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CHAPTER 26
Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to:
1.
Analyze how America’s expectations regarding world affairs affected the foreign policy choices
of the Truman administration between 1946 and 1952.
2.
Explain the choices and constraints Truman confronted when considering policy options as the
North Koreans invaded South Korea.
3.
Discuss the constraints Truman faced in implementing his domestic programs and how these
constraints influenced his choices.
4.
Explain the constraints and choices the Cold War placed on American politics and society.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I.
The Cold War Begins
A. Truman and the Soviets
1. Truman and other American leaders identified two overlapping paths to peace:
international cooperation and deterrence based on military strength.
a) Not all nations accepted the American vision for peace and stability.
b) The Soviets advanced opposing goals in Eastern Europe and were unwilling to
allow an open political and economic system.
c) Truman confronted the Soviets for not fulfilling its Yalta promises and was less
compromising with the Soviets than Roosevelt had been.
d) By early 1946, Truman was “tired of babying the Soviets.”
2. The United States adopted the containment policy to meet the Soviet threat head-on.
a) The fear of Soviet expansion quickly became a bipartisan issue.
b) Churchill warned of the Soviet threat in his “iron curtain” speech in 1946.
c) Ideology and geography determined postwar credits and loans to Europe.
B. The Division of Europe
1. Events in Europe assumed first priority for the United States, as Communist forces
pressured Greece and Turkey.
a) The Truman Doctrine offered help to those nations opposing communism.
b) The Marshall Plan expanded the Truman Doctrine to all of Europe.
c) The Soviets were unwilling to participate and tightened their control over Eastern
Europe.
2. The Soviets engineered a coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948 and installed a Communist
government.
3. The Berlin Blockade of June 1948 heightened Cold War tensions between the United
States and the U.S.S.R.
a) The Soviet goal was to force Western abandonment of West Germany or face
losing Berlin.
b) The Berlin Airlift, which flew in supplies to support West Berlin, was a
tremendous victory for the United States over the Soviets.
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
c)
II.
331
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in May 1949 to
defend Western Europe from Communist forces.
C. A Global Presence
1. In order to facilitate fighting a global Cold War, Congress passed the National Security
Act in 1947.
a) It created the Air Force as a separate service.
b) It unified command of the military with a new cabinet position, the Department
of Defense.
c) To improve coordination between the State Department and the Department of
Defense, the National Security Council was formed to provide policy
recommendations to the president.
d) The Act also established the Central Intelligence Agency to collect and analyze
foreign intelligence information and to carry out covert actions.
2. The United States expanded its economic and political interests in Latin America.
a) The U.S. government encouraged private firms to develop the region through
business and trade.
b) The Rio Pact of 1947 encouraged Latin Americans toward “collective security.”
c) Adding to this feeling was the establishment of the Organization of American
States (OAS).
3. U.S. fear of future oil shortages promoted expansion of its interests in the Middle East.
a) The United States also became a powerful supporter of a new Jewish state, Israel,
as a representative voice of its interests in the region.
4. Asia, however, provided severe disappointments to U.S. foreign policy.
a) In China, a civil war led to Communist rule by 1949.
b) The Nationalist government fled to Formosa (Taiwan).
c) Many Americans complained that the Truman administration was “too soft” on
communism.
5. The Soviet Union detonated its own atomic bomb in August 1949.
a) NSC-68 called for global containment and a massive military buildup so that the
United States could adequately defend itself against the growing Soviet threat.
b) Truman hesitated to implement the report’s recommendations, but North Korea’s
invasion of South Korea helped change his mind on the issue.
The Korean War
A. Halting Communist Aggression
1. Although U.S. public opinion supported intervention in Korea, there was no World
War II-like rush to arms.
a) By 1950, North Korean forces occupied most of South Korea.
B. Seeking to Liberate North Korea
1. According to Truman and MacArthur, restoring prevailing conditions prior to the
invasion was no longer enough for the United States.
a) They now wanted to unify the peninsula under South Korea, and an invasion
seemed safe.
b) An overconfident MacArthur, however, violated his commander in chief’s orders.
c) MacArthur moved forces to within a few miles of Yalu.
d) Within three weeks, the Communists had shoved UN forces back to the thirtyeighth parallel dividing North and South Korea.
2. Truman abandoned his goal of a unified Korea and sought a negotiated settlement that
would leave two Koreas.
a) Truman’s decision was not popular with the American public because they
wanted victory.
b) Truman replaced MacArthur with General Ridgway in April 1951.
