Download Germany (1871) 1919-1939

Germany (1871) 1919-1939
Weimar Republic 1919-1939, Kaiser flees to Holland. The Allies force Germany to
become a democracy against their will. Germans liked having one strong leader, like the
Kaiser, and this may have helped lead to Hitler’s rise.
Kaiser and flag of Holland
Flags of the Weimar Republic
Created a republic under a president, chancellor, and the Reichstag (legislature)
Signed the unpopular Treaty of Versailles which made the Weimar government even less
popular, Allies should have forced Kaiser to sign it instead
German Reichstag, 1926
Spartacists in revolt
Frei Korps Soldier
Spartacist Revolt Berlin, attempted communist takeover Jan. 1919
Communists revolt and declare Soviet Republic of Bavaria April 1919, defeated in May
by the Frei Korps (Free Corps) Anti-communist ex-soldiers, socialist ringleaders were
killed while “trying to escape”
Frei Korps takes over Berlin briefly in March 1920 (Kapp Putsch)
Frei Korps disbanded 1921
Nazi party badge featuring the swastika
Nazi (National Socialist German Worker’s Party) (NSDAP) formed 1920
Adopted swastika as symbol of the party (reversed its direction to work black magic)
A copy of the Volkischer Beobachter
Purchased Volkischer Beobachter (People’s Observer) as official party paper in 1920
Led by Adolph Hitler from 1921, sent to spy on them then asked to join (he became
member #55)
Brown shirt uniform
1920 SA, Sturm Abteilung, Storm Troopers, Brownshirts, fought communists in the
streets
Ernst Roehm
Horst Wessel
SA led by Ernst Roehm
The Horst Wessel song, or Die Fahne hoch (Raise High the Flag) was named for its
author Horst Wessel, an SA man who was supposedly killed by communists. It became
Nazi Germany’s co-National Anthem.
The Horst Wessel Lied
Horst Wessel (b. September 9, 1907, Bielefeld, Germany -- d. February 23, 1930, Berlin,
Germany) joined the Nazi party in 1926. He was killed by political enemies in a fight in
his rooms in Berlin. Glorified as a martyr to the Nazi cause, his song became the official
Nazi anthem.
Flag high, ranks closed
The S.A. marches with silent solid steps.
Comrades shot by the red front and reaction
march in spirit with us in our ranks.
The street free for the brown battalions,
The Street free for the Storm Troopers.
Millions, full of hope, look up at the swastika;
the day breaks for freedom and for bread.
For the last time the call will now be blown;
for the struggle now we all stand ready.
Soon will fly Hitler-flags over every street;
Slavery will last only a short time longer.
Flag high, ranks closed
The S.A. marches with silent solid steps.
Comrades shot by the red front and reaction
march in spirit with us in our ranks.
Hitler
Austria’s flag
Adolf Hitler is Austrian born frustrated art student – he was denied entry into an art
school in Vienna, enlisted in German Army, served all war, wounded in leg 1916, gassed
1918, awarded Iron Cross by Jewish 1st Lt. for bravery, but never promoted
Hitler develops loud oratory style from addressing noisy beer halls
Iron Cross
Post WWI Germany – Seeds of Discontent
Der Dolchstoss (Stab in the Back)
“Stab in the Back Theory”—belief that Germany was winning the war but the army
betrayed by traitorous non-Germans (i. e. Jews) at home
A wheelbarrow of inflated currency
War reparations (money paid for damages from WWI) totaling 132 billion gold marks
were forced on Germany by The Treaty of Versailles
1923 France and Belgium invade the Ruhr when coal reparations not sent
Germany prints more money to pay reparations, causes inflation of 300 million %
4 marks = $1 in 1919, 4.2 trillion marks = $1 in early 1923
people hoarded intrinsically valuable coins
ran out of paper so printed more 0’s on old bills, did the same with postage stamps
egg = 1 million marks, cold beer = 3 million marks, newspaper = 100 billion marks,
money cheaper to burn than firewood
people went shopping with wheelbarrows, paid several times a day to buy merchandise
which would hold its value during the work day
Nazis blamed inflation on Jewish sabotage
US loans improve economy from 1924-1929 (Depression)
Beer Hall Putsch November 8-9, 1923
Hitler and Nazis try to overthrow Bavarian government, then want to take Germany
Hitler joined by respectable Erich von Ludendorff
Plot fails and Hitler jailed, sentenced to 5 years, only served 9 months
