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BIOL V03 Lecture: Animal Nutrition (Campbell10: Ch 41) ©2014 copyright Marta D. de Jesus
I. all animals are chemoheterotroph
A. rely
B. When we digest
1.
2.
C. must be regulated to maintain homeostasis
1. eg: glucose regulation
2. eg: some appetite-regulating hormones
a.
b.
c.
d.
II. Terms for feeding modes
A. food source
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. method of feeding
1. suspension-feeders
2. substrate/deposit-feeders
3. fluid-feeders
4. bulk-feeders
C. microbiomes
III. Human Nutrition in brief
A. balanced diet
1. major components
2. “minor” components
3. Major/minor
4. How do we measure amounts of food?
a.
b.
c.
5. “essential nutrients”
B. Carbohydrates
1. digestible
a. essential nutrient
b. current recommendation
1) simple
2) complex
2. indigestible
C. Proteins
1. amino acids
2. source of energy
3. essential amino acids
D. Lipids
1. how much lipid
2. What do they do for us?
a.
b. essential fatty acids
c. vitamins
E. “Micro”nutrients
1. RDA
2. toxic
3. vitamins
4. minerals
5. phytochemicals
IV. Overall process
ingestion --------------> digestion -----------------> absorption -------> egestion/elimination
V. Development of digestive tracts
A. intracellular digestion
B. extracellular digestion
gastrovascular cavities
3. tubular/complete tracts = alimentary canal
a. mouth
b. pharynx
c. esophagus
d. stomach or crop
e. gizzard
f. midgut
g. hindgut
h. rectum
i. anus
V. Human Digestive System
A. ingestion & physical breakdown of food
1. teeth
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. saliva
a. secreted by
b. functions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
3. tongue
B. transport
1. pharynx
a. swallowing reflex.
b. 4 passage ways:
1)
2)
3)
epiglottis
4)
2. esophagus
bolus
peristalsis
C. stomach
1.
sphincters
2. important secretions
a. by parietal cells
b. by chief cells
c. by mucous cells
3. storge
4. acid chyme
5. other animals
D. digestion of food molecules
1. already started
2. small intestine
3. 3 regions;
duodenum
a. secretions
1)
2)
3)
E. absorption of food molecules
jejunum & ileum
1. surface area vs. straight tube
2. food monomers
3. move out
a.
b.
chylomicrons
4. other organs
a. pancreas
b. gall bladder
c. liver
s
5. control of digestion
a. nervous system
b. hormonal control
1) gastrin
2) secretin
3) cholecystokinin (CCK)
4) but if fat levels are high
F. water reabsorption & elimination
large intestine
1. receives
cecum
appendix
2. several sections
3. at end
4. re-absorb
5. further digestion
6. feces
defecation reflex