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332
Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
3.
The Korean conflict had far-reaching military and diplomatic results for the United
States.
a) It resulted in the expansion of U.S. military spending and the rearming of West
Germany and Italy.
b) The United States made its presence in Asia and the Pacific permanent, including
the ANZUS Treaty (1951), which promised protection to Australia and New
Zealand.
c) George F. Kennan’s containment theory was formally and financially
incorporated throughout the world.
III. Postwar Politics
A. Truman and Liberalism
1. Emphasizing his roots, Truman expanded some New Deal programs.
a) He continued governmental controls over the economy.
b) Truman also renewed the Fair Practices Employment Commission (FPEC).
c) This expanded New Deal, however, never fully developed.
d) Republicans, conservative Democrats, business leaders, and other conservatives
were determined to prevent it.
2. Critics warned that Truman’s program involved too much government.
a) They believed it threatened to destroy private enterprise.
b) Some critics thought Truman’s program endangered existing class and social
relations.
3. As prices rose, most workers’ incomes fell.
a) “Right-to-work” laws banned compulsory union membership.
b) In some cases, legal and police protection was provided for “scabs.”
c) Other laws restricted boycotts and sympathy strikes.
d) Some laws promoted the “open shop” and company-organized groups.
e) Even Truman squared off against railroad and coal miners’ unions.
f)
Strikes, soaring inflation rates, and divisions within the Democratic ranks
resulted in Republican Party victories in Congress in 1946.
4. The Taft-Hartley Act (June 1947) was passed over Truman’s veto and became a clear
victory for management over labor.
a) It banned the “closed shop” and prevented industry-wide collective bargaining.
b) In addition, it legalized state-sponsored “right-to-work” laws.
5. Truman’s position on civil rights was cautious but generally supportive.
a) The To Secure These Rights (1947) report stressed racial inequalities in American
society and called upon government to take steps to correct the imbalance.
B. The 1948 Election
1. Republicans had high expectations in this election as a result of 1946 congressional
victories and Truman’s low approval rating.
a) They nominated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey.
2. The Dixiecrats were southern Democrats who were unhappy with their party but
unwilling to support a Republican.
a) They nominated South Carolina’s governor J. Strom Thurmond.
b) The Progressive Party nominated liberal and foreign policy critic Henry A.
Wallace.
3. Confounding pollsters, Truman defeated Dewey.
a) With Congress again Democratic, Truman launched the Fair Deal.
b) He called for increases in Social Security, public housing, and the minimum
wage.
c) In addition, he proposed the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act and proposed the
institution of a national health program.
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
d)
333
Truman gave civil rights and federal aid to education a place on the national
agenda.
e) He rewarded farmers by promoting the Brannan Plan.
f)
Congress responded favorably to Truman’s programs in areas already well
established by the New Deal.
IV. Cold War Politics
A. The Red Scare
1. Joseph McCarthy headed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).
a) He announced his intention to root out communism within government and
society and worked with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.
b) He targeted State Department officials, New Dealers, labor activists, entertainers,
writers, educators, and those with known liberal philosophies.
c) McCarthy made his first Cold War splash with his investigation of Hollywood.
2. Anti-communism was in vogue and proved to be a weapon for a variety of causes.
a) Alger Hiss was the perfect target for HUAC, but he was found guilty only of
perjury and sentenced to five years in prison.
b) Communist victory in China and the Soviet explosion of an atomic bomb only
heightened American fears, since some thought only American traitors could
have made these events possible.
c) The McCarran Internal Security Act, passed over Truman’s veto, required all
Communists to register with the attorney general.
d) This act made it a crime to conspire to establish a totalitarian government in the
United States.
B. Joseph McCarthy and the Politics of Loyalty
1. Feeding on fear of the enemy within, McCarthy emerged at the forefront of the antiCommunist movement.
a) The outbreak of the Korean War and the reversals at the hands of the Chinese
only increased the senator’s popularity.
V. Homecoming and Social Adjustments
A. Rising Expectations
1. By November 1945,1.25 million GIs were returning home each month.
2. As a result, the nation faced a massive housing shortage, and developers like William
Levitt supplied mass-produced housing in the suburbs.
a) As more whites moved to the suburbs, the Supreme Court in Shelly v. Kraemer in
1948 ruled that the courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants written
to exclude minorities, but the decision had little impact on ending discrimination.
b) Veterans also expected jobs and thought female workers should relinquish theirs.
