Download chapter 22 - cloudfront.net

CHAPTER 22
The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
Use the following to answer questions 1-16:
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Industrial Revolution
agricultural revolution
mass production
Josiah Wedgwood
division of labor
mechanization
Richard Arkwright
Crystal Palace
steam engine
James Watt
electric telegraph
business cycle
laissez faire
mercantilism
positivism
utopian socialism
Why did the Industrial Revolution take place first in Britain rather than in another country?
Ans: Although the British were innovative, they were no more innovative than some other nations;
however, they made practical applications of their innovations much more quickly. Furthermore, they were
the world's leading exporters of tools, guns, hardware, and other craft goods. British engineers tried new
approaches to problems. Britain also had many skilled refugees, who brought important skills with them. In
addition, British society was a factor in promoting the Industrial Revolution. The British monarchy was less
powerful and oppressive than those in other countries, and political power was less centralized. Because
class lines were less sharply drawn, moving up through the classes was more feasible in England. British
superiority in shipping and water transportation played a crucial part in the era before railroads, when
land transportation was prohibitively expensive. Finally, British financial institutions were most aptly
suited to the Industrial Revolution. Examples can be seen in the writings of Adam Smith, as well as in jointstock companies and the insurance system.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
196
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
18.
Explain the effects of the agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
New crops from the Americas, by improving the diet of Europeans and therefore their health, led to a
population boom and a large number of young people, whose vitality contributed to the Industrial
Revolution. In order to grow these crops, rich landowners enclosed the land, thus driving peasants into the
cities; this increased urban population also contributed to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial
Revolution increased productivity, making factory owners immensely rich and making products cheaper for
the average consumer; at the same time, life was miserable for many factory workers. The mechanization of
cotton production had many long-term effects; for example, it made cotton the most valuable crop in the
United States. Advances in iron and steam engines made possible railroads, which increased
transportation, and the invention of the telegraph increased communication. Both the agricultural and
industrial revolutions radically changed the average farmer's life and also the rural.landscape.
19.
What five revolutionary innovations made possible the Industrial Revolution? Give one example of each of
these innovations, and describe how each was adapted.
Ans: The five innovations were (a) mass production through the division of labor; (b) new machines and
mechanization; (c) an increase in the supply of iron; (d) the steam engine; and (e) the electric telegraph.
Josiah Wedgwood and the porcelain industry were one example of applying mass production techniques
originally developed by the Chinese. Wedgwood broke down the work into individual steps, maximizing the
use of labor and other resources within each step. The cotton industry exemplified the role of machines in
the Industrial Revolution. Machines such as the spinning jenny, the mule, and the power loom produced
cotton textiles at lower costs. Watermills improved both production and quality. As for the enormous
increase in iron production, it allowed great expansion and improvement of transportation through the
building of bridges, railroads, and steamships. More iron also meant that more machinery could be built
more cheaply, and larger factories were constructed to accommodate those machines. Iron production was
boosted by the innovation in removing impurities from both iron and coal. Coke production allowed Britain
to produce iron without depending on dwindling charcoal supplies, as other nations did. The most
important innovation, however, was in energy. James Watt's improvement of the steam engine made
available cheap and portable energy sources—and insufficient energy seemed to have been the only
constraint on rampant industrialism. Power for pumping water from mines, operating mills, and driving
ships and trains let the Industrial Revolution careen forward. Finally, the telegraph significantly advanced
communication and aided the operation of such things as railroads. The development of the electric
telegraph after 1837 greatly improved global communications, first along railway lines and, after 1851,
across oceans.
20.
How do you account for the spread of industrialization outside of England in the nineteenth century?
Ans: Students should note the beginnings of industrialization in Europe after the Napoleonic wars ended in
1815. Generally speaking, the nations closest to England industrialized most quickly. Belgium and France
stole industrial secrets and smuggled skilled workers and machinery out of Britain. Nations farthest from
England, such as Russia and Sweden, industrialized much more slowly. Many countries also waited until
the British had solved the problems they had encountered. Nations eliminated internal tariffs and tolls, and
joint-stock companies and banks secured the capital necessary for industrial expansion. In the United
States, a high standard of living and a growing urban population created a demand for manufactured
goods. High tariffs helped ensure that they would be produced in the United States, where large distances
encouraged the development of the railroad, telegraph, and steamboat. American cotton growing spurred
the development of the cloth and clothing industry.
