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Chapter 7 The American Revolution Name ________________________ Section __________ Section 7.1 The Revolution Begins The First Continental Congress 1. (From “The Story Continues section). John Adams and Samuel Adams were related in what way? They were ________________. 2. The First Continental Congress met in _____________________ in the fall of 1774. What colony did not send representatives? ________________________ (Why? Because their royal governor was able to block them from sending any) 3. The purpose was to figure out what to do about what was going on in ____________. Some thought they should make ________________, while others thought they should _________________. This will happen more than once. 4. Eventually, they agreed to do the following a. continue to ___________ British goods b. warn the militias to be prepared to ___________ c. sent a list of ____________________ to King George III d. if the King didn’t agree to this, they would ___________________, in May of 1775 The “Shot Heard Round the World” Wasn’t literally heard around the world 5. Those in the local militias that were ready to fight at a moment’s notice were called ______________________. 6. The British want to take away the guns and ammunition of these militia men, which was stored in ______________. When the Sons of Liberty found out that the British were on their way toward Concord, 2 of them, ___________________ and _____________________ warned the minutemen that “The British are Coming!!!” We’ll talk more about this in class 7. To get to Concord from Boston, the British had to travel through Lexington. see map above On April 19, the minutemen were ready and waiting in Lexington. Fighting began (no one knows who fired first) and the colonists had _____ wounded and ______ dead. 8. The British continued onward to Concord. Remember what they were looking for there? Did they find it? ____________ Why/Why not? ____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Then the British soldiers turn around and started their march back to Boston. From behind ____________ and ___________________, the minutemen fired on the British soldiers. They were easy targets thanks to their __________________________, earning them the nickname Redcoats. Lobsterbacks was another one of their nicknames. They suffered __________ casualties by the time they made it back to Boston. 1 10. As people learned about the fighting at Lexington and Concord, they became _________________. 11. So if the events at Lexington and Concord weren’t literally “heard around the world” why is it called that? __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The Second Continental Congress 12. Now that actual fighting has begun, the colonists have to decide how to react to it. That is why the ___________________ Continental Congress met in the city of __________________________ in May of 1775. 13. Did they decide right then and there to fight for independence? ______________ 14. They made the following decisions at that meeting a. created the __________________________________ b. chose ______________________________ to be in charge of it c. a last ditch effort to keep the ________________, the Olive Branch Petition, (the olive branch is a symbol of _______________) Did the King accept or reject this? He _____________________ it. Early Battles 15. Fort Ticonderoga was important because it guarded the access to ____________________________. This fort belonged to the _______________. 16. The colonists, led by Ethan ____________ and ________________ Arnold (who at this time was a prominent colonial soldier, not a traitor) attacked the fort by surprise. What items did they take from the fort? ____________________________________________ 17. The following month, fighting occurred at _______________ Hill and ____________ Hill, after colonists put up defenses there to protect it from the British trying to capture Charlestown. 18. During this fighting, the colonists were running low on _____________________. To make it last as long as possible, they were ordered not to fire their weapons “until you see the ______________________________________.” 19. They might have won that battle, but eventually they had to retreat because they ran out of _________________________. The battle showed the British that the colonists __________________________________________________________. 20. Eventually, George Washington arrived and wanted to get the British to _____________ Boston. Remember all the cannons that were captured at Fort Ticonderoga? Well poor Henry _____________ got the job of transporting those cannons the ______________ miles to Boston in the middle of ________________. Fun! 21. Washington had those cannons placed up on the hills around Boston and fired down onto the British. The British _____________________ from Boston to Canada. 2 Quiz 7.1 Topics Places Lexington – why was it important? What happened there? Concord – why was it important? What was stored there? Fort Ticonderoga – why was it important? What happened there? Boston – how was its geography significant (what effect did it have)? What happened there after the British returned? Why did the British leave and where did they go? People and terms Minutemen – who are they? What do they do? Ethan Allen – what did he do? Benedict Arnold – what did he do? Meetings First Continental Congress – why did they meet? What did they accomplish? Second Continental Congress – what did they do? How was this different from the First Continental Congress? 3 Section 7.2 Declaring Independence Paine’s Common Sense 1. Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet (kind of a short book) called ___________________ _______________. He was able to write it in such a way that the common ____________ could understand. 