B. From Industrial Worker to Homemaker
1. Many, but not all, women accepted the role of contented wife and homemaker.
a) The divorce rate jumped dramatically as a result of postwar tension and hasty
wartime marriages.
b) Marriage, however, was still more popular than ever with two-thirds of the
population married by 1950 and having children.
2. Like women, nonwhites found that “fair employment” vanished after World War II.
a) Nonwhite Americans still lived in a distinctly segregated world.
b) Having risked their lives and fought for democracy, minorities were determined
not to return to their old ways.
C. Restrained Expectations
1. Like women, nonwhites found that “fair employment” vanished after World War II.
a) Nonwhite Americans still lived in a distinctly segregated world.
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
b)
Having risked their lives and fought for democracy, minorities were determined
not to return to their old ways.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Identify the following items and explain the significance of each. While you should include any
relevant historical terms, using your own words to write these definitions will help you better remember
these items for your next exam.
1.
George F. Kennan
2.
“Long Telegram”
3.
State Department
4.
James Forrestal
5.
“The Sources of Soviet Conduct”
6.
Harry S Truman
7.
deterrence
8.
containment
9.
iron curtain
10. Truman Doctrine
11. Marshall Plan
12. coup
13. Berlin Airlift
14. NATO
15. Rio Pact
16. Organization of American States
17. Palestine
18. partition
19. Nationalist Chinese government
20. hydrogen bomb
21. NSC-68
22. 38th parallel
23. General Douglas MacArthur
24. Indochina
25. fellow-traveler
26. Taft-Hartley Act
27. poll tax
28. 1948 election
29. Thomas E. Dewey
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
30. Dixiecrat Party
31. Fair Deal
32. House Un-American Activities Committee
33. Joseph McCarthy
34. Red Scare
35. Alger Hiss
36. perjury
37. McCarran Internal Security Act
38. Smith Act
39. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
40. loyalty oaths
41. suburbs
42. tract homes
43. Shelly v. Kraemer
44. baby boom
45. American GI Forum
46. Mendez v. Westminster
47. Delgado v. Bastrop School District
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Select the correct answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A dramatic warning that the Russians had hostile designs on the West was given in 1946 by
a.
Winston Churchill in his “iron curtain” speech.
b. Harry Truman in announcing the Truman Doctrine.
c.
Whittaker Chambers in his accusations against Alger Hiss.
d. Senator Joseph McCarthy in his speech in Wheeling, West Virginia.
Unlike U.S. foreign policy after World War I, the United States after World War II
a.
joined the new postwar international organization.
b. attempted to retreat into isolationism.
c.
insisted on being awarded new overseas colonies.
d. re-enacted the former neutrality laws.
Through the foreign policy known as containment, the United States intended to
a.
coordinate development of the world’s oil resources.
b. confront all attempts by the Soviet Union to expand its power.
c.
prevent the Soviets from seizing Manchuria from China.
d. contain the development of atomic-bomb capabilities by other nations.
The Truman Doctrine arose in direct response to
a.
the Soviet-engineered coup in Czechoslovakia.
b. the Communist seizure of China.
c.
the possibility that Greece would fall to Communist insurgents.
d. possible Soviet designs on Iran.
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335
336
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced his plan to
a.
liberate Poland from Soviet control.
b. provide funds for the economic reconstruction of Europe.
c.
strengthen the American nuclear arsenal.
d. confront the Soviets militarily in Berlin.
Because of the impending creation of a unified West Germany, the Soviet Union
a.
offered to withdraw its troops from most of Eastern Europe.
b. withdrew from the United Nations for a period of two years.
c.
blockaded the city of Berlin.
d. threatened to use atomic bombs against England and France.
A critic of Truman’s Cold War policies in 1950 could cite all of the following as “losses” to the
Communists EXCEPT
a.
Turkey.
b. China.
c.
Czechoslovakia.
d. Poland.
Close to defeat, North Korea successfully counterattacked against the forces of the United Nations
a.
when China suddenly entered the war.
b. when reassured that Russia would use the atomic bomb to prevent a North Korean defeat.
c.
because the United States, thinking the war was almost over, had withdrawn most of its
troops from Korea.
d. after President Truman fired General MacArthur.
