Download 문 Poetry types 16P

Poetry types Poetic Forms 16P
Types of Poetry 가 정상 단어 배열이지만
제목에는 시를 먼저 뽑았슴
Poetic Forms 시의 형태
Poetry ; (집합적으로) 시, 시가
우와 !
영어 각 나라, 문화에따라
시의 종류가 이렇게 많아요?
-------------# Different Types of Poetry / Poetic Forms
Acrostic 보통 각 행의 첫 글자를 아래로 연결하면 특정한 어구가 되게 쓴 시나 글,
Alexandrine 시의 행이 알렉산더격[약강 6보격]인,
Anagram 철자 순서를 바꾼 말
Ars Poetica 시의 기법, 시학; 시론
Aubade 새벽의 노래[곡] (opp. serenade)
Ballad 1.(이야기를 담은) 발라드(시나 노래) / 2.발라드(사랑을 노래한 느린 대중가요)
Ballade [운율] 발라드 [(8행의 구 3절과 4행의 envoy로 된 프랑스 시형 詩形)]; [음악] 서사가
[곡], 담시곡(譚詩曲)
[추가] Blank verse ; 무운시 (각운을 쓰지 않은 시)
Canzone 칸초네 (사랑, 아름다움을 노래하는 서정적인 이탈리아 가곡) ; 중세 이탈리아의 서정
시
Carol 크리스마스에 부르는 성탄 축하곡. 14세기 영국에서 종교 가곡의 한 형식으로 생겨나 발
전하였으며, 나중에는 성탄절을 축하하는 노래만을 이르게 되었다.
Concrete poetry 구상시 (일부 단어나 글자를 그림 형식으로 배열한 시)
Couplet 운이 맞는 2행 연구로 쓰인 시,
Curtal sonnet 소네트(10개의 음절로 구성되는 시행 14개가 일정한 운율로 이어지는 14행시)
=> See Sonnet.
Didactic poetry 교훈 시(詩).
Dirge 더ㄹ즈 (장례식 때 부르는) 만가
Doggerel 엉터리[우스꽝스러운] 시
Dramatic monologue 극적 독백
Eclogue [시어] (때때로 대화체의) 목가(牧歌), 전원시; 목가시,
Elegy 애가, 비가,
Envoi (시의) 마지막 행[연], or (Envoy 사절, 특사)
Epic 서사시
Epigram 경구(警句) ; 짧은 풍자시,
Epistle (신약 성서에 나오는) 사도 서간
Epitaph / epithalamium 묘비에 새긴 글
Epithalamion 결혼 축가[축시] (nuptial song)
Fixed and unfixed forms 정형시 부정형시
Found poem 변형시 (신문 등 인쇄물의 글을 풀어서 시의 형태로 만든 것)
Fourteener (특히 약강격(弱强格)의) 14음절 (7음보(音步)로 된 시행(詩行).
Free verse 자유시
Genre <문학> 문예 양식의 갈래. 특히 문학에서는 서정, 서사, 극 또는 시, 소설, 희곡, 수필,
평론 따위로 나눈 기본형을 이른다. ‘갈래’, ‘분야’로 순화. [비슷한 말] 갈래.
Georgic 농사의, 농업의 (agricultural)
Ghazal 가잘: 각 행의 운(韻)이 같은 6행 내지 26행으로 되는 페르시아의 서정시.
Gnomic verse 사람, 발언이(때로는 이해하기 어려울 정도로) 현명한[금언적인]
Haiku (or hokku) 하이쿠 (일본의 전통 단시)
Hymn 찬송, 찬가
Italian sonnet => See Sonnet.
Lament 애통, 탄식
Landays 아프가니스탄의 민속 시
Light verse 경묘(輕妙)한 시: 내용의 심오(深奧)함이나 성실함보다는 오히려 세련된 형식의 경묘
함을 가지고 독자를 즐겁게 해주려는 오락적인 시.
Limerick (詩學)오행 희시(五行戱詩), 리머릭(이전에 아일랜드에서 유행한 약약강격(弱弱强格) 5
행의 희시; 3각(脚)의 1, 2, 5행과 2각의 3, 4행이 각각 압운(押韻)함)
Lyric 서정시
Madrigal 마드리갈 (16세기에 유행한, 보통 반주 없이 여러 명이 부르게 만든 노래)
Mock epic 실제와 비슷한 의사(擬似)영웅시, 의(擬)서사시
Occasional poem 행사 시
Octave 어떤 음에서 완전 8도의 거리에 있는 음,
Ode 1.고대 그리스에서, 음악이나 춤에 맞추어 부르기 위하여 지은 복잡한 시.
2.근대 서양에서, 특정한 사람이나 사물에 부치어 지은 서정시.
