Download chapters 1 - AP Environmental Science

PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 1 An Intro. To Environmental Science
Case Study: N/A
Essential Questions
1. What is environment?
2. Why are natural resources important to human life?
3. How does the scientific method work and operate?
4. What are some pressures on the global environment?
5. What is sustainability and sustainable development
Cornell Notes
Environmental Science
Study of -how the natural world works
-how our env. affects us and how we affect our
env.
Natural Resources
Renewable natural resources (sunlight, water,
wind…etc)
Human Population
Nonrenewable natural resources (mineral, crude
Growth  Resource Use oil…etc)
Agricultural Revolution
Population Growth vs
Resource
Industrial Revolution
Fossil Fuel
Consumption 
Social/Environmental
Impact
Thomas Malthus
Ehrlichs “Population bomb”
Interdisciplinary
Easter Island
Environmentalism
Scientific Method
Garret Hardin “tragedy of the commons”
Wackernagel and Rees and Ecological Footprint
Borrows techniques from various disciplines
-natural science
-social science
…etc
Depletion of resource
Decline of civilization
How does this relate to us?
Social movement
Observation  Question  Hypothesis  Prediction 
Test  Results
Testing Prediction
-independent variable
-dependent variable
-controlled experiment
-control, treatment
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 2 Env. Ethics & Economics: Values & Choices
Case Study: Mirarr Clan vs. Uranium Mine (summarize)
Essential Questions
6. How have ethics changed over time in Western Culture?
7. What are different view points in environmental ethics?
8. How are classical and neo classical economies different?
9. How can externalities lead to market failure?
10. What are the shortcomings of using the GDP to measure the economy?
Cornell Notes
Ethics
Ethics:
Relativists
Vs.
Universalists
Instrumental Value
Vs.
Intrinsic Value
Env. Ethics
3 Questions
1.
2.
3.
How have ethics changed over time?
***Anthropocentrism:
Biocentrism:
Ecocentrism:
Conservation/Preservation John Muir- Preservation
Gifford Pinchot- Conservation
Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic
Ecofeminism
Env. Justice
Economics: Approaches &
Env. Implications
Economics:
Classical Economics
Economies Rely on Ecosystems- how?
Supply & Demand
Adam Smith & Classical Economics
Economy Types
- subsistence
- capitalist
- centrally planned
- mixed
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Assumptions of Neo Classical Economics
1.
2.
3.
4.
*** Externalized Costs/”Externalities”
Economic Growth vs. Affluenza
… unlimited growth?
Cassandras
Vs.
Cornucopians
Address Short Comings of
Mainstream Economics
Env. Economics
Vs.
Ecological Economics
GDP
GPI
(6.18)
Non Market Goods (6.20)
Services (6.11)
Ecolabeling/Green Washing
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 3 Env. Policy: Decision Making & Problem Solving
Case Study: San Diego & Tijuana: Sewage Probs and Solutions (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are the problems that env. policy tries to address?
2. How has US env. policy changed over time?
3. What are the steps in creating env. policy?
4. What organizations help shape international env. policy?
Cornell Notes
Overview of Policy
Policy:
Env. policy:
Problems
*** Tragedy of the Commons
Free Riders
Polluter pays principal:
Federal Policy
Early US Policy
Legislation
Regulation
3 Waves
1. Homestead Act 1862
General Mining Act 1872
Timber Cultivation Act 1873
2nd Wave Conservation
3rd Wave- response to pollution
- Rachel Carson- Silent Spring
- NEPA 1970
EIS:
EPA:
(7.11 study it, don’t copy)
Approaches to Env.
Policy
Tort Law
Command/Control
Env. Policy Tools
1. Green Taxes
2. Subsidy
3. Permit Trading (cap & trade)
Steps to Policy (7.17)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Role of Science in Policy
Prob w/science being politicized
International Env. Policy
Conventional Law
Conventions/Treaties
Organizations Involved
- UN & UNEP
- World Band (why criticized)
- EU
- NGOs
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
fPLEASE DO NOT PRINT- USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 5 Evolution, Biodiversity & Pop. Ecology
Case Study: Golden Toads in Costa Rica (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. How does natural selection work?