A development after World War II that may have helped to prevent a resumption of the Great
Depression was
a.
slow and restrained demobilization of the armed forces.
b. the revival of New Deal employment and relief programs.
c.
a great home-building boom to make up for scarce housing.
d. a large tax increase that slowed down inflation.
Pollsters regarded President Truman as vulnerable in the presidential election of 1948 for all the
following reasons EXCEPT
a.
his party was split into several factions.
b. the Republicans had a strong candidate.
c.
his civil rights policy was unpopular in the South.
d. he had lost the support of black voters.
Southern Democrats formed their own party in the 1948 election
a.
after Congress at last enacted a federal anti-lynching law.
b. when the Democratic Party adopted a platform plank in favor of civil rights for minorities.
c.
to protest the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education ruling.
d. because Truman refused to even consider a southerner as his vice-presidential running mate.
Hollywood came under scrutiny during the late 1940s because of
a.
rising fears of Communist influence within the country.
b. excessive violence in films.
c.
vapid plots that did not explore meaningful social issues.
d. All of these
The Alger Hiss case in 1948 convinced many anti-Communists that
a.
New Dealers were prone to be Communists.
b. Alger Hiss was a hero.
c.
Communists in America were too weak to pose a threat.
d. espionage was not an important issue in domestic affairs.
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
337
14. As part of the foreign policy originally formulated by George F. Kennan,
a.
America removed all of its troops from Europe, hoping to convince the Soviets to do the
same.
b. the United States convinced many reluctant nations to join the United Nations.
c.
America decided not to build a hydrogen bomb—until the Russians did so.
d. the United States established regional alliances in many parts of the world.
15. Although his popularity plunged because of the war in Korea, President Truman
a.
decided against running for the presidency in 1952 because he had already served for almost
two full terms.
b. decided not to integrate the army.
c.
could cite the Berlin Airlift as a great achievement in foreign policy.
d. was able to regain much of it by relieving General MacArthur of his command in Korea.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.
Although untested and inexperienced in foreign affairs when he became president, Harry S
Truman decisively shaped America’s foreign policy in the postwar era. Identify what you believe
to be the leading features of Truman’s foreign policy and provide examples of their application.
DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: Unlike previous administrations, Truman’s did not
concentrate on relations with other nations in the Western Hemisphere. His main focus, instead,
was stopping the spread of communism. Key elements in pursuit of this goal, followed by
examples, include:
The doctrine of containment; the response to the possibility of Soviet action in Iran
Shore up the economies of Western Europe in order to reduce the appeal of communism and
socialism there; the Marshall Plan
Provide economic assistance to nations confronted by Soviet demands; the Truman
Doctrine’s assistance to Turkey
Provide assistance to nations threatened by Communist or Communist-backed rebels; the
Truman Doctrine’s assistance to Greece
Rebuild and enlist the support of former enemy nations; the creation of West Germany
Go to the brink of war if necessary; the Berlin Airlift
Establish regional treaty organizations; ANZUS
Massive expansion of American military force; the implementation of NSC-68
Go to war if necessary; the Korean conflict
2.
The decision by southern Democrats to form the Dixiecrat Party during the 1948 presidential
election was a protest against advances being made by African Americans. Describe the changes
in race relations that produced the Dixiecrat reaction.
DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: After the end of the war, African Americans still faced
discrimination in housing, segregation in public facilities, and the end of the Fair Employment
Practices Commission. And yet change was in the air. You should discuss Truman’s creation of
the Committee on Civil Rights, the committee’s report and recommendations, Truman’s directive
to integrate the armed forces, and the Democratic Party’s civil rights plank in the 1948 campaign.
The latter propelled the Dixiecrats to form their own party and to run their own candidate for the
presidency.
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338
3.
Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
In the struggle to oppose the spread of communism abroad, Americans in the late 1940s were
willing to accept limits on democracy at home. Do you agree or disagree?
DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: It would be difficult to disagree. Allegations of disloyalty to
the United States and adherence to communism were made against many citizens, often in a
manner that violated their civil rights, including the right to due process. Those who were accused
often suffered intimidation, loss of employment, and wrecked reputations. “Convictions” were
often made on the basis of either innuendo or guilt by association.
