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Earth Science Mid-term Review
Directions: On Friday, January 18, you will be taking an in-class Earth Science Mid-term. Topics that will be
covered on the exam include: Prologue, Earth’s Dimensions, Astronomy, and Minerals and Rocks. Use your
notes, Review Book, and Earth Science Reference Tables to complete the following review sheet.
Prologue:
1. What is an observation? Give an example.
2. What is an inference? Give an example.
3. Read the statements below. Decide whether each statement is an inference (I) or observation (O).
a. The rock formed deep in the Earth’s interior. ___________
b. The rock is black and shiny. __________
c. Meteorologists have predicted a snow storm next week. __________
d. The rock cooled very rapidly. ___________
e. The record low temperature for this date was set in 1957. __________
4. What type of instrument would you use to measure:
a. Mass: ____________________________________
b. Volume: _________________________________
c. Temperature: ____________________________
d. Air Pressure: ______________________________
5. What is 28°F in Celsius? _____________
6. What is 65°C in Kelvin? _____________
7. What is 233 K in Fahrenheit? ______________
8. Kyle measured the mass of a rock and found it to be 66.8 grams. He then used a graduated cylinder
and found the volume of the rock to be 20.5 ml. What is the density of the rock? Include the equation
and show work.
9. Ms. Reynard knows that the mass of Mercury is 3.3 x 10 23 Kg. The ESRT shows that Mercury has a density
of 5.4 g/cm3. How would she find the volume of the planet? (Hint: Use the density triangle.) Solve for
the volume and show your work.
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10. Mike found the density of a piece of galena to be 8.1 g/cm3 . Alex found the density to be 7.0 g/cm3.
The actual density of galena is 7.6 g/cm3. Whose calculation shows the biggest percent deviation?
Include the equation and show work.
11. Devise a classification system for the following rocks: basalt, granite, dunite, gabbro, pumice, and
rhyolite. Tell what property you used to classify these rocks.
Earth’s Dimensions:
12. Draw the true shape of the Earth.
13. Define hydrosphere.
14. Define lithosphere.
15. Use the ESRT to find the radius of the Earth.
16. What are the two most abundant elements by mass found in the Earth’s crust? What are the two most
abundant elements by volume found in the Earth’s crust? Are they the same?
17. List the range of latitude lines on the Earth (smallest to largest). _______________________________________
18. List the range of longitude lines on the Earth (smallest to largest). _____________________________________
19. What is the name of the “north star?” ____________________________
20. On a clear summer night in New York State Andrew is trying to locate Polaris. How many degrees
above the horizon should he look for the star?
21. What is the name of the 0° latitude line? _____________________________
22. What is the name of the 0° longitude line? ____________________________
23. What is the name of the 180° longitude line? ___________________________
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24. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Utica, NY? Include degrees and minutes.
______________________
25. Use the map
to the right
and state the
latitude and
longitude for
locations A,
B, C, and D.
Round to the
nearest
degree.
26. Above is a map of New York State which shows isolines that give the average yearly precipitation, in
inches, across the state. Approximately how many inches of average yearly precipitation does
Rochester, NY receive?
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27. What is the elevation of location A? __________________
28. Calculate the gradient between points C and D. Include the equation and show your work.
29. Construct a topographic profile along line DE by plotting an X for the elevation of each contour line
that crosses DE. Connect the X’s with a smooth, curved line to complete the profile. D and E have
already been done for you.
30. In which compass direction does Copper Creek flow? How can you tell?
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Astronomy:
31. What is a galaxy?
32. What is the name of the galaxy that the solar system is located in? What shape is this galaxy?
33. Put the following celestial features in order from largest to smallest: solar system, galaxy, planet, universe.
34. List the Jovian planets. ______________________________________________________________________________
35. List the Terrestrial planets. ___________________________________________________________________________
36. What is the difference between a Jovian planet and a Terrestrial planet?
37. Does the Earth orbit the Sun in a perfect circle? Where is the Sun located within the Earth’s orbit?
38. What is the eccentricity of the orbit of Saturn? ____________________________
39. Describe the geocentric model of the universe.
40. Describe the heliocentric model of the universe.
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41. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse below. Include the equation and show work.
42. How many high tides are there per day? How many low tides are there per day? _______________
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43. Approximately how much time is between high tides? __________________________
44. What causes tides?
45. Draw the alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon during a Neap tide.
46. Draw the alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon during a Spring tide.
47. What causes the phases of the Moon as viewed from Earth?
CAREFULLY READ THE DATA TABLE ABOVE AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
48. The Data Table above shows eight inferred stages describing the formation of the universe from the
beginning of time until present day. What event is this table depicting?
49. Spectral analysis of star light shows us that observed wavelengths of light are shifted more towards the
red end of the spectrum. What does this tell us about the universe?
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50. Give and describe two pieces of evidence for the rotation of the Earth?
Minerals and Rocks:
51. List all of the physical properties used to help identify a mineral.
52. What is the difference between cleavage and fracture?
53. What determines the physical and chemical properties of a mineral?
54. What two minerals will bubble when hydrochloric acid is dropped on them?
55. Which mineral may have a greasy feel? _______________________________
56. Which mineral can be attracted by a magnet? _______________________________
57. Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against a streak plate? __________________
58. Which mineral may form or grow in hexagonal crystals? _________________________________
59. Which mineral shows cubic cleavage (it will break off in cube shapes)? ___________________________
60. Which of the following materials will scratch the mineral garnet: Fingernail (2.5), Penny (3.5), Iron nail
(4.5), Glass (5.5), Steel File (6.5), or Streak plate (7.0)?
61. Which of the following materials will scratch the mineral fluorite: Fingernail (2.5), Penny (3.5), Iron nail
(4.5), Glass (5.5), Steel File (6.5), or Streak plate (7.0)?
62. How are igneous rocks formed?
63. Describe the texture of an intrusive igneous rock. Where was it formed?
64. Describe the texture of an extrusive igneous rock. Where was it formed?
65. What color is a felsic igneous rock? ___________________________
66. What minerals are typically found in a felsic igneous rock?
67. What color is a mafic igneous rock? ____________________________
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68. What minerals are typically found in a mafic igneous rock?
69. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
70. Which sedimentary rocks are formed from chemical precipitates and evaporites?
71. Which sedimentary rock is composed of sediments that are .005 cm in diameter? ____________________
72. Why are fossils primarily found only in sedimentary rocks?
73. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
74. What is the difference between regional and contact metamorphism?
75. Which metamorphic rock is coarse grained and shows banding? ___________________________________
76. What is foliation?
77. Which metamorphic rock would bubble when hydrochloric acid is dropped on it? Why?
78. Which metamorphic rock is nonfoliated and formed by contact metamorphism?
79. Which metamorphic rock is composed of only mica?
80. What metamorphic rock is formed when sandstone undergoes metamorphism?
81. List the steps from the rock cycle that would make an igneous rock a sedimentary rock.
82. List the steps from the rock cycle that would make a metamorphic rock an igneous rock.
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