16 Martyrs
Some of Hitler's storm troopers mingle
outside the beer hall. November 9, 1923
Adolph Hitler at the time of the putsch
Hofbrauhaus the famous beer hall; where
Hitler makes his first public speech and became leader of the NAZI Party
Erich Von Ludendorff soldiers in truck to help Hitler during Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler in the crowd (Left) celebrating the outbreak of war in the Odeonsplatz, in front of
the Feldherrenhalle war memorial. It was in this same square that the Beer Hall Putsch
ended in a bloody melee in November 1923. (Right) Hitler was standing roughly on the
circular decoration in the square, in front of the stone lion which forms part of the front
of the Feldherrenhalle.
Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch
trial. Ludendorff is fifth from the left, with Hitler to the right. Ernst Röhm is to the right
and in front of Hitler. Note that only two of the defendants, Hitler and Frick, were
dressed in civilian clothing.
Hitler, in an SA uniform, holding the Blutfahne
The Blutfahne (Blood flag) SA flag stained with blood of martyrs used to consecrate
subsequent flags, one guy died on top of the flag and bled all over it when shot by
Munich police
Nov. 9, 1935: the 16 NSDAP members killed
during the Beer Hall Putsch brought from their graves and buried at the Ehrentempel
Nazi party outlawed
Fellow prisoners tired of Hitler’s speeches so they convince him to write his memoirs
Hitler in prison following the Beer Hall Putsch, his cell and postcard
Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf (My Struggle) July 18, 1925 Hitler’s book
Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest for humans
Lebensraum (living space) Hitler wants to expand to east and conquer inferior peoples
like US did in West
(Concentration camps based on Indian Reservations)
Aryans, master race (blond, blue) children taught these characteristics in school, had
been corrupted by interbreeding, Hitler wanted to take control of evolution and create
master race
(Believed there was an underground race of supermen “The Old Ones” who periodically
surfaced to interbreed with humans, he wanted his race to be chosen.)
Blamed Jews for loss of WWI, reparations, inflation, depression, communism
The Big Lie is more believable than a little lie because no one will believe you would try
it, Hitler claimed the Jews were using the Big Lie, not him
Later required in every household and to get a marriage certificate
Wrote an untitled sequel in 1928 which was never published which dealt with the
inevitable war with America, predicted final war between Greater Germany and Britain v.
the US in 1980
Believed that War should be soon because America was attracting the best, bravest
Germans as immigrants,
Americans praised for eugenics and racial segregation, but felt we were ruled by Jews
which made us dangerous
Hitler released from prison 1925, convinced Bavaria to legalize Nazis by saying he would
try to get elected instead of overthrowing the government
Bavaria’s flag
Hitler after his release from Landsberg
SS ring
SS logo
Heinrich Himmler
1925 Hitler creates SS, Schutzstaffel, (Protective Squad) personal bodyguard, led by
former chicken farmer Heinrich Himmler (ideolized Teutonic rural life), into the occult,
runes
Based on Teutonic Knights, which used to protect Germany from enemies to the east
Teutonic Knights Arms
Members must prove no Jewish ancestors back to 1750, too difficult so exceptions made
for WWI veterans
Later ran concentration camps
Later divided into 3 branches: Allgemeine SS, general administrative, Waffen SS (armed
SS, fought as part of armed forces, elite), Totenkopfverbande (Death’s Head
Organization) Started as concentration camp guards, later made military, replaced by
Allgemeine SS
Allgemeine SS
Waffen SS
Totenkopfverbande logo
Joseph Goebbels
1928 Joseph Goebbels is Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 5’, 100 lbs,
club foot or other deformity of his right foot
propaganda everywhere, weather reports call good weather “Hitler Weather”
Wife Magda’s stepfather was Jewish, presumably died in concentration camp
Nazi torchlight rallies
Hitler offers the Nazi salute
Hitler copies many poses and gestures from famous German hypnotist from 1920s