Specific episodes that occasioned such violations of fundamental democratic principles that you
can discuss include the Federal Employee Loyalty Program, the House Un-American Activities
Committee’s investigation of Hollywood, the CIO’s purge of certain unions, the Supreme Court’s
decision in Dennis et al. v. U.S., the McCarran Internal Security Act, and, above all, the excesses
of Senator Joseph McCarthy.
MAP EXERCISES
1.
2.
Examine Map 26.1 in your textbook to answer these questions.
a.
Why did the Soviet Union insist on dominating Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,
and Bulgaria after World War II?
b.
Why did the Soviet Union exert pressure on Turkey and support Communist rebels in
Greece, and why, conversely, did the United States provide assistance to them under the
Truman Doctrine?
Consult the same map to explain why the Soviet Union believed that it could pressure the United
States in Berlin. Had you been a Soviet strategic planner in the late 1940s, where else in Europe
might you have recommended bringing comparable pressure to bear on the West?
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES
George Frost Kennan
To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Choices section at the beginning of the
chapter.
1.
How did Kennan’s conversations with Russian exiles affect his views about the Soviet Union and
its leaders?
2.
Why did Kennan return to Moscow in 1944? How did he view President Roosevelt’s approach to
dealing with the Soviet Union during World War II? Why?
3.
Identify George Frost Kennan.
4.
What is the significance of the “Long Telegram”?
5.
Why has Kennan been called the “Father of Containment”?
6.
Do you think Kennan’s work had any influence on the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991? Why
or why not?
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
339
INDIVIDUAL VOICES
Examining a Primary Source: George F. Kennan Analyzes the Soviet
World View
To answer the following questions, consult the Individual Voices section at the end of the chapter.
1.
Define modus vivendi.
2.
How did Kennan see both history and Marxism at work in shaping Soviet foreign policy? What
seems more important?
3.
What tactics did the Soviets have at their disposal to implement their foreign policy goals? What
events during the Truman administration countered their tactics?
4.
Given the Soviet goals he identified and explained, what actions did Kennan suggest the United
States take? Why?
RUBRIC: Using this excerpt from the “Long Telegram” as an example, do further research on
Kennan’s work and provide examples of important turning points in U.S.-Soviet relations during the
Truman administration. Did these events support Kennan’s theories? Explain why.
EVENT/TURNING
POINT
YEAR
SOVIET VIEW
DOES IT SUPPORT KENNAN’S
VIEW OF THE U.S.S.R.? WHY
OR WHY NOT?
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.
a.
The power of the iron-curtain metaphor made a profound impression. See page 833.
b. While Truman’s message was a powerful one, it built on the ideas expressed by Winston
Churchill a year before in his iron-curtain speech. See page 833.
2.
c.
Chambers made his accusations in 1948. See pages 847-848.
d.
This occurred in 1950, and it focused on an alleged internal threat. See page 841.
a.
The United States was a founding member of the United Nations after World War II. See
pages 831-832.
b. After World War II, the United States not only helped to establish the United Nations, but
also, beginning with the containment policy, became committed to preventing the spread of
Russian influence and domination over other nations. See pages 831-833.
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340
Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
c.
The United States did not seek new colonies after either war; it did not make any such
demands at the Conference of Versailles or the Yalta and Potsdam meetings. See page 831 and
Chapter 22.
d. The United States not only did not reenact them, it became deeply enmeshed in world affairs
in order to block the growing power of the Soviet Union.
3.
b.
The idea was to contain the Soviets by confronting them any time they tried to expand their
power and influence. See pages 832-833.
a.
See 3b.
c.
The policy did not single out or name any one region; it was directed against Soviet
expansion anywhere. See pages 832-833.
d. The purpose of the policy was to contain the expansion of the Soviet Union’s power and
influence. See pages 832-833.
4.
c.
In addition to the strong possibility of a Communist victory in Greece, the Soviet Union
wanted Turkey to share control over the strategic Dardanelles. See pages 834-835.
a.
Truman announced it because of Soviet pressure on Turkey and because of the likelihood of
a Communist victory in a civil war raging in Greece. See pages 834-835.
b.
It addressed Soviet pressure in southeastern Europe and western Asia. See pages 834-835.
d. It sought to protect Greece and Turkey from Soviet expansion and influence. See pages 834835.
5.
b.
The Marshall Plan’s purpose was to restore prosperity, thereby reducing the appeal of the
Communist and Socialist parties in Europe. See page 835.
a.
See 5b.
c.
The Marshall Plan was for the economic reconstruction of Europe; it was not a military plan.
