
Harris, who was sitting near the window, looked out. 7. Have you found the book
we were talking about the other day? 8. In the distance lay the park where the trees
covered with snow. 9. I saw everything there was to see. 10. I shall always think so
as long as I live.