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Chapter 10 Part D
The Muscular
System
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
Ivy Tech Community College
Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg
• Grouped according to anterior, medial, or
posterior
• Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip, extend
leg at knee (foreswing of walking)
• Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex leg
(backswing of walking)
• Medial muscles all adduct thigh
• All three groups enclosed by fascia lata
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Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, and rotation
• Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint
– Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime
mover of flexion
– Tensor fasciae latae
– Rectus femoris
– Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius
• Thigh extensors
– Hamstring muscles: prime movers of extension
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Table 10.14-1 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
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Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
12th rib
12th thoracic
vertebra
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliacus
Anterior superior iliac spine
Iliopsoas
5th lumbar
vertebra
Tensor fascia lata
Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
• Rectus femoris
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
Tendon of
quadriceps femoris
Patella
Patellar
ligament
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Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Adductors (also medially rotate thigh) are used
in movements that press thighs together
• Overstretched thigh muscles are referred to as
“pulled groin”
– Adductor magnus
– Adductor longus
– Adductor brevis
– Pectineus
– Gracilis
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Table 10.14-2 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)
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Figure 10.20b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
Pectineus
(cut)
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
longus
O
I
O
Adductor
magnus
I
I
Femur
I
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
O = origin
I = insertion
Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Quadriceps femoris arises from four separate
heads that form the flesh of front and side of
thigh
• All insert into the quadriceps tendon, which then
inserts into the patella, and then via patellar
ligament, into the tibial tuberosity
• Powerful knee extensor
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Table 10.14-3 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)
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Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
12th rib
12th thoracic
vertebra
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliacus
Anterior superior iliac spine
Iliopsoas
5th lumbar
vertebra
Tensor fascia lata
Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
• Rectus femoris
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
Tendon of
quadriceps femoris
Patella
Patellar
ligament
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Figure 10.20c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
O
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
intermedius
Vastus
medialis
Rectus femoris
tendon (cut)
Patella
Patellar
ligament
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Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Abductors and lateral rotators
– Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh)
– Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh)
– Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh)
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Table 10.14-4 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)
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Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
Gluteus
maximus
Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial
tract
Long head
Short head
Biceps
femoris
Hamstrings
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
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Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
External
oblique
Iliac
crest
Gluteus
medius
Median
sacral
crest
(of sacrum)
Gluteus
maximus
Iliotibial
tract
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Lumbar
fascia
Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Biceps
femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Table 10.14-5 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)
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Figure 10.21c Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
(cut)
Gluteus minimus
Superior
gemellus
Piriformis
Obturator
internus
Inferior
gemellus
Obturator
externus
Quadratus
femoris
Gluteus
maximus
(cut)
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Figure 10.21d Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Obturator
externus
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Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Hamstrings are fleshy muscles of posterior thigh
• Cross both the hip and knee joints
• Are prime movers of thigh extension and knee
flexion
• Innervated by sciatic nerve
• “Pulled hamstring” is a common sports injury
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Table 10.14-6 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)
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Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius
Gluteus
maximus
Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Iliotibial
tract
Long head
Short head
Biceps
femoris
Hamstrings
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
External
oblique
Iliac
crest
Gluteus
medius
Median
sacral
crest
(of sacrum)
Gluteus
maximus
Iliotibial
tract
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lumbar
fascia
Adductor
magnus
Gracilis
Biceps
femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes
• Deep fascia of leg is continuous with fascia lata
• Segregates leg into three compartments:
anterior, lateral, and posterior
• Fascia thickens distally; forms flexor, extensor,
and fibular retinacula
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Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Various leg muscles produce the following
movements
– Ankle: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
– Intertarsal joints: inversion and eversion of the
foot
– Toes: flexion and extension
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Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Muscles of anterior compartment
– Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors
•
•
•
•
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius (not always present)
Extensor hallucis longus
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Table 10.15-1 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
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Figure 10.22a Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
Fibularis longus
Gastrocnemius
Tibia
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Soleus
Extensor hallucis
longus
Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior
extensor retinacula
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Extensor digitorum
brevis
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Figure 10.22b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
O
Tibialis
anterior
I
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Figure 10.22c Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
O
Extensor
hallucis
longus
O
Fibularis
tertius
I
I
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Figure 10.22d Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
O
Extensor
digitorum
longus
O = origin
I = insertion
I
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Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Muscles of the lateral compartment of
the leg
– Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot; stabilize
lateral ankle and lateral longitudinal arch of foot
– Fibularis longus
– Fibularis brevis
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Table 10.15-2 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)
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Figure 10.23a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
Patella
Head of fibula
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis
longus
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Tibialis
anterior
Fibularis
brevis
Flexor
hallucis
longus
Fibular
retinaculum
Extensor hallucis
longus
Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior
extensor retinacula
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Lateral
malleolus
Metatarsal V
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Figure 10.23b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
O = origin
I = insertion
O
Fibularis
longus
I
Tendon of
fibularis longus
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Figure 10.23c Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
O = origin
I = insertion
O
Fibularis
brevis
I
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Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Muscles of the posterior compartment of the
leg
– Act to plantar flex the ankle
– All are innervated by tibial nerve
– Divided into:
• Superficial muscles
• Deep muscles
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Table 10.15-3 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)
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Figure 10.24a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Medial
head
Lateral
head
Tendon of
gastrocnemius
Calcaneal
tendon
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
Calcaneus
Superficial view of the posterior leg.
