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Social Studies 9 Chapter 6 – Canada at War Name: _________________ Date: __________________ Social Studies 9 Map of Europe in 1939 Write the names of the following countries on the map of Europe. Trace the countries in different colours to help you distinguish between them. Refer to the maps in your textbook to help you. Germany (A) France (B) Denmark (C) Great Britain (D) Romania (E) U.S.S.R. (F) Poland (G) Hungary (H) Greece (I) Switzerland (J) Spain (K) Yugoslavia (L) Finland (M) Albania (N) Belgium (O) Norway (P) Estonia (Q) Italy (R) Sweden (S) Latvia (T) Lithuania (U) Mount Pearl Intermediate 2 Social Studies 9 Chapter 6 – Canada at War 1. Reparation ____3.__ To join or add to a larger thing. Example : Germany annexed Austria in March 1938. 2. Dictator ____5.__ Legal obligation to join the armed forces. 3. Annex ____7.__ Ships that transport commercial goods during wartime. 4. Appeasement ____11._ Term used to describe the elimination of Jews and others by the Nazis during the Second World War. This word means “total destruction”, especially by fire. 5. Conscription ____4.__ The policy of giving in to demands of an unfriendly power to prevent conflict. 6. Blitzkrieg ____10._ Systematic measures to exterminate a national, cultural, religious, or racial group. Example : Holocaust 7. Merchant marine ____1.__ Compensation provided because of injury or wrong. Example : Germany had to pay compensation to the victors after World War 1. 8. Convoy ____9.__ During war, the area where active fighting is going on between opposing armies. 9. Fronts ____6.__ Also known as “lightning war”. A sudden violent attack combining airplanes, armour, and mobile infantry designed to quickly overcome the enemy. 10. Genocide ____8.__ Escort, especially a naval escort to protect merchant ships from submarine attack during wartime. 11. Holocaust ____2.__ A person who seizes control of a government. Example : Hitler in Germany or Mussolini in Italy. Mount Pearl Intermediate 3 Social Studies 9 Canada at War 1. How many Canadians participated in the war effort of the Second World War? 1/10 or 10% were enrolled and millions of others participated. 2. Why was the Juno Beach Centre constructed? In what year? Where? The centre was constructed on June 6, 2003 in Normandy, France. It was constructed to commemorate Canada’s role in the Second World War. It is a cultural museum that presents the diverse contributions of Canadians during WW2. The Road to War 2. Explain why Canada and the world carefully watched events unfolding in Europe during the summer of 1939. What was happening? A second world was very likely. Germany wanted Poland, and Great Britain and France were Poland’s allies. If Great Britain entered the war, Canada would then have to decide whether or not to enter into war as well. Mount Pearl Intermediate 4 Social Studies 9 3. What are the two main factors that contributed to the Second World War? (a) the Treaty of Versailles – The Germans found that this treaty was unfair. Since they were so angry with the terms of the treaty, the Nazi Party was elected in 1933. (b) the policy of appeasement – The world leaders wanted to avoid another war, so they gave Hitler what he wanted. 4. Describe the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement that ended WW1. It punished Germany for starting the First World War by taking away land and by forcing it to pay reparations to the victors. 5. Who are the leaders that signed the Treaty of Versailles? Why did the allies follow a policy of appeasement? What were the consequences of this policy? Britain France signed the treaty. They did not oppose Hitler because they wanted to avoid another war at all costs. Because of this policy, Hitler gained power. Once in power, he banned all other political parties and became a dictator. He did not respect the terms of Mount Pearl Intermediate 5 Social Studies 9 the Treaty of Versailles. He rebuilt Germany’s armed forces and began to annex the territories taken away after the First World War. 6. Did the policy of appeasement work? How do you know? No, the policy did not work because Hitler demanded more and more of the territory that Germany had lost due to the Treaty of Versailles. When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the allies had had enough. They declared war against Germany two days later. Canada at War 1. Did Canada automatically enter the Second World War? Why? When did Canada officially declare war on Germany? No, because during the 1920s and 1930s, Canada changed its relations with Great Britain. The Statute of Westminster of 1931 gave Canada independence from Great Britain in foreign policy, which means that it was up to Canada to decide to go to war. Canada officially declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939. Mount Pearl Intermediate 6 Social Studies 9 2. Who was the Prime Minister of Canada in 1939? The PM in 1939 was William Lyon Mackenzie King or simply, Mackenzie King. 3. Canada was hesitant in entering into the war, so Mackenzie King proposed what compromise? Compromise – Canada would support Great Britain by providing all necessary war materials and a small volunteer army. Phase 1 : Septembre 1939 to June 1940 1. Which countries were known as the Allies? France, Great Britain and the Commonwealth 2. Which countries were known as the Axis? Germany, Italy, Japan Canada’s Contribution 1. What is BCATP and how was this program a success? BCATP = British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. It is a program intended to train Allied pilots and air crews in Mount Pearl Intermediate 7 Social Studies 9 Canada. It was a success because at the end of the war, over 131 000 air-crew members had been trained and a dozen new airfields had been built across Canada. 