2. One of the big ideas of this pamphlet was that laws should be made by the _________________, not the kings. What made this idea so new was that in most places, the ruler was a _________________. 3. Did Paine support the idea of independence from Britain? _______________ 4. His work had a great impact on the colonists. Many people that read his pamphlet began to think differently about independence from Britain. What did they think? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Declaring Independence 5. The Second Continental Congress wanted someone to write a document putting into words these ideas of independence. John _______________, Benjamin _________________, Thomas _________________, Robert Livingston and Roger Sherman were on a committee to write this document. The main author was ____________________. This document is known as the ____________________ _____ ______________________________. 6. There were some pretty big ideas in the Declaration. a. “men have unalienable rights” is an idea that comes from writers during the Enlightenment time period, such as _____________________. It means that men have basic rights including _________________, _____________ and the _______________________________________. b. The King had been __________________________ these rights. c. Because the King had violated their rights, they had the right to _____________________________ from Britain. 7. The Declaration of Independence was approved on ______________________________ Choosing Sides 8. A Patriot is someone who chooses to ________________________________________. 9. A Loyalist is someone who remains _________________________________________. Another name for a Loyalist is a _________________. Not all colonists chose a side, many remained neutral. 10. Would you have been a: Patriot Loyalist Neutral (circle one) 3 11. Who said “give me liberty (freedom) or give me death!” _____________________________ What does he mean by this? _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12. What happened to the Loyalists after the Declaration was signed? ________________ _______________________________________________. About how many left? _________________ Where did they go? _____________________ 13. What were the reasons why someone might have remained loyal to the King? _______________________________________________________________________ Other Reactions to the Declaration 14. Not all colonists were represented in the Declaration. What two groups were left out? ____________________ and __________________ 15. What issue causes a conflict among the colonies and will continue to do so for many, many, many more years? __________________ 16. Read about Abigail Adams in this section and the information on the side of page 193. In what way do you think she influenced her husband, John Adams? ______________________________________________________________________ Declaration of Independence pages 194-197 17. It was adopted by Congress on what date? ____________________________ 18. Who was the main author? _______________________________ 19. How long did it take for him to write the first draft? _______________ read the side 20. How many states were there when this was written? ____________________________ 21. Why are some words underlined and in bold? ____________________________________________________________________________ 22. About 2/3 of the way down on page 196 is the statement “In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms” What do you think they mean by this (remember to look at the margins for help). _____________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 23. More people from Pennsylvania signed the Declaration than any other colony. Why do to you think this is so? _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4 Section 7.3 Dark Hours for the Revolution Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses 1. We are looking at comparing the two armies at the beginning of the war. Fill in the chart. Advantages of the British Army Advantages of the Continental Army More ______________ and resources ____________ of many of their citizens (British army had to deal with hostile Americans) Powerful __________________, Largest ____________ in the world (the colonists had no navy at all!) Their supplies were nearby (the British had to ship their supplies from overseas) Well trained ____________________ soldiers (the colonists had only poorly trained militia) Patriots _____________ in their cause (British were fighting because it was their job) A Call to Arms 2. Washington had the difficult task of organizing and getting enough _________________ to fight. 3. Why did Washington ban African Americans from serving in the Continental Army? Remember that Washington was from Virginia _________________________________________________________________________ 4. The British thought they could use this to their advantage. They promised any slave that fought for them their __________________________ after the war. This was called _______________ ___________________ ______________________. Eventually the Continental Army allowed free (not slave) African Americans to join, eventually _______________ will join. Other Sources of Help 5. Native Americans helped which side? circle British Patriots 6. Women helped too. When the men were away at war, the women ran the _____________ and _________________________. Others raised ___________________ or made _____________________. Some were messengers, _________________ or _____________ and some even pretended to be ______________ and fought. British Victories 7. Some Patriot leaders wanted to take over ________________________. This idea will come up again in US history. 9 8. The Continental Army lost big at ____________________. This pretty much ended their chances of taking ________________. 