Ottava rima ①8행시 ②ab ab ab cc로 압운함 ③각행 10-11음절
Palinode 취소(取消)의 시(詩); 전언(前言) 취소, 철회
Panegyric-패너지릭, 칭찬하는 말[글]
Pantoum 말레이의 시형(詩形): 부정수(不定數)의 4행 연구(聯句)로 되며, abab, bcbc, cdcd처럼,
제2행과 제4행의 운(韻)이 다음 4행 연구의 제1행째와 제3행째의 운과 같은 시형.
Pastoral 목회자의 [시]
Pattern poetry 패턴 시, (정형화된) 양식 시 => See Concrete poetry.
Pindaric ode 핀다로스풍의 오드, 핀다로스(기원전 5세기경의 그리스의 서정 시인) => See Ode.
(특정한 사람・사물・사건에 부치는) 시, –송(頌) [부(賦)]
Prose poem 산문시
Quatrain 4행 연구(聯句), 4행시,
Refrain 후렴, 반복구
Renga れんが[連歌], 두 사람 이상이 和歌의 상구(上句)와 하구(下句)를 서로 번갈아 읽어 나가
는 형식의 노래.( ↔ 반의어 俳諧)
Rhyme royal (rime royale) 제왕 운시(帝王韻詩) (ababbcc 로 압운하여 각행 10음절을 포함하는
7행으로 이루어진 시형)
Romance 연애 로맨스
Rondeau [운율] 론도체 (2개의 운(韻)으로 10행 또는 13행으로 된 단시(短詩); 시의 최초의 단
어가 두 번 후렴(refrain)으로 쓰임)
Rondel (roundel) 론델체 (14행시(行詩); RONDEAU의 변형)
Sapphic verse 사포(Sappho)의; 사포풍[시체(詩體)]의 = See ode.
사포 (기원전 600년경의 그리스의 여류 시인; 동성애자였다고 함)
Sestet sonnet의 마지막 6행
Sestina 6행 6연체 (6행으로 된 6연(聯)과 3행의 결구(結句)를 가지는 시
Sijo 時調 고려 말기부터 발달하여 온 우리나라 고유의 정형시. 초장, 중장, 종장의 3장 6구 4음
보의 기본 형태를 가진 평시조와 파격의 엇시조, 사설시조로 나뉜다.
Slam ??
Sonnet 소네트(10개의 음절로 구성되는 시행 14개가 일정한 운율로 이어지는 14행시)
Spenserian stanza 스펜서 연(聯) (스펜서가 The Faerie Queene(1590-96)에 사용한 시형)
Stanza 스탠자 (4행 이상의 각운이 있는 시구)
Syllabic verse 음절시
Tanka 和歌 1.일본 고유 형식의 시. 특히, 短歌(5•7•5•7•7의 5구 31음의 단시).(=동의어 みそひ
ともじ)
Tercet 3행 연구(聯句)
Terza rima 3운구법(韻句法) (단테가 신곡에 쓴 시형식)
Triolet 2운각(韻脚)의 8행시 (ab aa abab로 압운(押韻)하고, 제1행은 제4, 7행에, 제2행은 제8행
에 반복됨)
Verse 운문시?
Verse paragraph 단락시?
Villanelle 전원시, 19행(行) 2운체(韻體)의 시
======================
eng 시 종류 설명
왼쪽의 용어들은 모두 web,, Link 됨니다
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/learning/glossary-terms?category=forms-and-types
Acrostic 보통 각 행의 첫 글자를 아래로 연결하면 특정한 어구가 되게 쓴 시나 글,
= A poem in which the first letter of each line spells out a word, name, or phrase when read
vertically. See Lewis Carroll’s “A Boat beneath a Sunny Sky.”
Alexandrine 시의 행이 알렉산더격[약강 6보격]인,
= In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each
stanza in Thomas Hardy’s “The Convergence of the Twain” and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “To a
Skylark” is an alexandrine.
Anagram 철자 순서를 바꾼 말
= A word spelled out by rearranging the letters of another word; for example, “The teacher
gapes at the mounds of exam pages lying before her.”
Ars Poetica 시의 기법, 시학; 시론
= A poem that explains the “art of poetry,” or a meditation on poetry using the form and
techniques of a poem. Horace’s Ars Poetica is an early example, and the foundation for the
tradition. While Horace writes of the importance of delighting and instructing audiences,
modernist ars poetica poets argue that poems should be written for their own sake, as art for
the sake of art. Archibald MacLeish’s famous “Ars Poetica” sums up the argument: “A poem
should not mean / But be.” See also Alexander Pope’s “An Essay on Criticism,” William
Wordsworth’s Prelude, and Wallace Stevens’s “Of Modern Poetry.”
Aubade 새벽의 노래[곡] (opp. serenade)
= A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in
medieval France. See John Donne’s “The Sun Rising” and Louise Bogan’s “Leave-Taking.”
Browse more aubade poems.