See page 835.
6.
d.
Marshall’s announcement proposed economic restoration in Europe. See page 835.
a.
On the contrary, the Soviet Union was in the process of solidifying its control over all.
c.
The Soviets isolated Berlin by prohibiting all overland travel to it. See pages 836-837.
a.
See pages 836-837.
b.
It did not react in this fashion. See pages 836-837.
d. The Soviets did not have an atomic bomb until August 1949; the crisis over a unified West
Germany had occurred in 1948. See pages 836-839.
7.
a.
This is the correct choice. With support provided by the United States, Turkey successfully
withstood Soviet pressure. See pages 834-835.
b. This is not the correct choice. In China, the Communists came to power in 1949. See page
838.
c.
This is not the correct choice, because the Soviets took control of Czechoslovakia by
engineering a Communist seizure of power in 1948. See pages 835-840.
d. This is not the correct choice. The Russians had exerted control over Poland since 1945. See
pages 835-840.
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
8.
341
a.
A massive Chinese attack against United Nations forces in North Korea turned the tide in
favor of North Korea. See page 840.
b. The Russians did not threaten to use atomic weapons. The North Koreans were able to go
back on the offensive because of China’s entry into the war. See page 840.
c.
China’s entry into the war was what turned events in favor of North Korea. See page 840.
d. Truman removed MacArthur after the North Korean counterattack and his insubordination.
See page 840.
9.
c.
a.
To meet a great housing shortage, a building boom mushroomed. See pages 840-850.
Demobilization occurred rapidly. See page 830.
b. Although President Truman proposed reviving the New Deal, conservatives in Congress
prevented that from happening. See page 843.
d.
Inflation soared, but Congress cut taxes. See pages 843-844.
10. d.
Because this statement is not true, it is the correct choice. African Americans supported the
Democratic Party, which had adopted a civil rights plank. Truman had also ordered the military to
integrate. See pages 844-845.
a.
Because this statement is true, this is not the correct choice. Many southern Democrats
formed the Dixiecrat Party because of the Democratic Party’s platform commitment to civil
rights. Liberals comprised a second faction. See pages 844-845.
b. Because this statement is true, this is not the correct choice. Thomas E. Dewey was a
governor, and he had run well against Roosevelt in 1944. See pages 844-845.
c.
Because this statement is true, this is not the correct choice. Truman’s record in civil
rights—he ordered the desegregation of the military—risked alienating southerners. See pages
844-845.
11. b.
Angered by the Democratic Party’s civil rights plank, they left the party and formed their
own party, the Dixiecrats. See page 845.
a.
See l1b.
c.
The Supreme Court did not issue that landmark decision until 1954.
d. Their opposition to Truman arose because of the Democratic Party’s civil rights plank. See
pages 845.
12. a.
The movie industry reputedly harbored Communist influences. See page 847.
b. Hollywood came under attack because of anti-Communist feelings in the country. See page
847.
c.
See page 847.
d.
Only “a” is correct.
13. a.
b.
Alger Hiss had been a New Deal liberal. See page 848.
Anti-Communists viewed him as a perjurer and a traitor. See page 848.
c.
Hiss had worked for the State Department and had accompanied President Roosevelt to the
Yalta conference. See page 848.
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Chapter 26: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952
d. Politicians who were associated with the anti-Communist cause, such as Richard Nixon and
Joseph McCarthy, found that espionage (real or imagined) was an issue that captured the public’s
attention. See pages 847-848.
14. d.
Containment was the impetus behind such alliances as the Organization of American States
and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See pages 828-829, 832, and 854-855.
a.
Containment required a military presence in Europe; the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
assured the continued presence of American troops in Europe. See pages 828-829, 832, and 854855.
b. The containment policy did not depend on the United Nations. See pages 828-829, 832, and
854-855.
c.
Russian detonation of an atomic bomb led President Truman to commit the United States to
the construction of the hydrogen bomb. See pages 828-829, 832, and 854-855.
15. c.
The Russians had been forced to back down; they abandoned their blockade of Berlin in the
face of Truman’s determination. See page 836.
a.
He did try to run, but he withdrew from the race after he lost in the first primary election.
See page 850.
b. Truman had ordered the military to integrate in 1948; the army had finally done so in 1950
because of high casualties in Korea. See page 844.
d.
MacArthur was hailed as a hero by much of the public. See page 841.
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