Download First Semester Study Guide

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Honors Biology First Semester Study Guide
Unit 1: Scientific Method (Ch.1)
1. What is scientific method? What are the steps of scientific method?
2. What is a control in an experiment?
3. What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependable variable?
4. What is the difference between a theory and a law?
Unit 2: Chemistry / Biochemistry (Ch.2)
5. What are the three particles that make up an atom? What are their charges?
6. How do you determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons of sulfur?
7. What is an ion?
8. What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?
9. What are the two types of bonds? How are they different?
10. What are valence electrons?
11. ____________ speed up chemical reactions without changing themselves by lowering __________ __________.
12. What is the name of the site in which an enzyme bonds with a substrate?
13. What element do organic molecules have in common?
14. What are the 4 main organic substances (macromolecules) that are important to living things?
15. Starch and cellulose are classified as __________________.
16. What is the range of pH?
17. Which is a stronger acid? pH=2 or pH=4?
18. A strong base might have a pH of 3, 5, 9, or 13?
19. Describe the effect of pH and temperature on enzymes.
20. DNA and RNA are examples of ___________________.
21. What are the functions of proteins?
22. What is the subunit of protein?
23. What is the subunit of carbohydrate?
24. What are the subunit(monomer) that make up nucleic acids?
25. How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis different?
Unit 3: Cell (Ch.3)
26. What is the Cell Theory?
27. What are the differences between a prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell?
28. How are bacteria and viruses different from plant and animal cells?
29. What are the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?
30. What is the plasma membrane made of?
31. What is the fluid mosaic model referring to?
32. What is the cell structure that is involved in digestion of worn out organelles?
33. What is the cell structure that is known as the “powerhouse”?
34. What is the cell’s internal transport system called?
35. What is the site for protein synthesis in cells called?
36. What does Golgi apparatus do?
37. What is the center of a cell called? What is its role in the cell?
38. What structure regulates what enters and leaves the cell?
39. What are two differences between passive transport and active transport?
40. What is the process by which water passes into a cell is called?
41. Which end of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic and which end is hydrophobic?
42. What is the magnification of an object found under a microscope with an objective power of 40x?
43. How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion?
44. What is the direction of the water movement (in or out) in hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution? How does the size of the cell
change in each type of solution?
45. When the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell are in equilibrium, the solution is said to be ___________.
Unit 4: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Ch.4)
46. What is the process of changing solar energy into food energy called?
47. What is the main energy-trapping molecule in plants called?
48. What are the chemical equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
49. Draw and label the structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
50. What are two steps of photosynthesis? What are their functions?
51. Where does each step of photosynthesis occur in a cell?
52. What are the two types of cellular respiration? How many ATP’s are produced by each?
53. What is produced when your muscles feel tired after long exercises?
54. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
55. What are three steps of aerobic cellular respiration? How many ATP’s are produced from each step?
56. Where does each step of aerobic cellular respiration occur in a cell?
57. _______________ occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen to occur. It is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic
cellular respiration.
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58. What is ATP? How is it different from ADP?
59. Where is energy stored in ATP?
Unit 5: Cell Reproduction (Ch.5)
60. What is the correct sequence of the cell cycle?
61. During which of the phases of interphase does DNA replication take place?
62. What are the phases of mitosis? What takes place in each phase?
63. The two sister chromatids are held together by the ___________.
64. During what phase of mitosis do the centromeres split and chromatids separate?
65. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. (minimum 6 differences.)
66. How is a zygote formed?
67. How is cell division in animal cells and plant cells different?
68. What are homologous chromosomes?
69. What is crossing over? During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Unit 6: Mendelian Genetics (Ch.6)
70. Describe 3 Mendel’s laws.
71. How is codominance different from incomplete dominance? Give an example for each.
72. Compare and contrast the following terms: homozygous vs. heterozygous, dominant vs. recessive, genotype vs. phenotype.
73. What are monohybrid and dihybrid crosses?
74. What is multiple alleles? Give an example.
75. What is polygenic inheritance? Give an example.
76. A woman with blood type B has a child with blood type O. What is the genotype of the mother?
77. The results of crossing a red flower with a white flower are all pink offspring. This demonstrates the principle
of__________________.
78. Suppose Mendel crossed two pea plants and got both tall and short offspring. What could have been the genotypes of the two
parent plants? What genotype could not have been present?
Unit 7: Human Genetics (Ch. 7)
79. What does it mean for a disorder to be sex-linked?
80. What does a pedigree show?
81. Who is a carrier?
82. What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
83. In a pedigree, what does a line connecting a male and female indicate?
84. A color-blind male marries a female who is a carrier for color-blindness. What is the probability that a girl born to these parents will
be colorblind? Draw a Punnett square to explain.
85. Who determines a child’s sex? Mom or dad?
86. Why are x-linked traits such as colorblindness more common in males?
87. What causes genetic disorders?
88. What is karyotype? What is it used for?
89. What is non-disjunction?
Unit 8: Molecular Genetics (Ch.8)
90. What are the three components of DNA?
91. In RNA, what nitrogen base replaces thymine?
92. What is the base pairing rule?
93. If there is 36% G in a DNA molecule, what are the % of A, C, and T in the same DNA molecule?
94. What holds the nitrogen bases together in a DNA double helix?
95. Which two scientists were credited with establishing the structure of DNA?
96. What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
97. What is the process by which a DNA molecule is copied? Where does it occur?
98. What are the groupings of 3 bases in mRNA sequences called? What does it code for?
99. What are the three types of RNA? What are their functions?
100. What is the difference between transcription and translation? Where in the cell do they occur?
101. Describe the importance of sequencing of amino acids in proteins.
102. What type of bond is formed between two amino acids?
103. a. If DNA sequence is CATTGCGTA, what is mRNA sequence?
b. Write the amino acid sequence.
104. What is a mutation? What is a mutagen?
105. What is the difference between point mutation and frameshift mutation? Which one is more fatal?