Ballad 1.(이야기를 담은) 발라드(시나 노래) / 2.발라드(사랑을 노래한 느린 대중가요)
= A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a
form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Folk (or
traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis
on a central dramatic event; examples include “Barbara Allen” and “John Henry.” Beginning in
the Renaissance, poets have adapted the conventions of the folk ballad for their own original
compositions. Examples of this “literary” ballad form include John Keats’s “La Belle Dame
sans Merci,” Thomas Hardy’s “During Wind and Rain,” and Edgar Allan Poe’s “Annabel Lee.”
Browse more ballads.
Ballade [운율] 발라드 [(8행의 구 3절과 4행의 envoy로 된 프랑스 시형 詩形)]; [음악] 서사가
[곡], 담시곡(譚詩曲)
= An Old French verse form that usually consists of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line
envoy, with a rhyme scheme of ababbcbc bcbc. The last line of the first stanza is repeated at
the end of subsequent stanzas and the envoy. See Hilaire Belloc’s “Ballade of Modest
Confession” and Algernon Charles Swinburne’s translation of François Villon’s “Ballade des
Pendus” (Ballade of the Hanged).
[추가] Blank verse ; 무운시 (각운을 쓰지 않은 시)
Bucolic 부카릭 (문예체)전원의 = See pastoral poetry.
[추가] Cacophony 불협화음 =
Canto 칸토(장편시의 한 부분)
= A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieri’s Commedia
(The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene.
Other examples include Lord Byron’s Don Juan and Ezra Pound’s Cantos.
Canzone 칸초네 (사랑·아름다움을 노래하는 서정적인 이탈리아 가곡) ; 중세 이탈리아의 서정시
= Literally “song” in Italian, the canzone is a lyric poem originating in medieval Italy and
France and usually consisting of hendecasyllabic lines with end-rhyme. The canzone
influenced the development of the sonnet.
Carol 크리스마스에 부르는 성탄 축하곡. 14세기 영국에서 종교 가곡의 한 형식으로 생겨나 발
전하였으며, 나중에는 성탄절을 축하하는 노래만을 이르게 되었다.
= A hymn or poem often sung by a group, with an individual taking the changing stanzas and
the group taking the burden or refrain. See Robert Southwell’s “The Burning Babe”. Many
traditional Christmas songs are carols, such as “I Saw Three Ships” and “The Twelve Days of
Christmas.”
Concrete poetry 구상시 (일부 단어나 글자를 그림 형식으로 배열한 시)
= Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that
creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herbert’s “Easter Wings” and
“The Altar” and George Starbuck’s “Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree”. Browse
more concrete poems.
Couplet 운이 맞는 2행 연구로 쓰인 시,
= A pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length. A couplet is “closed” when
the lines form a bounded grammatical unit like a sentence (see Dorothy Parker’s “Interview”:
“The ladies men admire, I’ve heard, /Would shudder at a wicked word.”). The “heroic couplet”
is written in iambic pentameter and features prominently in the work of 17th- and 18thcentury didactic and satirical poets such as Alexander Pope: “Some have at first for wits, then
poets pass’d, /Turn’d critics next, and proved plain fools at last.” Browse more couplet
poems.
Curtal sonnet 소네트(10개의 음절로 구성되는 시행 14개가 일정한 운율로 이어지는 14행시)
=> See Sonnet.
Didactic poetry 교훈 시(詩).
= Poetry that instructs, either in terms of morals or by providing knowledge of philosophy,
religion, arts, science, or skills. Although some poets believe that all poetry is inherently
instructional, didactic poetry separately refers to poems that contain a clear moral or message
or purpose to convey to its readers. John Milton's epic Paradise Lost and Alexander Pope's
An Essay on Man are famous examples. See also William Blake’s “A Divine Image,” Rudyard
Kipling’s “If—,” and Alfred Lord Tennyson’s “In Memoriam.”
Dirge 더ㄹ즈 (장례식 때 부르는) 만가
= A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at
a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See
Christina Rossetti’s “A Dirge” and Sir Philip Sidney’s “Ring Out Your Bells.”
Doggerel 엉터리[우스꽝스러운] 시
= Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichés, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often
unintentionally humorous. The “giftedly bad” William McGonagall was an accomplished
doggerelist, as demonstrated in “The Tay Bridge Disaster”:
Dramatic monologue 극적 독백
= A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader.
Examples include Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess,” T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J.
Alfred Prufrock,” and Ai’s “Killing Floor.” A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is
short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more
dramatic monologue poems.
Eclogue [시어] (때때로 대화체의) 목가(牧歌), 전원시; 목가시,
= A brief, dramatic pastoral poem, set in an idyllic rural place but discussing urban, legal,
political, or social issues. Bucolics and idylls, like eclogues, are pastoral poems, but in
nondramatic form. See Edmund Spenser’s “Shepheardes Calendar: April,” Andrew Marvell’s
“Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Fawn,” and John Crowe Ransom’s “Eclogue.”