2. How does evolution create biodiversity?
3. What causes extinction?
4. How do populations grow?
5. How is logistical population growth different than exponential growth?
Cornell Notes
Evol -> Biodiv.
(basic vocab)
Species:
Population:
Evolution:
Natural Selection:
Adaptation:
Mutation:
Nat. Selection
Types of Nat. Selection
1.
2.
3.
(Fig. 3.2)
Evidence of Nat. SelectionArtificial SelectionBiodiversity:
How does it happen?
SpeciationFossil Record = evidence of speciation
Endemic Species-
Extinction
Eco-Organization
Mass Ext6th Mass ExtLevels of Ecological Organization
Niche
- generalist
- specialist
Population
- pop density
- pop distribution
random
uniform
clumped
Survivorship Curves (3.14)
Pop Growth
Equations
Exp. growth = J Curve (3.15)
Limits to Growth
- limiting factors:
- carrying capacity:
- logistical growth (3.16)
Limit Factors
- density dependent
vs.
- density independent
Carrying Capacity:
Reproductive Strategies
r=
K=
How to conserve biodiversity?
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margins of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 6 Species Interactions & Community Ecology
Case Study: Zebra Mussels (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are the different ways species interact? (compare/contrast)
2. How does energy move through an ecosystem?
3. What makes a keystone species and why are they important?
4. How do ecosystems change over time? (discuss succession)
5. What are the problems with invasive species?
6. What factors affect how biomes form? (compare/contrast ones in USA)
Cornell Notes
Species Interactions
Intraspecific:
Interspecific:
Reduce competition = coexist
Fundamental Niche (4.2)
Vs.
Realized Niche
Exploitative
Interactions
Other Interactions
Energy
3 types
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Energy Flow- Trophic Levels
Producers
1 consumers
2 consumers
detrivores
decomposers
Food Chains, Webs, Pyramids
*** Keystone Species
Resistance:
Community Response to
Vs.
Disturbance
Resilience:
Succession
Primary:
Invasive Species
Biomes
What affects their
formation?
Which are in USA?
Secondary
-> Climax Community
Pioneer Species
***Invasives
Restoration Ecology
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Dry Forest
Savannah
Desert
Tundra
Boreal Forest
** Chaparal
Rain Shadow Effect:
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 7 Env. Systems & Ecology
Case Study: Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are the properties of a system?
2. What are ecosystem services?
3. How have humans affected the different cycles?
4. How are the cycles similar? Different?
Cornell Notes
System
Properties
Inputs- outputs
-negative feedback loop
-positive feedback loop
 dynamic equilibrium
Systems Interact
watershed
Eutrophication (steps)
Earths Spheres
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystems
2 characteristics
1. Energy Flow
2. Matter Cycles
Energy -> Biomass
gross primary production:
vs.
net primary production:
(5.5)
nutrients influence production
Landscape Ecology
Patches & Mosaics
Role of GIS
Ecosystem Services
(list several from 5.1)
Biogeochemical Cycles
Source
Vs.
WATER
CARBON
Sink
Water Cycle (diagram it)
- evaporation:
- transpiration:
- condensation:
- precipitation
- groundwater
a. aquifer
b. water table
Carbon Cycle (diagram it)
- photosynthesis
- respiration
- combustion
***shifting carbon from lithosphere to atmosphere
NITROGEN
Nitrogen Cycle (diagram it… as best you can)
Role of bacteria- N Fixation
- Nitrification
- Denitrification
Haber-Bosch Process
PHOSPHOROUS
Phosphorous Cycle
Solutions to Dead Zones?
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 8 Human Population
Case Study: China’s One Child Policy (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. How do the factors in I=PAT interact?