Sieg Heil “Hail Victory”, “Heil Hitler” becomes standard greeting
"They Salute with Both Hands Now", by David Low, 1934
Archeological evidence sought of Aryans, evidence planted by Ahnenerbe (Ancestor
Inheritance)
Ahnenerbe also looted 140,000 books on witchcraft from all over Europe
Ahnenerbe-SS
Nazis collected religious artifacts including the Spear of Destiny, reputedly the spear
Longinus used to pierce Jesus’ side, in Museum in Austria, supposedly made owner
invincible
Spear of Destiny
Hitler used astrology to guide his important decisions
The obese Herman Goering
Luftwaffe decal on a helmet
Herman Goering,
WWI flying ace, 22 kills, earned Pour le Merite (Blue Max), in charge of the Luftwaffe
(German Air Force)
The Blue Max
Wounded in Beer Hall Putsch, becomes addicted to morphine
von Hindenburg and Hitler
Rise of the Nazi Party
1929 Stock Market crash ends US loans, German economy tanks, Nazis promise to end
Depression woes
By 1930 Nazis were second largest party in the Reichstag (2nd to Social Democrats)
25 February 1932 Hitler becomes a German citizen
Feb 1932 Hitler lost presidency to WWI hero Paul von Hindenburg, Depression toppled
his government
January 30, 1933 German politicians made Hitler chancellor thinking they could control
him, had power to dismiss him until Hindenburg died
Hindenburg swearing Hitler into Chancellor's office
Ceremony celebrating Hitler as the new Chancellor of Germany in 1933 (Photo credits:
USHMM Photo Archives and he History Place) Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring greet
the participants in the parade as they pass beneath the window of Hitler's new office.
Below -- A view of the parade passing
Adolph Hitler is seen standing in a second-story window and speaking to a large crowd
after being appointed Chancellor of Germany.
New York Times the day after Hitler becomes Chancellor
Reichstag Fire
Reichstag Fire February 27, 1933
Possibly set by Nazis, blamed on Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe, who was
beheaded by guillotine
Nazis claimed it was part of communist takeover plot, used as excuse to end civil
liberties, 4000 communists arrested, communists expelled from Reichstag, freedoms of
speech, press and assembly ended, government can open mail and search homes
After of Reichstag Fire - Plenary Hall
Marinus van der Lubbe
Gates of Dachau, the words read “Work will make you free”
Dachau becomes first concentration camp March 20, 1933
Started as political enemies, later Jews, gypsies, habitual criminals, prostitutes,
Freemasons (Hitler said this secret fraternal organization served the Jews, said all men
are equal, Nazis blamed them for helping lose WWI), Jehovah’s Witnesses (refused Nazi
salute, would not vote or serve in army), homosexuals
”Jew”
Each got cloth insignia, Jews-yellow star of David marked “Jude”, male homosexuals
and pedophiles- pink triangle, Jehovah’s Witnesses-purple triangle, political prisoners
(anarchists, freemasons) -red triangle, asocial (alcoholic, mentally retarded, prostitute,
chronically lazy)-black triangle, Gypsie –first black, then brown, repeat offending
criminals-green, race defiler – yellow over a black triangle
Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Gestapo and the flag of the Gestapo
26 April 1933 Goering creates Gestapo, secret police under Reinhard Heydrich, later
joined to SS, not responsible to law or courts
People’s Court tries political criminals, only appeal of verdict was to Hitler
April 1, 1933 Boycott of Jewish goods
Enabling Act May 2, 1933 Hitler voted unlimited power to deal with threat, dictatorship
German Labor Front badge and poster
May 2, 1933 labor unions replaced by Nazi equivalent, German Labor Front, wages set
Vacations given cheaply to workers, Kraft durch freude “Strength through Joy” program,
mandatory payroll deductions
Public works programs end unemployment, 6 million in 1933, Zero in 1939
18 year-old males required to serve for 6 months, marches to work, lived in barracks,
physical labor prepares them for military service
Autobahn, military route of invasion, built without machinery, needed more labor
Rearmament declared March 16, 1935, 2 years compulsory service for all young men,
full employment by 1937. Confiscation of Jewish property makes economy seem
healthier
This poster links the German Labor Front (the DAF) to
