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UNIT 11
ANIMAL EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 32: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL EVOLUTION
WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
Structure, Nutrition, and Life History Define Animals
- Ingestion
- Cleavage
- Blastula
- Gastrulation
- Gastrula
- Larva
- Metamorphosis
- Hox Genes
The Animal Kingdom Probably Evolved from a Colonial, Flagellated Protist
TWO VIEWS OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Body “Plans”
- Grade
- The Parazoa-Eumetazoa Dichotomy
o Parazoans
o Eumetazoans
- The Radiata-Bilateria Dichotomy
o Radial Symmetry
o Radiata
o Bilateral Symmetry
o Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior, Posterior
o Cephalization
o Germ Layers
 Ectoderm
 Endoderm
 Archenteron
 Mesoderm
o Diploblastic
o Triploblastic
- The Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate Grades
o Acoelomates
o Body Cavity
o Pseudocoelomates/ Pseudocoelem
o Coelomates/ Coelom
- The Protostome-Deuterostome Dichotomy Among Coelomates
o Protostomia/ Protostomes
o Deuterostomia/ Deuterostomes
-
Cleavage
o Spiral Cleavage
o Determinate Cleavage
o Radial Cleavage
o Indeterminate Cleavage
- Coelom Formation
o Schizocoelous
o Enterocoelous
- Blastopore Fate
o Blastopore
o Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
Molecular Systematics and the Phylogenetic Tree of Animals (Fig 32.8)
- Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA)
- Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa
- Radiata vs. Bilateria
- Protostomia vs. Deuterostomia
- Lophotrochozoa vs. Ecdysozoa
ORIGINS OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY
- Ediacaran Period
- Cambrian Explosion
- Evo-Devo
CHAPTER 33: INVERTEBRATES
PARAZOA
RADIATA
-
-
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
Spongocoel
Osculum
Choanocytes
Mesohyl
Amoebocytes
Hermaphrodites
Phylum Cnidaria (Hydras, Jellies, Sea Anemones, Corals)
o Gastrovascular Cavity
o Polyps
o Medusa
o Cnidocytes
o Nematocysts
o Life Cycle of Hydrozoa
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
o Colloblasts
PROTOSTOMIA: LOPHOTROCHOZOA
- Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
o Characteristics
o Planarians
o Trematodes (Flukes)
o Tapeworms
- Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers)
o Characteristics
o Complete Digestive Tract
o Parthenogenesis
- Phylum Nemertea (Proboscis Worms)
o Proboscis
o Closed Circulatory System
- Phylum Molusca (Mollusks)
o Foot
o Visceral Mass
o Mantle/ Mantle Cavity
o Radula
o Trochophore
o Body Plan (Fig 33.16)
o Class Gatropoda
 Torsion
o Class Bivalvia
o Class Cephalopoda
- Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)
o Characteristics
o Metanephridia
o Anatomy (Fig 33.23)
o Class Oligochaeta (Earthworms)
o Class Hirudinea (Leeches)
- Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
o Characteristics
- Phylum Arthropoda
o Characteristcs
 Segmentation
 Cuticle/ Exoskeleton
 Molting (Ecdysis)
 Jointed Appendages
 Open Circulatory System
o Trilobites
o Chelicerates
 Class Arachnida (Scorpions, Spiders, Ticks, Mites)
 Characteristics
 Book Lungs
 Anatomy (Fig 33.30)
o Uniramians
 Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)
 Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)

o
Class Insecta
 Entomology
 Mandibles
 Antennae
 Compound Eyes
 Malpighian Tubules
 Tracheal System
 Metamorphosis (Complete vs. Incomplete)
Crustaceans
 Characteristics
 Isopods
 Copepods
 Decapods (Lobster, Crayfish, Crab, Shrimp)
DEUTEROSTOMIA
- Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)
o Characteristics
o Water Vascular System
o Tube Feet
o Class Asteroidea (Sea Stars)
o Class Echinoidea (Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars)
- Phylum Chordata (2 Invertebrate phyla and all Vertebrates)
CHAPTER 34: VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES AND THE ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES
- Deuterostomes
o Echinoderms
o Chordates
- Four Anatomical Features
o Notochord
o Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
o Pharyngeal Pouches
o Muscular, Postanal Tail
- Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates)
- Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
o Somites
o Paedogenesis
INTRODUCTION TO THE VERTEBRATES
- Subphylum Vertebrata
o Neural Crest
o Pronounced Cephalization
o Vertebral Column
o Closed Circulatory System
-
Overview of Diversity
o Hagfishes
o Lampreys
o Gnathostomes (“Jawed Mouth”)
 Cartilaginous Fish (Sharks and Rays)
 Bony Fish (Ray-Fins, Lob-Fins, and Lungfishes)
o Tetrapods (“Four Footed)
o Amniotes (Amniotic Egg)
JAWLESS VERTEBRATES
- Agnathans (“Without Jaws”)
- Class Myxini (Hagfish)
- Class Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys)
- Ostracoderms
- Conodonts
FISHES AND AMPHIBIANS
- Characteristics
- Evolution of the Vertebrate Jaw
- Class Chondrichthyes (Sharks and Rays)
o Cartilaginous
o Spiral Valve
o Lateral Line System
o Oviparous/ Ovoviviparous / Viviparous
o Cloaca
- Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
o Characteristics
o Operculum
o Swim Bladder
o Class Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes)
 Anatomy (Fig 34.13)
o Class Actinistia (Lobe-Finned Fishes)
o Class Dipnoi (Lungfishes)
- Tetrapods
o Evolution
o Class Amphibia (Salamanders and Frogs)
 Characteristics
 “Dual Life”
AMNIOTES
- Evolution of the Amniotic Egg
- Extra-embryonic Membranes (Fig 34.19)
- Class Reptilia
o Characteristics
o Ectotherms
o Dinosaurs
o Endothermic
o Testudines (Turtles)
-
-
o Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)
o Crocodiia (Alligators and Crocodiles)
Class Avies
o Characteristics
o Flight
o Evolution: Theropods/ Archaeopteryx
o Ratites (Flightless Birds)
o Sternal Keel
o Passeriformes (Perching Birds)
Class Mammalia
o Characteristics
o Placenta
o Evolution
 Therapsids
o Monotremes (Platypuses and Echidnas/ Spiny Anteaters)
 Egg Laying
o Marsupials (Opossums, Kangaroos, Bandicoots, and Koalas)
 Marsupium “Pouch”
o Eutherians (All Others)
 Placenta
 Characteristics
PRIMATES
- Characteristics
o Opposable Thumb
- Prosimians (“Premonkeys”, Lemurs, Tarsiers, Lorises)
- Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, Humans)
o Monkeys
 Old World (Africa and Asia)
 New World (South America)
o Apes
 Genus Hylobates (Gibbons)
 Genus Pongo (Orangutans)
 Genus Gorilla (Gorillas)
 Genus Pan (Chimpanzees and Bonobos)
- Paleoanthropology
o Hominoid (Great Apes and Humans)
o Hominid (Human-like)
- Evolution of Homo sapiens
o Environmental Change
o Brain Size
o Jaw Shape
o Bipedal Posture
o Reduced Size Difference Between Sexes
o Family Structure
o Australopithecines
o
o
o
o
Homo
 Homo habilis
 Homo erectus
 Homo neanderthalensis
 Homo sapiens
Multiregional Hypothesis
Replacement Hypothesis (“Out of Africa”)
mtDNA