21.
What was the environmental effect of the Industrial Revolution?
Ans: Students can choose from an extensive list of environmental effects. Deforestation for construction
and fuel was readily apparent in Europe, but much less so in America. Europeans then adopted coal, and
almost immediately suffered from breathing the harmful coal emissions. As cities grew larger and
population density increased, public water and sanitation became problems. On the other hand,
industrialization had some positive environmental effects. In Britain, underground resources such as coal
replaced wood, and overseas cotton replaced domestic wool. As land diminished and feed for horses
became expensive, less land-hungry mechanical transport spread. Shipbuilding, which had traditionally
consumed enormous quantities of wood, switched to iron.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
197
22.
Describe the working conditions encountered by women and men during the Industrial Revolution.
Ans: Students should recognize both positive and negative effects for industrial workers. On the positive
side, many new opportunities opened up for those with particular skills, such as machinists and
metalworkers. Wages for these specialties and others also increased. For other workers, the Industrial
Revolution seemed like a nightmare. Most work was boring. Repetitive motions mandated by the massproduction system made workers feel disassociated from their work. Employers added new machines and
ran them faster and longer. Health conditions deteriorated, causing infant mortality rates to soar and
average life expectancies to plummet. Many factories sought women and children as laborers. National and
international mass migrations of workers began, as workers moved from rural areas to industrializing
cities. Industrial accidents were commonplace, and workers were allowed little say in controlling their
workplace. The workday routinely lasted fourteen to sixteen hours.
23.
Why was transportation such a critical feature of the Industrial Revolution?
Ans: The steam engine is credited as being one of the most significant inventions of the Industrial
Revolution, and one that differentiated it from earlier periods of technological progress. Through the use of
steam engines, goods could be transported over waterways, not only in Europe (particularly Britain) but
also in the United States. Canals linked cities and rural areas for manufacturing and trade purposes and
facilitated access to the oceans, previously held only by coastal states. With the steam engine's use in
railroads, towns and cities were linked with more rural areas for the transportation of goods and services,
not only over larger distances but also with greater speed and efficiency. In the United States, the
development of railroads facilitated expansion across the country through the Midwest and connected the
East and West Coasts. The infrastructure of railroad tracks also contributed to the stringing of telegraph
lines, facilitating long-distance communication.
24.
How were colonialism and European imperialism related to industrialization?
Ans: The economic relationship of Europe with the rest of the world during the late eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries profoundly influenced global society. Whereas the previous economic models
dominating European trade were those of mercantilism or trade with other areas such as China and India,
the Industrial Revolution made manufacturing the principle form of economic activity in Europe, a
commercialism that depended on raw goods to fuel mechanized industry. Thus Europeans began to
emphasize colonialism and imperialism to promote an economic growth that was based on production
rather than trade, at the expense of the countries from which they derived their raw materials. For example,
the British flooded the global market with manufactured textiles at cheap prices, effectively nullifying the
domestic industry of non-European countries. The deliberate suppression of industry in non-Western areas
made those areas dependent on European goods and therefore put them in a subordinate position.
However, industrialization did not occur at the same rate throughout Europe, and the inequitable balance
in both trade and colonialism was a critical factor in shaping the liberalism and nationalism of the
nineteenth century, and ultimately promoting war in the early twentieth century.
25.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the population grew because of
Ans: reliable food supplies and widespread resistance to disease.
26.
Enclosure was
A) closing factory doors at working time and not opening them again until closing.
B) a closed emigration policy.
C) restriction of common agricultural land.
D) maintaining private garden plots for personal use.
E)
a process of closing off rivers for waterpower in factories.
Ans: C
Page: 621-622
27.
What new crop contributed to the agricultural revolution?
A) The potato
B) Wheat
C) Rice
D) The soybean
E)
The tomato
Ans: A
Page: 621
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
198
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
28.
The agricultural revolution was a change in farming methods and crops that resulted in
A) the creation of a large class of landless farm laborers.
B) wealthy landowners taking over communal lands.
C) European population growth as a result of new crops such as potatoes and corn.
