Download Review: Earth Layers, Earthquakes, Tectonic Plates, and Volcanoes

Review: Earth Layers, Earthquakes, Tectonic Plates, and Volcanoes
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. The location on Earth’s surface above the point where an earthquake starts is the ____________________.
2. Movements that follow a major earthquake often produce smaller earthquakes called
____________________.
3. The springing back of rock after it has been deformed is known as ____________________.
4. The difference in the ____________________ of P waves and S waves is used to locate an earthquake’s
epicenter.
5. Moment magnitude estimates the amount of ____________________ an earthquake releases, and is derived
from the amount of displacement along a(n) ____________________.
6. The relatively soft, weak layer of rock below the lithosphere is the ____________________
7. In the continental drift hypothesis, a supercontinent called ____________________ was proposed.
8. The theory of ____________________ states that Earth’s rigid outer shell is divided into about seven major
segments.
9. Earth’s rigid outer layer, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle, is called the ____________________.
10. The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s rigid outer shell is divided into several individual segments
called ____________________.
11. The type of plate boundary where plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to
create new seafloor, is referred to as a(n) ____________________ plate boundary.
12. ____________________ is the mechanism responsible for producing the new oceanic crust between two
diverging plates.
13. During the breakup of a continent along a divergent plate boundary, deep faulted structures called
____________________ are generated.
14. A subduction zone occurs when one ____________________ plate is forced beneath a second plate.
15. At a(n) ______________________________ boundary, oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath an overriding
continental plate.
16. A chain of small volcanic islands that forms when two oceanic plates converge, one descending beneath the
other, is called a(n) ____________________.
17. A(n) _________________________ occurs where two plates grind pass each other without creating or
destroying lithosphere.
18. Plumes of molten rock originating deep within the mantle are known as ____________________.
19. The appearance of hot spots and volcanoes at Earth’s surface is evidence of ____________________.
20. A material’s ____________________ is a measure of its resistance to flow.
21. Particles of rock, lava, ash, and other volcanic fragments blown from the vent of a volcano are called
____________________.
22. The accumulation of fluid basaltic lava produces a(n) ____________________ volcano.
23. The most explosive volcanic eruptions come from the ____________________ type of volcano.
24. During seafloor spreading, most volcanic magma is produced at ____________________.
25. A hot plume of mantle material, which may extend to the core-mantle boundary, produces a(n)
____________________, a volcanic region a few hundred kilometers across.(Like the Hawaiian Islands)
26. The general term that refers to all changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body
is____________________.
27. ____________________ is the force per unit area acting on a solid.
28. Forces that pull apart rocks or Earth’s crust are called ____________________ stresses.
29. A distortion in rock with no change in volume is caused by ____________________ stress.
30. A low-angle fault in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall is called a(n)
____________________ fault.
31. Fault-block mountains are associated mainly with ____________________ stresses, and folded mountains are
associated mainly with ____________________ stresses.
Short Answer
32. What causes an earthquake?
33. What are the three types of seismic waves?
34. Describe the two types of measurements scientists use to describe earthquakes.
35. List at least four dangers that are associated with earthquakes.
36. List four lines of evidence that supported the hypothesis of continental drift.
37. What are the three main types of plate boundaries?
38. What type of lava flow resembles the twisted braids in ropes as it cools and hardens?
39. What are the three main types of volcanoes?
40. List the three types of stresses. (Hint: related to Earthquakes)
Review: Earth Layers, Earthquakes, Tectonic Plates, and Volcanoes
Answer Section
COMPLETION
1. ANS: epicenter
PTS: 1
2. ANS: aftershocks
DIF: L1
OBJ: 8.1
STA: 3.d
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
3. ANS: elastic rebound
OBJ: 8.3
STA: 3.d
PTS: 1
4. ANS: velocities
DIF: L1
OBJ: 8.3
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
5. ANS: energy, fault
OBJ: 8.5
STA: 3.d
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
6. ANS: asthenosphere
OBJ: 8.6
STA: 3.d
PTS: 1
7. ANS: Pangaea
OBJ: 8.10
DIF: L2
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
8. ANS: plate tectonics
OBJ: 9.1
STA: 1.c
PTS: 1
9. ANS: lithosphere
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.4
STA: 3.a
PTS: 1
10. ANS: plates
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.4
STA: 3.a
PTS: 1
11. ANS: divergent
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.5
STA: 3.a | 3.c
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
12. ANS: Seafloor spreading
OBJ: 9.6
STA: 3.c
PTS: 1
13. ANS:
rifts
rift valleys
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.7
STA: 3.a
PTS: 1
14. ANS: oceanic
DIF: L2
OBJ: 9.7
STA: 3.a | 3.c
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
15. ANS:
convergent oceanic-continental
convergent oceanic continental
OBJ: 9.8
STA: 3.f
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
16. ANS: volcanic island arc
OBJ: 9.9
STA: 3.a
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
17. ANS: transform fault boundary
OBJ: 9.9
STA: 3.b
PTS: 1
18. ANS: hot spots
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.10
STA: 3.b
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
19. ANS: mantle plumes
OBJ: 9.12
STA: 3.f
PTS: 1
20. ANS: viscosity
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.14
STA: 3.f
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
21. ANS: pyroclastic material
OBJ: 10.1
STA: 3.c | 3.e | 3.f
PTS: 1
22. ANS: shield
DIF: L1
OBJ: 10.2
STA: 3.f
PTS: 1
23. ANS:
composite cone
stratovolcano
DIF: L1
OBJ: 10.3
STA: 3.e | 3.f
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
24. ANS: oceanic ridges
OBJ: 10.3
STA: 3.e | 3.f
PTS: 1
25. ANS: hot spot
DIF: L2
OBJ: 10.8
STA: 3.a
PTS: 1
26. ANS: deformation
DIF: L1
OBJ: 10.9
STA: 3.f
PTS: 1
27. ANS: Stress
DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1
STA: 3.c
PTS: 1
28. ANS: tensional
DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1
STA: 3.c
PTS: 1
29. ANS: shear
DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.3
STA: 3.b | 3.c
PTS: 1
30. ANS: thrust
DIF: L2
OBJ: 11.3
STA: 3.c
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
31. ANS: tensional, compressional
OBJ: 11.4
STA: 3.b
OBJ: 11.6
STA: 3.b
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
SHORT ANSWER
32. ANS:
Forces within Earth slowly deform rock, causing the rock to bend; and when the forces reach a high enough
level, the rock slips or breaks along a fault, releasing stored energy as the seismic waves of an earthquake.
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
33. ANS:
surface waves, P waves, and S waves
OBJ: 8.2
STA: 3.d
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 8.4
STA: 3.a
34. ANS:
Intensity is the amount of damage an earthquake causes at a particular location, and magnitude is a measure of
the size of seismic waves or the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake.
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 8.6
STA: 3.d
35. ANS:
Possible answers include fires from broken gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines; tsunamis; landslides;
and liquefaction of water-saturated sediments.
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 8.8
36. ANS:
Evidence that supported continental drift included the fit of the continents, similar fossils on different
continents, similar rock types on different continents, matching mountain belts, and climate evidence.
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 9.2
STA: 1.c
37. ANS:
convergent plate boundaries, divergent plate boundaries, and transform fault boundaries
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
38. ANS:
a pahoehoe lava flow
OBJ: 9.6
STA: 3.b
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 10.2
39. ANS:
shield volcanoes, composite cones, and cinder cones
STA: 3.e
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 10.3
40. ANS:
tensional stress, compressional stress, and shear stress
STA: 3.e
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.3
STA: 3.c