World War I soldiers. Just as soldiers were comrades regardless of their standing in civil
life so too all German workers are comrades in the DAF, regardless of whether they were
white or blue collar.
Volkswagen
Ferdinand Porsche
Volkswagen, Ferdinand Porsche, People’s car, prepaid, money used to rearm, cars not
produced until 1946
Ferdinand Porsche aided in the construction of this early VW Beetle prototype.
Factories produced military vehicles instead
The Volksempfaenger, or People’s Radio
Hitler orders manufacturing of People’s Radio to insure access to propaganda
The text translates: "All Germany hears the Führer on
the People's Receiver." The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listenership, developed an
inexpensive radio receiver to make it possible for as many as possible to hear Nazi
propaganda.
Television was operational in Nazi Germany since before the 1936 Berlin Olympics
Joseph Goebbels, German propaganda minister, speaks on the night of book burning.
May 10, 1933 University book burning, Jews -- Einstein, Freud, Marx, Bible; Disabled -Helen Keller; Socialists -- Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, H. G. Wells
Only Germans were to be allowed to publish in German, Jews only in Hebrew
Erich Maria Remarque’s sister, Elfriede, was beheaded with an axe for being his sister
1943. He was the author of All Quiet on the Western Front
Nazis released rats into theaters when movie based on his book showed in Germany in
1930
Erich Maria Remarque
Elfriede
Nazi students and SA unloading
"un-German" books as fuel for a book burning on May 10, 1933 in Berlin, Germany. The
SA (Sturmabteilung or "Stormtroopers") was the Nazi paramilitary organization under
Ernst Röhm. The banner on the back of the truck states, "German students march against
the un-German spirit."
Held in Berlin on May 10, 1933, 1000’s of titles were burned on a large pyre. These
volumes were collected, stacked and lit a fire by the Nationalist German Students
Organization.
Site of Nazi Book Burning; May 10, 1933 - Bebelplatz
The book burning memorial, in the
center of Bebelplatz (a 'platz' in Berlin is like a Square in NYC). It's in front of Humboldt
University, the distinguished school that produced Einstein, whose thousands of books
were burned by the Nazis. The memorial is simply an empty bookshelf, underground, with
an inscription that warns, approximately, "What starts with burning books always ends
with burning people."
Sculpture of books by German writers in the platz today
June 1933 suppressed monarchists
June-July 1933 outlawed all political parties except Nazis, only remaining opposition to
Hitler is within his own party, freedom of the press ended, labor unions illegal
October 1933 Germany withdraws from League of Nations
Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath Justifies Germany’s Withdrawal from the
League of Nations in Front of the International Press (October 16, 1933)
1933-37 Sterilization of 200,000 young people with genetic diseases, mixed AfricanGermans
"This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community 60,000 Reichsmark
during his lifetime. Fellow German, that is your money, too."
Euthanasia (mercy killing) of 90,000 mentally and chronically ill “useless eaters”
30 centers built across Germany, gas chambers disguised as showers for first time, lethal
injection, technology later used in concentration camps
Bodies of victims cremated and sent home, claimed deaths were due to natural causes
Catholic bishop gave a speech against the program in August 1941, Nazis beheaded three
priests who distributed the sermon but stopped program three weeks later
June 30, 1934 Night of the Long Knives, purge of SA (represents lower classes),
resented Hitler’s contacts with military and business
SA reaches 3 million members, Roehm has been saying he will replace the army,
revolution must continue, made the wealthy classes and the army nervous
Roehm found in bed with his chauffer by the SS, SA leaders purged to make way for
more middle class support for the Nazis
Hitler no longer needed the SA after he was in power
"Will the audience kindly keep their seats.”
August 2, 1934 Hindenburg dies, Chancellor and President combined into “Der
Fuehrer” the leader
Reich President Paul von Hindenburg lying in state on Schloß Neudeck