Elegy 애가, 비가,
= In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subject’s death
but ends in consolation. Examples include John Milton’s “Lycidas”; Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s
“In Memoriam”; and Walt Whitman’s “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd.” More
recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in “Natal Command,” and Mary Jo Bang has
written “You Were You Are Elegy” and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the
“elegiac stanza” emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain
with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies.
Envoi (시의) 마지막 행[연], or (Envoy 사절, 특사)
= The brief stanza that ends French poetic forms such as the ballade or sestina. It usually
serves as a summation or a dedication to a particular person. See Hilaire Belloc’s satirical
“Ballade of Modest Confession.”
Epic 서사시
= A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or
historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie
Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King
Arthur), and John Milton’s Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satan’s fall from Heaven and
humankind’s subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. Browse more epics.
Epigram 경구(警句) ; 짧은 풍자시,
= A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landor’s “Dirce,” Ben Jonson’s “On Gut,” or
much of the work of J.V. Cunningham:
This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained
Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained.
Browse more epigrams.
Epistle (신약 성서에 나오는) 사도 서간
= A letter in verse, usually addressed to a person close to the writer. Its themes may be moral
and philosophical, or intimate and sentimental. Alexander Pope favored the form; see his
“Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot,” in which the poet addresses a physician in his social circle. The
epistle peaked in popularity in the 18th century, though Lord Byron and Robert Browning
composed several in the next century; see Byron’s “Epistle to Augusta.” Less formal, more
conversational versions of the epistle can be found in contemporary lyric poetry; see Hayden
Carruth’s “The Afterlife: Letter to Sam Hamill” or “Dear Mr. Fanelli” by Charles Bernstein.
Browse more epistles.
Epitaph / epithalamium 묘비에 새긴 글
= A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving
as a brief elegy. See Robert Herrick’s “Upon a Child That Died” and “Upon Ben Jonson”; Ben
Jonson’s “Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.”; and “Epitaph for a Romantic Woman” by Louise
Bogan.
Epithalamion 결혼 축가[축시] (nuptial song)
= A lyric poem in praise of Hymen (the Greek god of marriage), an epithalamion often blesses
a wedding and in modern times is often read at the wedding ceremony or reception. See
Edmund Spenser’s “Epithalamion.” Browse more epithalamions.
Fixed and unfixed forms 정형시 부정형시
= Poems that have a set number of lines, rhymes, and/or metrical arrangements per line.
Browse all terms related to forms, including alcaics, alexandrine, aubade, ballad, ballade,
carol, concrete poetry, double dactyl, dramatic monologue, eclogue, elegy, epic, epistle,
epithalamion, free verse, haiku, heroic couplet, limerick, madrigal, mock epic, ode, ottava rima,
pastoral, quatrain, renga, rondeau, rondel, sestina, sonnet, Spenserian stanza, tanka, tercet,
terza rima, and villanelle.
Found poem 변형시 (신문 등 인쇄물의 글을 풀어서 시의 형태로 만든 것)
= A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found
poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pound’s Cantos are found
poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his
poem “There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger” using a report from William
Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation.
Fourteener (특히 약강격(弱强格)의) 14음절(7음보(音步)로 된 시행(詩行).
= A metrical line of 14 syllables (usually seven iambic feet). A relatively long line, it can be
found in narrative poetry from the Middle Ages through the 16th century. Fourteener couplets
broken into quatrains are known as common measure or ballad meter. See also Poulter’s
measure.
Free verse 자유시
= Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular
pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a
metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities
of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of
published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams,
T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems.
Genre <문학> 문예 양식의 갈래. 특히 문학에서는 서정, 서사, 극 또는 시, 소설, 희곡, 수필,
평론 따위로 나눈 기본형을 이른다. ‘갈래’, ‘분야’로 순화. [비슷한 말] 갈래.
= A class or category of texts with similarities in form, style, or subject matter. The definition
of a genre changes over time, and a text often interacts with multiple genres. A text’s
relationship to a particular genre—whether it defies or supports a genre’s set of
expectations—is often of interest when conducting literary analysis. Four major genres of
literature include poetry, drama, nonfiction, and fiction. Poetry can be divided into further
genres, such as epic, lyric, narrative, satirical, or prose poetry. For more examples of genres,
browse poems by type.
Georgic 농사의, 농업의 (agricultural)
= A poem or book dealing with agriculture or rural topics, which commonly glorifies outdoor
labor and simple country life. Often takes the form of a didactic or instructive poem intended
to give instructions related to a skill or art. The Roman poet Virgil famously wrote a collection
of poems entitled Georgics, which has influenced poets since. Read a translated excerpt from
Virgil's Georgics Book III or Book IV.