9. In July of 1776, the Continental Army was in ______ _____________. The British forced the Continental Army off ________________ Island to ______________________ Island. The British continued to push the Continental Army until they were completely out of ____________________. 10 Section 7.4 The Patriots Gain New Hope Battle of _______________ ____ Battle of _______________ ____ Battle of _______________ ____ Battle of _______________ ____ Victory in New Jersey 1. The British had their sights set on ________________________ in the Fall of 1776. Overconfident, British General Howe gave his troops a rest from fighting. He left New Jersey to the ___________________ (hired German __________________). He will later regret doing this! 2. Washington and the Patriots were able to take advantage of this. Using the element of ___________________, Washington planned an attack targeting Trenton. He crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night. The next day, in less than ____________________, they captured over 900 Hessians. This was a huge victory!!! 3. Look at the painting on page 203 inspired by the crossing of the Delaware River. What emotions do you think the painter wanted people looking at it to feel? _________________________________________________________________________ There are some things wrong with this painting. What is probably not correct about it? ________________________________________________________________ 4. Washington kept going, marching northeast to the town of _____________________. Again using the element of ____________________, the Patriots attacked. This was another huge _______________________ for the Continental Army. Turning Point at Saratoga 5. The British were embarrassed and came up with a plan to cut _____ ________________ off from the rest of the colonies and meet up in Albany, New York. 6. They started off well, British General Burgoyne recaptured _________ _______________, but then had problems getting across New York. 7. On British General Howe’s way to Albany, he decided to attack _____________________. Washington’s troops met the British at the Battle of ________________________________. This was a pretty big victory for the ______________________. 8. Burgoyne got to Albany before the other two parts of the British army. He was ____________________ by the Continental Army. The battle that followed at ____________________ was an enormous win for the ______________________. They captured all of Burgoyne’s army. 9. This win at ___________________________ was the biggest win of all for the Patriots. How did it affect the army? It ________________________________ and led to increased ____________________________. Saratoga is known as the turning point of the war. Foreign Allies 10. What two countries had been secretly helping the Patriots? ________________ and _____________________ Why did they help them? ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11 11. Benjamin Franklin went to ______________ to get even more support. What event convinced France help more? __________________________________________________. 12. Spain started helping more too and was especially helpful where? ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. Fill in the chart You may need to look at the next section for some information Name Country How they helped Bernardo de Galvez Governor of ________________ ________________________ Helpful on the ___________________ frontier Marquis de Lafayette _____________________________ Fought & gave _______________ to help the Patriot cause. Tadeusz Kosciuszko _____________________________ Shared army _____________________ skills Kazimierz Pulaski _____________________________ Trained _______________ units Baron Friedrich von Steuben _____________________________ Yes this used to be a country Trained the American troops at ________________________ Winter at Valley Forge 14. True or False circle one There was a very important battle at Valley Forge. 15. Washington and his troops camped at ________________________ Pennsylvania in the winter of 1777-1778. The winter was rough. They had little ________________ and ___________________. More than ___________________ of the soldiers died there from _____________________ and _______________________. 16. Have you ever been to Valley Forge Park? Yes no What about King of Prussia Mall? Yes no The park is right near the mall, take a drive through it next time you are nearby. Watch for the deer! 17. Baron von Steuben was able to turn the troops into a __________________ group of soldiers. The War at Sea 18. The navy was in pretty bad shape. They had just been created in ______________ but they only had _________ fighting ships. Remember the British had the best navy in the world. 19. Because their navy was so weak, they avoided large battles and instead attacked individual _______________, supply ports and merchant ships. They did quite a bit of damage. Many of the ships raiding the British weren’t ________________ part of the US Navy. 20. John Paul Jones was a ___________ and clever sailor. He’s known for a specific quote. When asked if he was ready to surrender, he replied “______________________________ ___________________________________________!” Eventually he won that battle! 12 Section 7.5 Independence! The War in the West 1. George Rogers Clark had some experience in the frontier region and used that experience to build an ___________. His first target was the British trading village of ______________________. 2. Using the element of ______________________, he was able to capture Kaskaskia without a fight. He later captured the town of _______________________, also without a fight. 3. He was even able to convince many Indian leaders to stay ______________ instead of helping the British. 