D) the introduction of better livestock, soil improvement, and crop rotation.
E)
all of these.
Ans: E
Page: 621
29.
In rural areas manufacture was carried out through cottage industries, where
A) a factory owner “put out” his workers to work in other factories.
B) merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople and picked up the finished product.
C) merchants and factory owners collaborated to “cottage” a lower wage.
D) silk and cotton textiles were manufactured together.2
E)
workers led an idyllic working life.
Ans: B
Page: 622
30.
Which of the following is not one of the factors that gave Britain a “head start” on the Industrial
Revolution?
A) It recovered from the plague more quickly than the rest of Europe.
B) It had the largest merchant marine.
C) It was highly commercial, and many people were involved in production and trade.
D) It enjoyed a high standard of living and a “fluid” society.
E)
It was the world's leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware, and other crafts.
Ans: A
Page: 622-623
31.
Britain's manufacturing depended on the importation of raw goods from its colonies (as well as enforced
trade). Which of the following was not an area of colonization for Britain?
A) North America
B) India
C) Africa
D) Near East
E)
Japan
Ans: E
Page: 623
32.
New forms of energy were important for industrialization, such as
A) horse power.
B) wind and water energy.
C) the steam engine and electricity.
D) hydroelectric power.
E)
gas turbine engines.
Ans: C
Page: 626
33.
Why was industrialization of continental Europe more difficult than in Britain?
A) Ongoing wars slowed the diffusion of British technologies and discouraged investment in industrial
production.
B) Nationalism prohibited trade with other countries.
C) Tariffs (taxes on goods between countries) made transportation very expensive.
D) Europe lacked rivers.
E)
Continental Europe had no colonies from which to get raw goods.
Ans: A
Page: 623
34.
“Division of labor” in manufacturing means
A) dividing the work force into capitalists and communists.
B) dividing work into specialized and repetitive tasks.
C) using “division” as well as other mathematical functions.
D) having the worker make the entire product.
E)
dividing the labor unions in order to weaken them.
Ans: B
Page: 626
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
35.
England began importing raw cotton
A) because the English Parliament banned importation of cotton cloth.
B) because there was no other source of cheap clothing.
C) because it badly needed the raw material for its mills.
D) because its export was stopped by other countries.
E)
in order to support the southern states during the American Civil War.
Ans: A
Page: 627
36.
Among the new inventions developed to weave cotton textiles was (were)
A) the steam engine.
B) the spinning jenny and the water frame.
C) the power loom and the thread “genie.”
D) the fulling press and the iron “foot.”
E)
the rotary weaving engine.
Ans: B
Page: 627
37.
According to the chapter, what was not one of the five major contributors to industrialization?
A) Electricity
B) The steam engine
C) The division of labor
D) Increased production of iron
E)
Innovation in biochemistry
Ans: E
Page: 642
38.
Iron production was transformed by Abraham Darby's discovery that
A) machines could do the work of hammering iron better than humans.
B) mills operated with hydroelectric power produced stronger iron.
C) coke could be used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process.
D) taconite was a more valuable byproduct than the iron itself.
E)
people worked better for higher wages.
Ans: C
Page: 628
39.
A significant contribution to the mass manufacture of cheap metal items was the development of
A) interchangeable parts.
B) lost wax casting of iron.
C) individual fitting together of parts by hand.
D) molded metal.
E)
amalgamations of metal known as pig iron.
Ans: A
Page: 628
40.
The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt's
A) cotton gin.
B) steam engine.
C) saddle.
D) bicycle.
E)
light bulb.
Ans: B
Page: 631
41.
The United States was the first country to create commercially viable steamships. This was because
A) Europe had insufficient coal to power steamships.
B) steamships were illegal in other parts of the world.
C) the United States was the only nation with steamship technology.
D) the vast size of the United States made river-based steamships necessary and profitable.
E)
the British navy had a policy of attacking steamships in Europe.
Ans: D
Page: 630
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
199
200
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
42.
In continental Europe, industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were greatly stimulated by
A) railroads.
B) the Crimean War.
C) the use of slave labor.
D) the increase in literacy.
E)
American banking advances.
Ans: A
Page: 630
43.
What invention revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution?