Ghazal 가잘: 각 행의 운(韻)이 같은 6행 내지 26행으로 되는 페르시아의 서정시.
= (Pronounciation: “guzzle”) Originally an Arabic verse form dealing with loss and romantic
love, medieval Persian poets embraced the ghazal, eventually making it their own. Consisting
of syntactically and grammatically complete couplets, the form also has an intricate rhyme
scheme. Each couplet ends on the same word or phrase (the radif), and is preceded by the
couplet’s rhyming word (the qafia, which appears twice in the first couplet). The last couplet
includes a proper name, often of the poet’s. In the Persian tradition, each couplet was of the
same meter and length, and the subject matter included both erotic longing and religious
belief or mysticism. English-language poets who have composed in the form include Adrienne
Rich, John Hollander, and Agha Shahid Ali; see Ali’s “Tonight” and Patricia Smith’s “Hip-Hop
Ghazal.”
Browse more ghazal poems.
Gnomic verse 사람, 발언이(때로는 이해하기 어려울 정도로) 현명한[금언적인]
= Poems laced with proverbs, aphorisms, or maxims. The term was first applied to Greek
poets in the 6th century BCE and was practiced in medieval Germany and England. See
excerpts from the Exeter Book. Robert Creeley explored the genre in his contemporary
“Gnomic Verses.”
Haiku (or hokku) 하이쿠 (일본의 전통 단시)
= A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates
a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield:
On a branch
floating downriver
a cricket, singing.
(In translating from Japanese to English, Hirshfield compresses the number of syllables.)
See also “Three Haiku, Two Tanka” by Philip Appleman and Robert Hass’s “After the Gentle
Poet Kobayashi Issa.” The Imagist poets of the early 20th century, including Ezra Pound and
H.D., showed appreciation for the form’s linguistic and sensory economy; Pound’s “In a
Station of the Metro” embodies the spirit of haiku. Browse more haiku.
Heroic couplet 영웅시격 (대구를 이루는 약강 5보격의 2행 시) = See couplet.
Horatian ode 호라티우스 풍 오드 (같은 운율 형식을 가진 몇 행의 스탠자(stanza)를 겹친 시
형), => See ode. [ode (특정한 사람,사물,사건에 부치는) 시, –송(頌) (부賦)]
Hymn 찬송, 찬가
= A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were
written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Watts’s “Our God, Our Help,” Charles
Wesley’s “My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine,” and “Thou Hidden Love of God” by John
Wesley.
Italian sonnet => See Sonnet.
Lament 애통, 탄식
= Any poem expressing deep grief, usually at the death of a loved one or some other loss.
Related to elegy and the dirge. See “A Lament” by Percy Bysshe Shelley; Thom Gunn’s
“Lament”; and Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “Lament.”
Landays 아프가니스탄의 민속 시
= A form of folk poetry from Afghanistan. Meant to be recited or sung aloud, and frequently
anonymous, the form is a couplet comprised of 22 syllables. The first line has 9 syllables and
the second line 13 syllables. Landays end on “ma” or “na” sounds and treat themes such as
love, grief, homeland, war, and separation. See Eliza Griswold’s extensive reporting on the
form in the June 2013 issue of Poetry, in which she explains how the form was created by and
for the more than 20 million Pashtun women who span the border between Afghanistan and
Pakistan.
Light verse 경묘(輕妙)한 시: 내용의 심오(深奧)함이나 성실함보다는 오히려 세련된 형식의 경묘
함을 가지고 독자를 즐겁게 해주려는 오락적인 시.
= Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls.
See Edward Lear’s “The Owl and the Pussy-Cat” and Lewis Carroll’s “The Walrus and the
Carpenter.” Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John
Hollander, and Wendy Cope.
Limerick (詩學)오행 희시(五行戱詩), 리머릭(이전에 아일랜드에서 유행한 약약강격(弱弱强格) 5
행의 희시; 3각(脚)의 1, 2, 5행과 2각의 3, 4행이 각각 압운(押韻)함)
= A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who
popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme.
Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see “A Young Lady of Lynn” or Lear’s
“There was an Old Man with a Beard.” Browse more limericks.
Lyric 서정시
= Originally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers to a short poem
in which the poet, the poet’s persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings. See
Robert Herrick’s “To Anthea, who May Command Him Anything,” John Clare’s “I Hid My
Love,” Louise Bogan’s “Song for the Last Act,” or Louise Glück’s “Vita Nova.”
Madrigal 마드리갈 (16세기에 유행한, 보통 반주 없이 여러 명이 부르게 만든 노래)
= A song or short lyric poem intended for multiple singers. Originating in 14th-century Italy, it
became popular in England in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It has no fixed metrical
requirements. See “Rosalind’s Madrigal” by Thomas Lodge.