4. After Vincennes was taken back by the British, he fought again and was able to __________________ it. The War in the South 5. The British turned their attention to the __________________ colonies. The British were able to capture the port city of __________________________ Georgia, then ___________________ South Carolina. 6. While the British were in the South, they __________________ the personal property of the people living there. 7. Another big Patriot loss was the Battle of __________________ South Carolina. Not New Jersey! This battle pretty much destroyed the southern part of the Patriot army. 8. Since they didn’t have much of an army in the south, they used another tactic called ________________________________. This is swift ______________________ attacks. The most well known for fighting like this was _____________________________. The main character in the movie The Patriot was based on him. 9. Marion’s nickname was the ________________________. Victory at Yorktown 10. In 1781, Benedict Arnold did what? _________________________________________ Why did he do this? ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Cornwallis, the _______________________ general, moved his forces to ________________ Virginia in an attempt to tighten his hold on the southern colonies. He was getting ready to attack a small force of Patriots there. 12. At the same time, the Patriots were making plans with the ____________. 13 13. The French naval fleet sailed into the _____________________ Bay and the Continental Army and French general Rochambeau arrived by land. They ____________________ the British forces in Yorktown. Near Colonial Williamsburg, Jamestown and Busch Gardens 14. The siege of Yorktown lasted for ___________. Eventually, Cornwallis and the British forces _________________________________. The Treaty of Paris 15. It took over _________ years to come to a peace agreement. This agreement was called the ____________________________________________. 16. In this treaty, a. Britain recognized the ________________________________ b. The ____________________ of the US were created (_____________________ on the North, ________________________________ on the west, and __________________________ to the South) c. Britain also agreed that the colonists could settle and ____________ west of the original 13 colonies. 14 Topics for Quiz 7.5 - Independence! In the West Who – First target – Vincennes – In the South Why concentrate on the South? Camden, South Carolina – Guerrilla warfare What is it? Who? Where? Yorktown What happened? Who helped? Treaty of Paris of 1783 What did it do? What did it say? 1. 2. 3. 15 Chapter 7 Test –Study Guide 1. _________________________are members of the Boston militia. 2. The nickname for the British soldiers was _______________________ because their uniforms were red and made them targets. 3. A ______________________ was a colonist who chose to fight for their independence. 4. _______________________ were American soldiers that were willing to fight at a moments notice. 5. A colonist who sided with Britain in the war was a ____________________. 6. ____________________________ are hired foreign soldiers. __________________________ soldiers helped out the British army. 7. The colonists described the rights they believed they had in the _________________________________ ______________________. Thomas Jefferson, an American, wrote this document. 8. The commander of the American Continental Army was _______________________________________. 9. ________________________________ was John Adams’ wife and wanted the rights of women included in the Declaration of Independence. 10. ___________________________________, an American, wrote Common Sense. 11. It was because of ______________________________________________ that the Patriots did so well at sea. 12. The Patriot who was great at guerrilla warfare was ___________________________________________. 13. Washington led the Continental Army to defeat the British at ________________________ (final battle of the war). 14. The __________________________________________ was the battle in which George Washington led the troops across the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians the day after Christmas. 15. There was no battle at _________________________________. Baron _________ __________________ helped out the Americans here. 16. The Battle of ____________________________ was a major turning point of the American Revolution. 17. The ____________________________________________________________ created the Continental Army and put George Washington in charge. 18. The war ended with the __________________________________________ (document). 19. William Howe was a _______________________________ military leader (name the country) 18 Study Topics - Chapter 7 People Abigail Adams Francis Marion George Washington John Paul Jones Thayendanegea John Burgoyne William Howe Benedict Arnold Joseph Brant Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson George Rogers Clark Horatio Gates Marquis de Lafayette Thomas Gage Bernardo de Galvez Baron von Steuben Vocabulary Redcoats Patriots Loyalists Mercenaries Minutemen First Continental Congress Second Continental Congress Continental Army Treaty of Paris Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation Hessians Events Lexington and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Princeton Battle of Trenton Battle of Saratoga Battle of Brandywine Creek Winter at Valley Forge Yorktown Be able to . . . . Name the 5 parts of the Declaration of Independence and explain what each part is about. Classify terms and people as either British or United States (ex: Patriot is US, William Howe is British) Give advantages and disadvantages for both the British and the United States at the beginning of the American Revolution. Explain how other countries and foreign individuals helped the United States. 19