2. What stage in the transition model has the fastest and slowest growth? (explain)
3. What factors in society affect how fast pop. will grow?
Cornell Notes
*** Rule of 70
Pop’s growing rapidly
Thomas Malthus
Paul Ehrlich
Prob w/shrinking pop
Impact
I=PAT
Demography
Age Structure
Pop Pyramids
Sex Ratio
(8.10 & 8.11)
**Total Fertility Rate
**Replacement Value
Demographic Transition
4 stages (**8.16)
1. preindustrial
2. transitional
3. industrial
4. post industrial
Pop& Society
Birth Control
Family Planning
Empowerment of Women = Decreased Fertility (WHY?)
Poverty is correlated with pop growth (WHY?)
Consumption/Affluence  Env. Impact
AIDS
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 9 Soil & Agriculture
Case Study: Iowa- No Till Agriculture (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are the major things that impact a soil’s health?
2. How are soils classified?
3. What are different things that cause soil erosion & land degradation?
4. What are some policies that have supported soil conservation?
Cornell Notes
Soil- Foundation of Ag
Agriculture:
- cropland
vs.
- rangeland
As pop.& consumption inc., soil’s degraded
Ag
Trad. Ag vs. Indust. Ag
Green Rev.
Soil as System
Profile
Classification
Soil
-
parent material
bedrock
weathering
chem.
Physical
Biological
Factors affecting weathering
Soil Profile- Horizons
O, A, E, B, C, R, Topsoil
Classifying Soil
- color
- texture
clay
silt
sand
loam
- structure
- pH
9.6 (understand it)
Regional Difference in Soil
Iowa
Vs.
Tropical Rain Forest
Degradation
3 practices  erosion
1.
2.
3.
Desertification (9.11)
Degradation
Dust Bowl History
Conservation
Soil Conservation Act & SCS/NRCS
Protecting Agst Degradation
- crop rotation
- contour farming
- terracing
- intercropping
- shelter beds
- cons. Tillage
Irrigation inc. productivity
- conventional
vs.
- drip irrigation
Waterlogged soil  salinization
Fertilizer inc yields
- inorganic
vs
- organic
(9.21)
Grazing  Soil Degradation
Policies worsen land degrad.
- subsidies
- wetlands
Programs promoting conservation
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 10 Agriculture, Biotech & Future of Food
Case Study: Transgenic Maize in S. Mexico (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What was the Green Revolution and what were some of the consequences?
2. How is genetic engineering similar and different from traditional breeding?
3. What are different strategies to deal with pests?
4. Why is pollination so important?
5. What are the different perspectives in the GMO debate?
6. How are CAFOs and Aquaculture similar and dissimilar?
Cornell Notes
Race to Feed World
Green Rev
State of People
- under nutrition
- over nutrition
- malnutrition
Green RevConsequences
Effects of Biofuel
Pests
Pollinators
GMO
Animals
Value of Crop Diversity
- seed banks
Pesticides
Vs.
Biological Control
Vs.
Integrated Pest Mgt.
Pollination- Honey Bees & Colony Collapse Disorder
Gen. Modified Food
- gen. engineering
- GMO
- Recombinant DNA Bio tech (10.14)
Benefits of GM Crops (10.15)
**Precautionary PrincipleDebate
Monsanto
Raising Animals for Food
Food Choices = Energy Choices
High Consumption  Feed Lots
Impacts of CAFOs
Fish Farms- Aquaculture
Benefits
Vs.
Neg. Impacts
Sustainable Ag.
Sustainable?
Low input ag
Organic ag
(10.1)
Organics is Booming!
Mimick Nat. Ecosystems
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 11 Biodiversity & Conservation Ecology
Case Study: Siberian Tiger (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What is biodiversity and why is it important?
2. What is the background extinction rate and how is it different than a mass
extinction?
3. What is conservation biology and how can it be applied to inc. species
diversity?
Cornell Notes
Biodiversity
Extinction
Causes of Loss of Biod.
Biodiversity Levels
- species
- genetic
- ecosystem
Measuring Biod NOT Easy
- challenges
- distribution
Extinction
Vs.