A) The phonograph
B) Radar
C) The electric telegraph
D) The battery
E)
The telephone
Ans: C
Page: 632
44.
One profound effect that industrialization had on the world was that
A) Europe and North America were empowered at the expense of the rest of the world.
B) the raw material of Africa made it the center of industrialization.
C) the availability of cheap labor in Asia caused its markets to expand rapidly.
D) Europe went into a slow decline due to worldwide competition.
E)
workers' wages and quality of living rose quickly.
Ans: A
Page: 632
45.
Urbanization had the greatest impact on
A) the elite, who came to the cities to attend fashionable events.
B) the bourgeoisie, who developed a professional class.
C) the factory owners, who came to the cities to keep an eye on their businesses.
D) the poor, who came to the city from rural areas for work.
E)
children, who attended schools in cities.
Ans: D
Page: 632
46.
Which of the following was not true of poor urban neighborhoods?
A) They were often filled with overcrowded tenements.
B) There was an atmosphere of filth, pollution, and sewage.
C) The danger of typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and tuberculosis was very high.
D) Most poor urbanites lived in factory-owned apartment buildings.
E)
Houses were often mixed in with factories.
Ans: D
Page: 632-633
47.
The most obvious change in rural life during the Industrial Revolution was
A) electrical power.
B) the appearance of new roads, canals, and railroads.
C) an increase in leisure time.
D) a population shift to rural areas.
E)
the increase of political power of rural residents at the expense of industrial centers.
Ans: B
Page: 634
48.
Factory work represented a radical difference from traditional rural work because
A) women worked outside the home.
B) children worked at simple tasks in factories.
C) husbands worked separately from wives.
D) the family did not work together as a unit.
E)
All of these
Ans: E
Page: 634-635
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
201
49.
Industrial work had an enormous effect on the family because
A) it provided a steady income for families.
B) work was now removed from the home and family members were separated all day.
C) children were happier in factories than on farms.
D) factory work was safer than farm work.
E)
the move to the city made families happier and more stable.
Ans: B
Page: 636
50.
Women typically earned
A) as much as men.
B) one-third to one-half as much as men.
C) 10 percent of what men made.
D) twice as much as men.
E)
nothing, as their service was “tenure” service to the owner.
Ans: B
Page: 636
51.
Single women and married women both did factory work but for different reasons:
A) Married women worked if their husbands were unable to support their families.
B) Married women worked if their husbands worked in a dangerous job.
C) Married women worked to put their children through school.
D) Single women worked to make friends and be social.
E)
Single women worked for excitement and fun.
Ans: A
Page: 636
52.
When child labor laws began to pass in England,
A) children were required to be paid minimum wage.
B) children were required to go to school for a minimum of four years before they could work.
C) factories were subject to regular inspection for health and safety codes.
D) factory owners simply replaced child workers with Irish immigrants, who were cheaper.
E)
factory owners refused to hire children or women.
Ans: D
Page: 636
53.
In the United States, many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and
housing
A) but soon converted to machine-driven looms.
B) but soon rejected female workers in favor of child laborers.
C) but eventually lowered wages and imposed longer hours.
D) and continued to improve the lot of workers.
E)
but did none of these.
Ans: C
Page: 637
54.
The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and
A) led to the decline of American slavery.
B) encouraged the growth of a domestic textile industry in India.
C) made many sharecroppers rich.
D) created a high demand for mulch.
E)
created a high demand for slaves.
Ans: E
Page: 637
55.
“Business cycles” meant that
A) workers would save their money, invest, and improve their status by owning their own business as
entrepreneurs.
B) the rich industrialists would buy all phases of production, from manufacturing to sales.
C) the process of piecemeal work was replaced by the division of labor started by Wedgwood.
D) workers’ incomes and employment fluctuated wildly with the rise and fall in demand for commercial
products.
E)
workers’ livelihoods were protected by a “social safety net”.
Ans: D
Page: 637
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
202
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
56.
The early Industrial Revolution’s real beneficiaries were the
A) the working class.
B) the serfs.
C) wealthy merchants.
D) the landowning gentry.
E)
the middle class.
Ans: E
Page: 637
57.
With industrialization, the role of middle-class women became management of the home, children, and
servants. This was known as
A) the “factory at home.”