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Figure 10.24b Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Gastrocnemius
Lateral
head
(cut)
Medial
head
(cut)
Plantaris
Popliteus
Head of
fibula
Soleus
Tendon of
plantaris
Fibularis
longus
Fibularis
brevis
Tendon of
tibialis
posterior
The gastrocnemius has been removed to show the soleus
immediately deep to it.
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Table 10.15-4 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)
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Figure 10.24c Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Plantaris (cut)
Gastrocnemius
medial head
(cut)
Gastrocnemius
lateral head (cut)
Popliteus
Soleus (cut)
Tibialis posterior
Fibula
Flexor
digitorum
longus
Fibularis
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Fibularis brevis
Tendon of
tibialis posterior
Medial
malleolus
Calcaneal
tendon (cut)
Calcaneus
The triceps surae has been removed to show the
deep muscles of the posterior compartment.
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Figure 10.24d Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
O = origin
I = insertion
O
Tibialis
posterior
I
Isolated tibialis
posterior.
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Figure 10.24e Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
O = origin
I = insertion
O
Flexor
digitorum
longus
I
Isolated flexor
digitorum longus.
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Figure 10.24f Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
O = origin
I = insertion
O
Popliteus
I
O
Flexor
hallucis
longus
I
Isolated
popliteus and
flexor hallucis
longus.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot:
Toe Movement and Arch Support
• Muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct
toes
• Support arches of foot; some leg tendons assist
• Extensor digitorum brevis: dorsal foot muscle;
helps extend toes
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Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support
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Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot:
Toe Movement and Arch Support (cont.)
• Four layers of plantar muscles
– Superficial
– Second layer
– Third layer
– Deepest layer
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Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support
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Figure 10.25a Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.
Tendon of
flexor hallucis longus
Lumbricals
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Flexor accessorius
Abductor digiti
minimi
Calcaneal
tuberosity
First layer (plantar aspect)
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Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support
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Figure 10.25b Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.
Lumbricals
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Flexor hallucis
longus tendon
Flexor digitorum
longus (tendon)
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Abductor digiti
minimi
Flexor accessorius
Fibularis longus (tendon)
Flexor digitorum
longus (tendon)
Flexor hallucis
longus (tendon)
Second layer (plantar aspect)
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Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)
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Figure 10.25c Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.
Adductor hallucis
(transverse head)
Adductor hallucis
(oblique head)
Interosseous
muscles
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Fibularis longus (tendon)
Flexor accessorius
Flexor digitorum
longus (tendon)
Flexor hallucis
longus (tendon)
Third layer (plantar aspect)
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Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)
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Figure 10.25d Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.
Plantar
interossei
Fourth layer (plantar aspect):
plantar interossei
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Figure 10.25e Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.
Dorsal
interossei
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Fourth layer (dorsal aspect):
dorsal interossei
Table 10.17: Summary: Actions of Muscles
Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
• Summary of Tables 10.14 through 10.16
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Table 10.17-1 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
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Table 10.17-2 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot (continued)
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Figure 10.26a Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Adductors
Hamstrings
Vastus
lateralis
Femur
Posterior compartment of thigh
(flexes leg and extends thigh); innervated by tibial
nerve (portion of sciatic nerve)
Vastus
intermedius
Key:
Posterior
compartment
muscles
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Anterior
compartment
muscles
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Medial compartment of thigh
(adducts thigh); innervated by obturator nerve
Anterior compartment of thigh
(extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve
Muscles of the thigh
Figure 10.26b Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Triceps surae
Fibula
Fibularis
muscles
Key:
Posterior
compartment
muscles
Anterior
compartment
muscles
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tibialis
anterior
Posterior compartment of leg
(plantar flexes foot, flexes toes);
innervated by tibial nerve
Lateral compartment of leg
Tibia
(plantar flexes and everts foot);
innervated by superficial
fibular nerve
Muscles of the leg
Anterior compartment of leg
(dorsiflexes foot, extends toes);
innervated by deep fibular nerve