Extirpation
Background Extinction Rate
Vs.
Mass Extinction
- 6th Mass Extinction
Causes of Loss of Biod
- Habitat Loss/Fragmentation
- Pollution
- Over Harvesting
- Invasive Species
- Climate Change
Biod IS Good!
Benefits of Biod.
-Ecosystem Services
- Helps Ecosystems Function
- Enhanced Food Security
- Medicine/Drugs
- Economics- Tourism
Conservation Biology
Conservation
1. Laws
- CITES
- End. Species Act
2. Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
Umbrella Species
Protection of Land
Diversity Hot Spots
Ecosystem Restoration
Community Based Conservation
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 12 Forest Management
Case Study: Certified Sustainable Paper (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What is the value of a healthy forest?
2. How has mgt of timber changed in the US over time?
3. Why should habitat fragmentation be avoided?
4. How are nat. parks different than nat. forests?
Cornell Notes
Forest!
Complex
Forest Types
Levels in Forest
- Canopy
- Sub Canopy
- Understory
Ecosystem Services
Forests Services
- carbon sink
- valuable resources
-
Forest Loss
Deforestation
- Role of Ag
- Primary Forest (12.7)
Vs.
- Secondary Forest
Concession and Solutions
Forest Mgt
Resource Mgt
- max sustainable yield
- ecosystem based mgt
- Nat. Forests
- Plantation/Even Aged
Timber Harvesting Methods
- clear cut
- selective cut
Nat. Forests
- multiple use
- Nat. Forest Mgt. Act (12.1)
- Roadless Policy Reinstated
Fire
- controlled burns
- salvage logging
Role of Climate Change
Sust. Mgt.
Sustainable Forestry
- sust. forest certified (12.2)
Parks and Protected Areas
Why create parks?
Nat. Parks
Vs.
Nat. Wildlife Refuge
Vs.
Wilderness
International
Bio Reserves (12.23)
Fragmentation & Islands
Habitat Fragmentation
Edge Effects
Insights from Islands  Hab. Frag.
Island Biogeography Theory (***12.25)
-
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 13 Urban Environment- Creating Livable Sustainable Cities
Case Study: Managing Growth in Portland, OR (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are problems with suburbs and suburban sprawl?
2. What are some pros and cons about urban centers?
3. What is LEED?
4. What are some specific ways to move towards urban sustainability?
Cornell Notes
Industrialization 
Urban Centers
Suburbs
Env. Factors
Cities  Suburbs  Sprawl
Causes of sprawl
Probs
-
Living Cities
transportation
pollution
health
land use
economies
city/urban planning
regional planning
zoning- how is it used?
Smart Growth
New Urbanism (13.2)
Parks/Open Space
Urban Sustainability
Env. Effects
- resource sinks
- efficiency
- consumption
- land preservation
- urban pollution
-noise
-light
Heat Island Effect
Urban Ecology  Sustainability
Green Buildings
LEED
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 14 Env. Health & Toxicology
Case Study: Bisphenol A (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are 4 different types of env. hazards?
2. How are risk assessment and management related? Different?
3. Why is a carnivore more likely to have more toxins than an herbivore?
4. What is the LD50 and how is it used?
5. How do the US and Europe differ in how they manage risks?
Cornell Notes
Env. Hazards
4 types
1.
2.
3.
4.
Indoor Pollution
***Indoor Exposure (know these)
- radon
- lead
- asbestos
Disease
Indoor Syndrome
Toxicology
Toxicology:
Toxins:
(14.2)
Silent Spring  Debate
Types of Toxicants
- carcinogens
- mutagens
- tesotogens
- neurotoxins
- allergens
- endocrine disruptors
In Water
In Air
(14.14)
In organisms
Bioaccumulation
Vs.
Biomagnification
Dose Response Analysis
Dose:
Response:
(14.16)
LD50
ED50
*** Threshold Level
Acute Exposure:
Vs.
Chronic Exposure:
**Synergistic Effects
Risk Assessment & Mgt.
