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Exam 2 Study Guide
Chapter 7 — Axial Skeleton, Part 1, Skull (With remnants of Chapter 6)
Distinguish between flat, short and long bones and give an example of each.
Identify parts of long bones: epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal line/plate, medullary cavity
Identify these parts of bone: periosteum, endosteum, perforating fibers
Define the following types of bone markings
Foramen
Canal
Sulcus
Trochanter
Head
Spine
Border
Body
Fissure
Sinus
Condyle
Tuberosity
Neck
Ramus
Notch
Facet
Meatus
Fossa
Epicondyle
Tubercle
Process
Angle
Crest
Suture
Identify the following bones and markings on a complete skull or individually or in a photo or diagram
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Coronal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
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Frontal bone
o Orbital part
o Glabella
o Superciliary arch
o Supraorbital margin
o Zygomatic process
o Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Temporal bones
o External and internal acoustic
meatus
o Zygomatic process
o Articular tubercle
o Mandibular fossa
o Mastoid process
o Styloid process
o Carotid canal
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Parietal bones
o Superior temporal line
o Inferior temporal line
Occipital bone
o Hypoglossal canal
o Occipital condyle
o Condylar canal
o External occipital crest
o Superior and inferior nuchal
line
o External occipital protuberance
o Foramen magnum
o Jugular notch
Sphenoid bone
o Greater and lesser wings
o Sella turcica
o Foramen ovale
o Foramen rotundum
o Optic canal
o Superior orbital fissure
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Ethmoid bone
o Cribiform plate
o Crista galli
o Orbital plate
o Perpendicular plate
o Ethmoid sinuses
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Zygomatic bones
o Temporal process
o Frontal process
o Maxillary process
o Orbital surface
Maxilla bones
o Frontal process
o Zygomatic process
o Alveolar process
o Infraorbital foramen
o Orbital surface
o Anterior nasal spine
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Mandible
o Mandibular notch
o Condylar process
o Alveolar process
o Coronoid process
o Mandibular foramen
o Mental foramen
o Angle
Palatine bones
o Orbital process
o Perpendicular plate
o Horizontal plate
Vomer
o Ala
o Vertical plate
Hyoid bone
Zygomatic arch
Inferior orbital fissure
Jugular foramen
Anterior, middle and posterior cranial
fossae
Chapter 7 — Axial Skeleton, Part 2, Thoracic Cage
Identify the four spinal curvatures and explain when each forms.
Identify the sections of the spine—cervical, thoracic, and lumbar—and know how many vertebrae are in
each. Be able to distinguish vertebrae of each section and know which characters are unique to each
section.
Identify the vertebra prominens and other spinal processes on a person’s body.
Define kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
Identify the major characters of a typical vertebra and be able to find them on all types of vertebrae:
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Body
Vertebral foramen
Spinal cord location
Pedicel
Lamina
Vertebral arch
Superior and inferior articular facets
Spinous process
Transverse process
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Understand how vertebrae articulate together, and understand how ribs articulate with vertebrae.
Understand the makeup of vertebral discs
Identify the atlas and axis and know which number vertebrae both are. Also understand how the atlas
and axis articulate together and explain their functions.
Identify the following bones a markings:
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Atlas
o Anterior tubercle
o Anterior and posterior arches
o Transverse foramen
Axis
o Dens
o Transverse foramen
o Spinous process
Cervical vertebrae
o Bifid spinous process
o Transverse foramen
Thoracic vertebrae
o Costal facets and demifacets
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
o Base and apex
o Promontory
o Sacral foramina
o Transverse ridges
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o Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Sternum
o Manubrium
o Body
o Xiphoid process
o Suprasternal notch
o Clavicular notch
o Costal notch
True ribs
o Articular facets
o Head and neck
o Angle
o Costal groove
o Junction with costal cartilage
False ribs
Floating ribs
Costal cartilages
Understand how to distinguish a male and female coccyx
Chapter 8-Appendicular Skeleton
Understand and identify which bones make up the pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle, and which bones
articulate with the girdles.