Mock epic 실제와 비슷한 의사(擬似)영웅시, 의(擬)서사시
= A poem that plays with the conventions of the epic to comment on a topic satirically. In
“Mac Flecknoe,” John Dryden wittily flaunts his mastery of the epic genre to cut down a
literary rival. Alexander Pope’s “The Rape of the Lock” recasts a petty high-society scandal as
a mythological battle for the virtue of an innocent.
Occasional poem 행사 시
= A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public
reading. Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “The Charge of the Light Brigade” commemorates a
disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote “Of Late” after reading a
newspaper account of a Vietnam War protester’s suicide. Elizabeth Alexander’s “Praise Song
for the Day” was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy,
epithalamion, and ode.
Octave 어떤 음에서 완전 8도의 거리에 있는 음,
= An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or
Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave.
Ode 1.고대 그리스에서, 음악이나 춤에 맞추어 부르기 위하여 지은 복잡한 시.
2.근대 서양에서, 특정한 사람이나 사물에 부치어 지은 서정시.
= A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place,
thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552–442 B.C.E.) ode
was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen
Burt’s article “And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!”) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition
include Thomas Gray’s “The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode” and William Wordsworth’s
“Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood.” Horatian odes, after the
Latin poet Horace (65–8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical,
contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvell’s “Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from
Ireland.” The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final fivesyllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburne’s “Sapphics.”
The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense
emotion at the onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Dejection: An
Ode,”) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keats’s “Ode on a
Grecian Urn,” “Ode to a Nightingale,” and “To Autumn”). Browse more odes.
Ottava rima ①8행시 ②ab ab ab cc로 압운함 ③각행 10-11음절
= Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC.
Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable
line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for “Among School Children” and
“Sailing to Byzantium.” Browse more ottava rima poems.
Palinode 취소(取消)의 시(詩); 전언(前言) 취소, 철회
= An ode or song that retracts or recants what the poet wrote in a previous poem. For
instance, Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales ends with a retraction, in which he
apologizes for the work’s “worldly vanitees” and sinful contents.
Panegyric-패너지릭, 칭찬하는 말[글]
= A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and
the ode. See Ben Jonson’s “To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William
Shakespeare” or Anne Bradstreet’s “In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen
Elizabeth.”
Pantoum 말레이의 시형(詩形): 부정수(不定數)의 4행 연구(聯句)로 되며, abab, bcbc, cdcd처럼,
제2행과 제4행의 운(韻)이 다음 4행 연구의 제1행째와 제3행째의 운과 같은 시형.
= A Malaysian verse form adapted by French poets and occasionally imitated in English. It
comprises a series of quatrains, with the second and fourth lines of each quatrain repeated as
the first and third lines of the next. The second and fourth lines of the final stanza repeat the
first and third lines of the first stanza. See A.E. Stallings’s “Another Lullaby for Insomniacs.”
Browse more pantoums.
Pastoral 목회자의
= Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and
their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets
writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity
to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheardes
Calendar, Christopher Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,” and Sir Walter
Ralegh’s response, “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.” The pastoral poem faded after the
European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that
romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adams’s “Country Summer,”
Dylan Thomas’s “Fern Hill,” or Allen Ginsberg’s “Wales Visitation.” Browse more pastoral
poems.
Pattern poetry 패턴 시, (정형화된) 양식 시 => See Concrete poetry.
Pindaric ode 핀다로스풍의 오드, 핀다로스(기원전 5세기경의 그리스의 서정 시인) = See Ode.
(특정한 사람・사물・사건에 부치는) 시, –송(頌) [부(賦)]
Prose poem 산문시
= A prose composition that, while not broken into verse lines, demonstrates other traits such
as symbols, metaphors, and other figures of speech common to poetry. See Amy Lowell’s
“Bath,” “Metals Metals” by Russell Edson, “Information” by David Ignatow, and Harryette
Mullen’s “[Kills bugs dead.]” Browse more prose poems.
Quatrain 4행 연구(聯句), 4행시,
= A four-line stanza, rhyming
-ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded or ballad quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.”
-AABB (a double couplet); see A.E. Housman’s “To an Athlete Dying Young.”
-ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate, or heroic), as in Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a
Country Churchyard” or “Sadie and Maud” by Gwendolyn Brooks.
-ABBA (known as envelope or enclosed), as in Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “In Memoriam” or
John Ciardi’s “Most Like an Arch This Marriage.”
-AABA, the stanza of Robert Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.”
Browse poems with quatrains.
Refrain 후렴, 반복구
= A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See
the refrain “jump back, honey, jump back” in Paul Lawrence Dunbar’s “A Negro Love Song” or
“return and return again” in James Laughlin’s “O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again.”
Browse poems with a refrain.