Ass/Mgt (14.22)
Innocent until proven guilty or Precautionary Principle
***Toxic Substances Control Act
14.3
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
14.4 - write out “dirty dozen”
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter Ch 15 Fresh Water Systems & Resources
Case Study: Colorado River Basin (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What is the significance and problem of the Ogallala Aquifer
2. How can wetlands be valuable for pollution management?
3. What are major uses of fresh water? Why is our level of use a problem?
4. How has fresh water been diverted and what problems does it cause?
5. What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution?
Cornell Notes
Fresh Water:
Fresh H2O Systems
Surface Water
Vs.
 Watershed
Runoff
Lakes/Ponds
Wetlands
Ground Water
How we use water
Control
Zones
- littoral zone
- limnetic zone
- benthic zone
- profundal zone
Oligotrophic:
Eutrophic:
Wetlands:
Why valuable?
Ground Water:
Aquifer:
Water table:
- confined
- unconfined
Climate Change
(15.7)
Water Uses
Consumptive use (irrigation)
Vs.
Non- Consumptive Use
Water Diversion
- CO River (15.11) study it
Water Control
Dikes & Levees
Dams
Reservoirs
**Dams being removed…
Probs w/over use
Depleting Surface Water
***Aral Sea Case Study
Loss of Wetlands RAMSAR Convention
Depleting Ground Water
Effects of Over-pumping
** (read science behind story- is it better in a bottle?)
Pollution
Solutions to Depletion
- inc supply (desalination)
- decrease demand
-ag use
-residential and industry demand
-rain barrels
-gray water
Pt. Source:
Vs
Non-Pt. Source
4 Types of Water Pollution
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prevention v. Clean Up Later???
Pollution Mgt.
Waste Water Treatment
Waste water:
Septic Tanks
Primary Treatment:
Secondary Treatment:
(15.26)
Effluent:
Wetlands as a filter (15.27)
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 16 Marine & Coastal Systems & Resources
Case Study: Collapse of Cod Fisheries (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What causes ocean water to move?
2. What causes El Nino- how is it different than normal?
3. How are climate change and pollution changing the ocean?
4. How has the fishing industry become “industrialized”? What are the effects of
that?
Cornell Notes
Oceans
Content of Oceans
Movement
Surface Water:
Upwelling:
Effects on Climate:
Thermocline circulation
ENSO
El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
La Nina
Climate Change Altering Oceans
***Acidification
Marine & Coastal
Ecosystems
3 zones
1.
2.
3.
Open Oceans
- kelp forests
Coral Reefs
Salt Marshes
Mangroves
***Estuaries
(read sci behind story about coral- see fig. w/chemistry)
Marine Pollution
4 major types
- plastic
- oil
- toxins
- nutrients
Emptying Oceans
***Overfishing/industrialization (16.21 & 16.23)
- drift nets
Conservation
- long line fishing
- trawling
By Catch:
(16.1)
US Marine Mammal Protection Act
Max Sustainable Yields
Marine Protected Areas & Reserves
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 17 Atmospheric Science & Air Pollution
Case Study: LA Struggles for a Clean Breath (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. In which layers of the atmosphere is the ozone layer being depleted? Is air
pollution?
2. How does a thermal inversion make smog worse?
3. How are industrial and photochemical smog different?
4. What are the cause and effects of acid precipitation?
Cornell Notes
Atmosphere
Structure
- troposphere
- stratosphere
- mesosphere
- thermosphere
Ozone Layer
Solar Energy Seasons
& Air Circulation
(17.4)
Convective Circulation:
Weather
Climate
Fronts:
-warm
-cold
High Pressure
Vs.