Identify the bones in the upper and lower limbs.
Distinguish the false pelvis from the true pelvis
Distinguish between male and female pelvises
Identify the hallux and pollex
Identify and explain the function of the three arches of the foot.
Define bunions, pas nevus, pas cavus, and congenital clubfoot
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Identify the following bones and bone markings. Understand how all the bones articulate:
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Clavicle
o Sternal end
o Acromial end
Scapula
o Acromion
o Coracoid process
o Spine
o Glenoid cavity
o Subscapular fossa
o Lateral border
o Medial border
o Supraspinous fossa
o Infraspinous fossa
Humerus
o Head
o Neck
o Surgical neck
o Greater tubercle
o Lesser tubercle
o Capitulum
o Trochlea
o Lateral and medial epicondyles
o Radial fossa
o Coronoid fossa
o Deltoid tuberosity
o Intertubercular sulcus
o Olecranon fossa
Radius
o Head
o Neck
o Styloid process
o Ulnar notch
Ulna
o Olecranon
o Radial notch
o Styloid process
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Carpal bones
o Scaphoid
o Lunate
o Triquetral
o Pisiform
o Trapezium
o Trapezoid
o Capitate
o Hamate
Metacarpals (I-V)
Phalanges (I-V, proximal, middle, and
distal, as appropriate)
Femur
o Greater trochanter
o Head
o Neck
o Surgical neck
o Lesser trochanter
o Patellar surface
o Lateral and medial condyles
o Lateral and medial epicondyles
Os coxae (coxal bone)
o Ilium
o Ischium
o Pubis
o Iliac crest
o Anterior superior iliac spine
o Anterior inferior iliac spine
o Posterior superior iliac spine
o Posterior inferior iliac spine
o Acetabulum
o Obturator foramen
o Subpubic angle
o Symphysial surface
o Ischial tuberosity
o Greater sciatic notch
o Lesser sciatic notch
o Iliac fossa
o Auricular surface
Patella
o Articular surface
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Tibia
o
o
o
Fibula
o
o
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Tibial tuberosity
Lateral and medial condyles
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Head
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Tarsal bones
o Talus
o Calcaneus
o Navicular
o Medial cuneiform
o Intermediate cuneiform
o Lateral cuneiform
o Cuboid
Metatarsals (I-V)
Phalanges (I-V, proximal, middle, and
distal, as appropriate)
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Chapter 9 – Articulations
Understand the trade-off between mobility and stability in articulations. Give examples of the most
mobile and stable joints.
Explain joint classifications: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial; synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis.
Understand the structure and function of the following types of joints. For each joint understand its
classifications and give an example of that type of joint in the body.
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Gomphosis
Suture
Syndesmosis
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Synovial
Understand the function of these features of synovial joints, and be able to identify them in a model or
diagram:
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Fibrous layer
Synovial membrane
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Ligament
Bursa / tendon sheath
Understand the functions of ligaments and tendons and explain the differences between them.
Describe the movement of the following types of joints and give an example of each type of joint.
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Hinge joint
Plane joint
Saddle joint
Condylar joint
Pivot joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Describe and recognize the following types of angular motion:
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Flexion / Extension (and hyperextension)
Lateral flexion
Abduction / Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation / lateral rotation / medial rotation
Elevation / Depression
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Dorsiflexion / Plantar flexion
Inversion / Eversion
Protraction / Retraction
Opposition / Reposition
Pronation / Supination
For each of the following joints, understand the bones involved, name the articulating surfaces, and
describe the type of joint. Identify each joint on a model or diagram.
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Temporomandibular joint
Intervertebral articulations
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
Elbow joint
Radiocarpal joint
Hip joint
Knee joint
Ankle (talocrural) joint
Intertarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Identify the ligaments in the elbow, hip, knee, and ankle joints.
Explain the effects of aging and disease on the joints. Describe the following conditions: arthritis, gouty
arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
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