Renga れんが[連歌], 두 사람 이상이 和歌의 상구(上句)와 하구(下句)를 서로 번갈아 읽어 나가
는 형식의 노래.( ↔ 반의어 俳諧)
= A Japanese form composed of a series of half-tanka written by different poets. The opening
stanza is the basis of the modern haiku form.
Rhyme royal (rime royale) 제왕 운시(帝王韻詩) (ababbcc 로 압운하여 각행 10음절을 포함하는
7행으로 이루어진 시형)
= A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer
and termed “royal” because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In
addition to Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatt’s “They flee from me” and
William Wordsworth’s “Resolution and Independence.”
Romance 연애 로맨스
= French in origin, a genre of long narrative poetry about medieval courtly culture and secret
love. It triumphed in English with tales of chivalry such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
and Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Knight’s Tale” and Troilus and Criseyde.
Rondeau [운율] 론도체 (2개의 운(韻)으로 10행 또는 13행으로 된 단시(短詩); 시의 최초의 단
어가 두 번 후렴(refrain)으로 쓰임)
= Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and
three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming
refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc
ABBAc (where the lower-case “c” stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes
AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Now welcome, summer” at the close of The
Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau.
A rondeau redoublé consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of
four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a
phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy
Parker’s “Roudeau Redoublé (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That).”
Rondel (roundel) 론델체 (14행시(行詩); RONDEAU의 변형)
= A poetic form of 11 to 14 lines consisting of two rhymes and the repetition of the first two
lines in the middle of the poem and at its end. Algernon Charles Swinburne’s “The Roundel” is
11 lines in two stanzas.
Sapphic verse 사포(Sappho)의; 사포풍[시체(詩體)]의 = See ode.
사포 (기원전 600년경의 그리스의 여류 시인; 동성애자였다고 함)
Sestet sonnet의 마지막 6행
= A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet.
Sestina 6행 6연체 (6행으로 된 6연(聯)과 3행의 결구(結句)를 가지는 시
= A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each
and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as
end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words,
two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word
repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row
of numbers representing a stanza:
123456
615243
364125
532614
451362
246531
(6 2) (1 4) (5 3)
See Algernon Charles Swinburne’s “The Complaint of Lisa," John Ashbery’s “Farm Implements
and Rutabagas in a Landscape," and David Ferry’s “The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street
People." Browse more sestinas.
Shakespearean sonnet
=> See Sonnet.
Sijo 時調 고려 말기부터 발달하여 온 우리나라 고유의 정형시. 초장, 중장, 종장의 3장 6구 4음
보의 기본 형태를 가진 평시조와 파격의 엇시조, 사설시조로 나뉜다.
= A Korean verse form related to haiku and tanka and comprised of three lines of 14-16
syllables each, for a total of 44-46 syllables. Each line contains a pause near the middle,
similar to a caesura, though the break need not be metrical. The first half of the line contains
six to nine syllables; the second half should contain no fewer than five. Originally intended as
songs, sijo can treat romantic, metaphysical, or spiritual themes. Whatever the subject, the
first line introduces an idea or story, the second supplies a “turn,” and the third provides
closure. Modern sijo are sometimes printed in six lines.
Slam ??
= A competitive poetry performance in which selected audience members score performers,
and winners are determined by total points. Slam is a composite genre that combines
elements of poetry, theater, performance, and storytelling. The genre’s origins can be traced
to Chicago in the early 1980s. Since then, groups of volunteers have organized slams in
venues across the world. The first National Poetry Slam was held in 1990, and has become an
annual event in which teams from cities across the United States compete at events in a host
city. For more on poetry slams, see Jeremy Richards’s series “Performing the Academy”.
See also poets Tyehimba Jess, Bob Holman, and Patricia Smith.
Sonnet 소네트(10개의 음절로 구성되는 시행 14개가 일정한 운율로 이어지는 14행시)
= A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by
Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a “little
song,” the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or “turn” of
thought in its concluding lines.
The Petrarchan sonnet, perfected by the Italian poet Petrarch, divides the 14 lines into two
sections: an eight-line stanza (octave) rhyming ABBAABBA, and a six-line stanza (sestet)
rhyming CDCDCD or CDEEDE. John Milton’s “When I Consider How my Light Is Spent” and
Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “How Do I Love Thee” employ this form.
The Italian sonnet is an English variation on the traditional Petrarchan version.
The octave’s rhyme scheme is preserved, but the sestet rhymes CDDCEE. See Thomas
Wyatt’s “Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is an Hind” and John Donne’s “If Poisonous
Minerals, and If That Tree.”
Wyatt and Surrey developed the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet, which condenses the 14
lines into one stanza of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with a rhyme scheme of
ABABCDCDEFEFGG (though poets have frequently varied this scheme; see Wilfred Owen’s
“Anthem for Doomed Youth”). George Herbert’s “Love (II),” Claude McKay’s “America,” and
Molly Peacock’s “Altruism” are English sonnets.