Low Pressure
** Thermal Inversion:
Air Circulation
**Hadley CellsPolar CellsFerrel CellsCoriolus Effect
Air Pollution
Outdoor Sources
- Natural-aerosols
- Human-primary:
- secondary:
Laws
Air Pollution Control Act 1955
Clean Air Act 1970
Reducing Pollution
Smog
Ozone Layer
Acid Rain
Indoor Pollution
Major Pollutants
- CO
- SO2
- NO2
- Tropospheric Ozone
- Particulate Matter
- Lead
- VOCs
(Study 17.14 & 17.15)
Scrubbers
Electrostatic Precipitators ***(17.16)
Smog
- Industrial (17.19)
vs.
- photochemical (**17.2)
Ozone Depletion
CFCs
Montreal Protocol
Why successful?
1.
2.
3.
Acid Deposition
Effects (17.1)
Major Types
- smoke
- radon
- VOC
- Organisms
**Sick Building Syndrome (17.30)
Reducing Indoor Air Pollution?
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 18 Climate Change
Case Study: Maldives (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What causes climate?
2. How does the greenhouse effect work?
3. What anthropogenic green house gases exist?
4. What are likely effects of a warming climate? (be specific)
Cornell Notes
Dynamic Climate!
Climate:
Global Climate Change:
4 Factors Regulate
1.
2.
3.
4.
GH Effect
Green House Gases (copy 18.1)
Green House Effect (copy 18.3)
Other Factors
Climate Science
Factors Influencing Climate
- Milankovich Cycles
- solar output
- ocean absorption
- ocean circulation
Studying Climate Change
Proxy Indicators/Indirect Measurements
Vs.
Direct Measurements  Climate Models
IPCC:
Temp.Rise
Change in Precipitation
Physical Effects
Melting Ice
Albedo Effect
Permafrost
Rising Sea Level
**Thermal Expansion
Effects of People of Rising Water
Biological Effects
Coral Reefs
Climate Change Affects Organisms
Climate Change Effects People
- Agriculture
- Forestry
- Health
- Economy
Taking Action?
Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation:
Vs.
Adaptation:
Electricity Generation
-conservation/efficiency
-alternatives
- carbon capture/sequestration
Transportation
- technology
- choices
International Attempts
Kyoto Protocol
Copenhagen Conferences
Market Mechanisms
- Cap & Trade
- Carbon Tax
- Carbon Offsets
(18.31)
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter Ch. 19 Fossil Fuels
Case Study: Oil or Wilderness on Alaskan N. Slope (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. How is coal taken out of the ground? Which types of coal is the highest
quality?
2. Where is most of the oil, coal and nat. gas reserves located? (know for each)
3. What is “peak oil” and what are it’s implications for future society?
4. What do all fossil fuels have in common?
Cornell Notes
Sources of Energy
Creation (19.1)
Anarobic
Vs.
Aerobic (19.4)
Coal
Coal
Mining
- strip
- subsurface
- mt. top removal
Quality
- peat
- ligmite
- bituminous
- anthracite
(19.7- know this)
Natural Gas
Nat. Gas
Biogenic
Vs.
Thermogenic
Oil
Oil/Petroleum
Primary extraction
Vs.
Secondary extraction (19.10)
Refineries (***19.11)
**Peak Oil & Hubbart’s Peak
Other uses (19.12… study only)
Tar
Oil/Tar Sands
Shale
Oil/Shale
Env. Impacts
Env. Impacts
- pollution
- climate change
Clean Coal Tech?
Carbon Capture?
Water Pollution
**Coal Mining/Acid Drainage
Other impacts.
Political, Social & Economic Impacts
-dependence on foreign energy
-oil supply price affects economies
Solutions?
Improved cars
** Cogeneration
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 20 Conventional Energy Alternatives
Case Study: Sweden’s Search for Alt. Energy (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. How do nuclear, biofuel and hydro generate electricity? (describe each)
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using each type of energy?
Cornell Notes
Nuclear
Biomass
Hydro-Electric
(**copy 20.1)
Nuclear Energy
- fission (20.3)
- chain reaction
U238 vs. U235
Half Life of U235
(20.5 & 20.6 study only)
Pros
Cons
- 3 Mile Island
- Chernobyl
- Waste Disposal
Yucca Mt Controversy
Biomass
- waste product
- bio energy crops
- combustion
- scales of production
Advantages
Disadvantages
Types
- Ethanol…. E85
Sustainable???