2. What were the two principal aims in maintaining a small volunteer army in Europe? a) to avoid the high casualties of WW1 b) to avoid the conscription crisis of WW1 3. Why and how did Canada’s position on the war change in 1940? Canada changed from a limited role to a total commitment to the war effort when it adopted the National Resources Mobilization Act (NMRA). This was adopted when Germany invaded Holland, France and Belgium, leaving only Great Britain to face Hitler. Phase 2 : June 1940 to July 1943 Canada’s Contribution 1. What role did Canada play in the Atlantic? What was the greatest challenge at this time? The navy and the merchant marine participated in the Battle of the Atlantic. Canada contributed to the convoys that helped transport materials overseas. Mount Pearl Intermediate 8 Social Studies 9 2. Canadians fought with which country? Great Britain 3. Describe the Battle of Hong Kong in 1941 and the results for Canada. Japan attacked Hong Kong December 7, 1941. On December 25, the Japanese defeated the British and Canadian soldiers. 1975 Canadian soldiers participated in this battle – 290 were killed, 1685 became prisoners of war and 260 died while being held prisoner. It was a huge defeat for the Canadian forces. 4. Describe the attack on Dieppe in 1942 and the results for Canada. 4963 Canadian soldiers participated in this attack. The raid was a disaster that killed 900 Canadians. 1900 were taken prisoner. 5. The defeat of Canadian troops in Hong Kong and Dieppe caused much debate. Do you think that Canada should have participated in these battles? These battles caused much debate because people wondered if the Canadian soldiers were properly Mount Pearl Intermediate 9 Social Studies 9 equipped and trained to have participated in these operations. Phase 3 : July 1943 to June 1944 Canada’s Contribution 1. What was the role/objective of Canada’s air force? Why did this role cause some controversy? Their objective was to bomb industrial sections of German cities around the clock in order to destroy Germany’s industry and therefore its ability to wage war. The controversy stemmed from the fact that the bombings were killing or wounding many German civilians. 2. From 1943 until 1945 the Canadian army fought with Great Britain to invade which country? Did they succeed? Italy – Yes, they succeed in taking Sicily in 1943, Ortona in 1943 and Cassino in 1944. Canadians in Profile 1. Who is Tommy Prince? Mount Pearl Intermediate 10 Social Studies 9 Canada’s most decorated First Nations war hero. 2. Why was Tommy Prince initially turned down by the Canadian army? Because he was First Nations – his race 3. Why was he awarded the Military Medal for exceptional bravery? He was a member of a unique combat unit known as the “Devil’s Brigade” who carried out an important mission in Italy. Prince volunteered to install a communication line to an abandoned farmhouse less than 200 m from the German artillery. German shells broke the communication line, so Prince posed as a farmer, bent to tie his shoelace, and repaired the broken communication line. 4. What were the two roles of the merchant marine? In peacetime – transport Canadian products around the world. In wartime – transport food for soldiers, war materials, etc. 5. Was the merchant marine a part of the Canadian army? Mount Pearl Intermediate 11 Social Studies 9 It was under the navy’s control, but was a group of civilians. 6. What was the greatest contribution of the merchant marine? The Battle of the Atlantic. Phase 4 : June 1944 to September 1945 Global Context 1. What is the name of the landings in Normandy, France? The D-Day landings 2. What is the name of the Allies’ plan to invade Europe? Operation Overlord 2. Who won the invasion in Normandy? The Allies Mount Pearl Intermediate 12 Social Studies 9 Canada’s Contribution 1. What is the name of the beach where the Canadian forces landed? Juno Beach 2. What was the first objective of the Canadian forces in Normandy? Why? The first objective was to take control of the city of Caen because it was an important road and rail centre. 3. The demand for resources became larger than the supply as the Allied armies in France. What was essential to the chain of supply? It was necessary to take the ports and to open them to ships carrying supplies. 4. Which port was the most important? The port of Antwerp, Belgium. 5. Why were the Canadian soldiers nicknamed the “water rats”? Because they worked in the flooded roads and fields between the city of Antwerp and its port. Mount Pearl Intermediate 13 Social Studies 9 6. How many Canadians participated in the Second World War? More than one million. War in the Pacific 1. What happened in Japan August 6, 1945? Who decided to take this action and why? The United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. The American President, Truman, authorized its use in order to prevent Japan from continuing to wage war. 2. What happened three days later? Three days later the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. 3. What were the results of the devastating weapon used by the United States? The two cities were completely devastated and between 100 000 and 140 000 people were killed. Almost the same number died later due to radiation exposure. Mount Pearl Intermediate 14 Social Studies 9 4. In your opinion, was the use of the atomic bomb necessary? Why? Your Opinion. 5. Do you think that Canada, the United States ou any other country should use such a weapon today? Explain your answer. Your Opinion Holocaust 1. Did Canada and the rest of the world know exactly what was happening in the concentration camps in Germany? What did they know? Many people were aware of the prejudice of the Nazis and the existence of the concentration camps, but the exact number of people killed by the Nazis was shocking. 2. What did the Allies do when they found out about the atrocities in Germany against the Jews? The Allies held War Crimes Trials in Nuremberg at the beginning of 1946. This process lasted for 9 months. Mount Pearl Intermediate 15 Social Studies 9 3. Who is Adolf Eichmann? He was one of the key leaders of the Holocaust. He was executed for his crimes against humanity. Mount Pearl Intermediate 16