These three types have given rise to many variations, including:
-The caudate sonnet, which adds codas or tails to the 14-line poem. See Gerard Manley
Hopkins’s “That Nature Is a Heraclitean Fire.”
-The curtal sonnet, a shortened version devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins that maintains the
proportions of the Italian form, substituting two six-stress tercets for two quatrains in the
octave (rhyming ABC ABC), and four and a half lines for the sestet (rhyming DEBDE), also
six-stress except for the final three-stress line. See his poem “Pied Beauty.”
-The sonnet redoublé, also known as a crown of sonnets, is composed of 15 sonnets that are
linked by the repetition of the final line of one sonnet as the initial line of the next, and the
final line of that sonnet as the initial line of the previous; the last sonnet consists of all the
repeated lines of the previous 14 sonnets, in the same order in which they appeared. Marilyn
Nelson’s A Wreath for Emmett Till is a contemporary example.
-A sonnet sequence is a group of sonnets sharing the same subject matter and sometimes a
dramatic situation and persona. See George Meredith’s Modern Love sequence, Sir Philip
Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella, Rupert Brooke’s 1914 sequence, and Elizabeth Barrett
Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese.
-The Spenserian sonnet is a 14-line poem developed by Edmund Spenser in his Amoretti,
that varies the English form by interlocking the three quatrains (ABAB BCBC CDCD EE).
-The stretched sonnet is extended to 16 or more lines, such as those in George Meredith’s
sequence Modern Love.
-A submerged sonnet is tucked into a longer poetic work; see lines 235-48 of T.S. Eliot’s
“The Waste Land.” Browse more sonnets.
Spenserian stanza 스펜서 연(聯) (스펜서가 The Faerie Queene(1590-96)에 사용한 시형)
= The unit of Edmund Spenser’s long poem The Faerie Queene, consisting of eight iambicpentameter lines and a final alexandrine, with a rhyme scheme of ABABBCBCC. Later uses of
this stanza form include John Keats’s “The Eve of St. Agnes,” Percy Bysshe Shelley’s
“Adonais,” and Alfred Lord Tennyson’s “The Lotos-Eaters.”
Stanza 스탠자 (4행 이상의 각운이 있는 시구)
= A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like
a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought.
Syllabic verse 음절시
= Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the
number of stresses. Marianne Moore’s poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include
Thomas Nashe’s “Adieu, farewell earth’s bliss” and Dylan Thomas’s “Poem in October.”
Browse more poems in syllabic verse.
Tanka 和歌 1.일본 고유 형식의 시. 특히, 短歌(5·7·5·7·7의 5구 31음의 단시).(=동의어 みそひ
ともじ)
= A Japanese form of five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables—31 in all.
See Philip Appleman’s “Three Haiku, Two Tanka.” See also renga.
Tercet 3행 연구(聯句)
= A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardy’s “The Convergence of the
Twain” rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonson’s “On Spies” is a three-line poem rhyming AAA; and
Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” is written in terza rima form. Examples of
poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevens’s “The Snow Man” and David Wagoner’s
“For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop.”
Browse more poems with tercets.
Terza rima 3운구법(韻句法) (단테가 신곡에 쓴 시형식)
= An Italian stanzaic form, used most notably by Dante Alighieri in Commedia (The Divine
Comedy), consisting of tercets with interwoven rhymes (ABA BCB DED EFE, and so on). A
concluding couplet rhymes with the penultimate line of the last tercet. See Percy Bysshe
Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind,” Derek Walcott’s “The Bounty,” and Omeros, and
Jacqueline Osherow’s “Autumn Psalm.”
Browse more poems in terza rima.
Triolet 2운각(韻脚)의 8행시 (ab aa abab로 압운(押韻)하고, 제1행은 제4, 7행에, 제2행은 제8행
에 반복됨)
= An eight-line stanza having just two rhymes and repeating the first line as the fourth and
seventh lines, and the second line as the eighth. See Sandra McPherson’s “Triolet” or
“Triolets in the Argolid” by Rachel Hadas.
Verse 운문시?
= As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to
refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities.
Verse paragraph 단락시?
= A group of verse lines that make up a single rhetorical unit. In longer poems, the first line is
often indented, like a paragraph in prose. The long narrative passages of John Milton’s
Paradise Lost are verse paragraphs. The titled sections of Robert Pinsky’s “Essay on
Psychiatrists” demarcate shifts in focus and argument much as prose paragraphs would. A
shorter lyric poem, even when broken into stanzas, could be considered a single verse
paragraph, insofar as it expresses a unified mood or thought; see Gail Mazur’s “Evening.”
Villanelle 전원시, 19행(行) 2운체(韻體)의 시
= A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first
and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two
refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good
Night” by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishop’s “One Art,” and Edwin Arlington Robinson’s “The
House on the Hill.”