B) the “female world of home.”
C) “home, sweet home.”
D) “children, kitchen, and church.”
E)
the “cult of domesticity.”
Ans: E
Page: 638
58.
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposes that the government should
A) not interfere in business.
B) carefully regulate business.
C) leave business alone, except for enacting protective tariffs.
D) protect workers.
E)
carefully allocate resources to ensure their best possible use.
Ans: A
Page: 638
59.
Thomas Malthus's explanation of workers' misfortunes was that
A) the population was outgrowing the food supply.
B) workers were immoral and destined to fail.
C) the weak would perish and the strong would survive.
D) workers needed to work harder and longer hours.
E)
the government was uncaring.
Ans: A
Page: 638
60.
Friedrich List, the German economist, argued that
A) England was unfairly oppressing religious minorities into serfdom.
B) Germany could only effectively compete with Britain by erecting tariffs against British imports.
C) capitalism was doomed to fail in the wake of violent revolution between the haves and have-nots.
D) laissez-faire economics could not work in continental Europe because of nationalist interests.
E)
Adam Smith was wrong, and mercantilism was the correct and best economic model.
Ans: B
Page: 639
61.
To address the misery of the poor, French socialists proposed that workers form communities under the
protection of business leaders; their views were known as
A) totalitarianism.
B) humanism.
C) positivism.
D) Darwinism.
E)
communism.
Ans: C
Page: 639
62.
Charles Fourier and other opponents of capitalism advocated
A) anarchy in the United Kingdom.
B) a return to manorialism.
C) the wisdom of the mercantile system.
D) a theocracy of Protestant ministers.
E)
utopian socialism.
Ans: E
Page: 639
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
63.
Which of the following was not one of the ways in which workers resisted harsh treatment?
A) Changing their jobs frequently
B) Frequently assassinating unpopular factory owners
C) Doing poor-quality work
D) Rioting and going on strike
E)
Being absent on Mondays
Ans: B
Page: 639
64.
The Factory Act of 1833
A) prohibited textile mills from employing workers under the age of nine.
B) increased wages for all workers of Great Britain and Scotland.
C) granted women equal pay for equal work.
D) created separate guilds for male and female workers.
E)
enacted safety laws.
Ans: A
Page: 639
65.
As a result of industrialization, the relationship between western Europe and the non-Western world
A) improved through increased communications.
B) worsened through the savagery of the slave trade.
C) remained the same.
D) became based on Western dominance.
E)
became dominated by the non-Western world through their monopoly of raw materials.
Ans: D
Page: 641
66.
How did industrialization change China's relationship with the West?
A) China's industrialization put it on an equal footing with the West.
B) Industrialization caused Chinese and Western workers to unite.
C) European steam-powered gunboats humiliated China's military.
D) European nations “shared the wealth” with China.
E)
Europe demanded massive Chinese immigration for factory work.
Ans: C
Page: 641
67.
Why did Britain discourage the efforts of Egypt to industrialize?
A) Britain didn't want Egypt to become powerful and interfere with Britain's empire.
B) To preserve Egypt's historical and cultural heritage
C) Egypt had become allied with Russia.
D) To prevent the spread of Islamic learning
E)
Because many British citizens were trying to immigrate to Egypt
Ans: A
Page: 640
68.
Britain's main strategy to eliminate competition in trade was to
A) flood the market with cheap goods and drive competitors out of business.
B) start a war, which Britain could win because of its superior navy.
C) suppress all unionist activity that might cause an interruption of productivity.
D) send all the Chartist reformers to Australia.
E)
send in saboteurs to destroy other countries' factories.
Ans: A
Page: 640-641
Use the following to answer questions 69-71:
Geography Questions
69.
Using Map 22.1, examine the locations of industrial development, population growth, railroads, and coal
deposits. Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in England. What gave England a “head start”?
Page: 623
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
203
204
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851
70.
Using Map 22.1, explain the process of urbanization in England and how this correlates with the growth of
industrialization. How did urbanization affect transportation development?
Page: 623
71.
Examine Map 22.2, and analyze the interconnection between railroads and the growth of trade. Why was
there comparatively little industrialization in southern France, Switzerland, Italy, or the Austrian Empire?
Page: 631
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.