- Bio-diesel
- Other
- Algae
- Cellulostic
*** Carbon Neutral
Hydro
- dams/storage tech
- run of river
(**20.23)
Pros
Vs.
Cons
***Hydro can’t expand
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 21 New Renewable Energy Alternatives
Case Study: Germany Goes Solar (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are the different types of solar energy? Pros vs. Cons
2. How does wind energy work? Pros vs. Cons
3. How could geothermal energy work in N. CA?
4. Is hydrogen fuel a realistic option?
Cornell Notes
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Renewable Energy Sources (21.1)
Growing fast- green collar jobs
(21.2)
- policy can accelerate transition
Passive Solar
Vs.
Active Solar
1. Solar Water Heating
2. ** Concentrated Solar Power
3. Photovoltaics
- thin film cells
Benefits
Vs.
“Drawbacks”
Wind Turbine
How is electricity produced? (21.11 study)
Wind power growing
- offshore sites
Benefits
Vs.
“Downsides” (21.15)
Geothermal Energy (21.15 study)
Benefits
Vs.
“Limitations”
Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Ground Source Heat Pumps
(21.18)
Ocean
Ocean Energy Sources
Tidal Energy
Wave Energy
Hydrogen
Fuel Cells
H Fuel Produced how?
- electrolysis
- electricity generation
Costs
Vs.
(21.23- give glance)
Benefits
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 22 Managing Our Waste
Case Study: Fresh Kills Landfill (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What are the biggest components of waste?
2. How does a landfill address ground water contamination?
3. What are the pros and cons of incinerations?
4. What are different ways to reduce waste?
5. What are the strategies for handling hazardous waste?
Cornell Notes
Municipal Solid Waste
Vs.
Industrial
Hazardous
Dumps
Landfill
Waste Mgt. Components
1.
2.
3.
Source Reduction
Recovery
More consumption  More waste
Open dumps
Vs.
Sanitary Landfill
- leachate
- liners
- cap
***RCRA
Drawbacks of landfills
Incineration
Incineration
WTE
Landfill Gas
Reduction
Reduce waste
- reuse
- composting
- recycling (22.2, 22.12)
- biggest components???
Financial Incentives?
- pay as you throw?
- Bottle Bill? (Lobbying of Beverage Industry)
(22.14!)
Industrial Solid Waste (**22.15)
Regulations & Economics
Industrial Ecology
Life Cycle Analysis (22.16 study only)
Hazardous Waste
Heavy Metals
E- Waste & Health Risks of Recycling
3 Disposal Methods
(22.21, 22.22 study)
1. Landfills
2. Surface Impoundments
3. Deep Well Injection
CERCLA
***Superfund
Brownfields
Love Canal Story-
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLEASE DO NOT PRINT - USE AS A GUIDE TO MAKE YOUR OWN NOTES.
Chapter 23 Minerals and Mining
Case Study: Mining for Cell Phones (summarize)
Essential Questions
1. What do we use minerals for in society?
2. What are the main env. impacts of mining?
3. What law has attempted to reduce the impacts of mining and how effective is
it?
Cornell Notes
Rock
Vs.
Mineral Resources
Min
eral
MiningMetal in Ore Smelting
Tailings:
Mining
Restoration
Methods & Impacts
- strip mining
**acid drainage
- subsurface mining
impact
- open pit mining
impact
- placer mining
impact
- mountain top removal
impact
Restoration- Partly Effective
- reclamation
Laws
Surface Mining & Reclamation Act- 1977
General Mining Act 1872
Sustainable?
Sustainable Mineral Use
Minerals are non-renewable
How long will deposits last?
- discovery
- new extraction tech
- changing technology
- changing consumption
- recycling
Summary (answer essential questions with detail… be sure to ask questions in margin of C-Notes)
1.
2.
3.