State Funeral of Paul von
Hindenburg Tannenberg War Memorial; August 7, 1933.
Third Reich proclaimed, Holy Roman 1st, 1870-1918 2nd
Hitler wants to create a German nation, supposed to last 1000 years
Nazi Education
picture of Hitler in every classroom, non-Nazis removed from teaching positions
Education focuses on physical fitness, boxing required for boys
rewrote history, Jews and communists blamed for loss of WWI, Jews blamed for
inflation, Hitler credited with rebuilding Germany
biology taught racism
geography taught about land taken from Germany in 1919, need for lebensraum
science taught shooting, aviation, bridge building
math story problems often used Nazi propaganda about bombing Jews in Warsaw or how
much it cost to care for the mentally ill
3 special schools built for ardent Nazi children (Ordensburg) where boys participated in
war games with live ammunition
(Ordensburg were originally castles build by crusading German knights)
Type of Ordensburg castle
Girls and boys segregated
University degrees offered in racial science
Religious schools banned 1936, religious courses became optional 1937
1937 Teachers required to defend Nazi doctrine
Children’s literature Der Giftpilz, 1938 (the Poison Mushroom) The Poodle-PugDachshund-Pinscher, anti-mixing of races, Don’t Trust a Fox in a Green Meadow or the
Word of a Jew
Hitler Youth poster
BDM girl and poster
Youth Programs, taught youth to value Nazism, other youth programs cancelled, bred
strength
Boys taught to be soldiers, Little Fellows ages 6-10, Jungvolk 10-14, Hitler Youth (HJ)
14-18, led by Baldur von Schirach, girlish man, did not meet Nazi ideal
Girls taught to have Aryan babies Young Girls 10-14 League of German Girls (BDM)
14-18, Belief and Beauty (17-21) – groomed women for marriage
Lots of activities scheduled to interfere with homework, prevent careers for women
Required one year of farm work – camping, sports, arts, singing, crafts, theater, fashion
design, community service
Girls not to wear make-up, large hips, braided hair or bun, no expensive clothes, no
smoking
All girls of the League of German Girls wore the Hitler Youth insignia - a
lozenge shaped insignia in red and white with a black swastika in the center - on their
uniforms.
Mother’s Cross
Motherhood should be the goal of all women according to the Third Reich
Mutterkreuz (Mother’s Cross) Bronze 5 kids, Silver 7+, Gold 9+, awarded on Hitler’s
Mother’s birthday in August and on Mothering Sunday in May
Married couples get interest free loans, ¼ paid off for each kid, payments triple if woman
takes a job
A Lebensborn home
(Lebensborn), 1935, later spread to occupied territories, homes available to mothers of
racially fit children, run by SS
Abortion illegal among Aryans
Infertile wives can be divorced, women with infertile husbands can have other’s children
Hanna Reitsch, note the pilot’s wings
Hanna Reitsch, fanatical Nazi test pilot, an exception to the rule
Hitler during the session of the Reichstag, when the “Nuremberg Laws” were adopted
Nuremberg Laws – anti-Semitic laws
first issued September 15, 1935 and amended from time to time
“Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor”
Jews excluded from public office, citizenship revoked, cannot attend German schools, no
marriage or procreation with Aryans, Jews had to register with the state, If names are not
on list of approved Jewish names -- Jewish men must add “Israel” to names; Woman add
“Sara”, Jews had to sell their businesses, Jews had to wear Yellow stars of David marked
“Jude”(German for Jew)
Jews cannot have phones, ride public transportation, employ German servants, wear
medals or other decorations, or fly the German flag (but can fly the Jewish flag)
Jews banned from public schools, theaters, cinemas, resorts and other public places (seats
reserved for Jews painted yellow)
The next steps were to send Jews to live in ghettos, then to the concentration camps
Der Völkische Beobachter heralds the Nuremberg Laws, September 1935
"I am the greatest pig in town - I
have affairs with Jews only." This scene, organized for the press in Hamburg in 1935,
appeared in all German newspapers. The man's sign says: "I only take German girls to
my room." The Nuremberg laws of 1935 criminalized sexual relations between Jews and
"Aryans."
Berlin Memorial Laws:

Jewish judges placed on permanent "leave". 3/13/33

Jewish lawyers/notaries can no longer practice in Berlin. 3/18/33

Jewish doctors not to be reimbursed for treating patients. 3/31/33

Jewish teachers to be discharged. 4/1/33

Jewish civil servants discharged from their jobs. 4/7/33

Jews expelled from sports clubs. 4/25/33

A film is German only if made by citizens of German heritage. 6/28/33

Jews expelled from German Chess Union. 7/19/33

Jews expelled from choir clubs. 8/16/33

Jews not allowed to use the beach in Wannsee (Wannsee: lake in Berlin suburb).
8/22/33

All schools to teach racial science. 9/13/33

Jews cannot belong to German Automobile Club. 10/1/33

Jewish actors and actresses prohibited from performing. 3/5/34

Jewish art dealers must close shop. 1935

Jewish writers no longer allowed to write. March 1935

Jewish musicians prohibited from performing. 3/31/35

Hiking of Jewish youth groups consisting of more than twenty persons prohibited.
7/10/35

Marriages between citizens of German blood and Jews punished with prison.
Marriages contracted despite this are void. 9/15/35

Anti-Jewish signs removed in Berlin during Olympics. 1936

To prevent creating a bad impression on foreign visitors, signs with extreme antiJewish contents are to be removed. Signs with "Jews not wanted here" are
sufficient. 1/29/36

The conversion from Judaism to Christianity has no bearing on race--based on
birth one was still considered a Jew. 4/10/36

Journalists to prove Aryan ancestry going back to 1800. 4/15/36

Jews were not allowed to graduate. 4/15/37

Postal clerks married to Jewish women must leave job. 6/18/37

Aryan and non-Aryan children can't play together. 1938

Jews can no longer be members of German Red Cross. 1/1/38

Night of Shattered Glass" (Kristallnacht). Thousands of Jews in concentration
camps. 1938

Only racial comrades may engage in gardening. 3/22/38

Jews to declare all assets. 4/26/38

Jewish doctors can no longer practice. 7/25/38

Streets with Jewish names to be renamed. 7/27/38

Jews to add middle name of "Sarah" or "Israel". 8/17/38

Passports of Jews to be stamped with a "J". 10/5/38

Jews cannot be self employed in any trade. 11/12/38

Jews not allowed to be tradesmen. 11/12/38

Jews not allowed to go to movies, operas and concerts. 11/12/38

Jewish employees may be discharged without notice or benefits. 11/12/38

Jewish children no longer allowed to attend public schools. 11/15/38

Jews not allowed to use swimming pools. 12/3/38

Jews to hand in drivers licenses. 12/3/38

Jewish women cannot become midwives. 12/21/38

Certain parts of Berlin off-limits to Jews. 12/31/38

Jewish publishers and Jewish book dealers to close by end of 1938.

In Bavarian Square Jews only allowed to sit on benches marked with yellow
color. 1939

Jews not allowed to take jewelry or other valuables when emigrating. 1/16/39

Dentists, dental technicians, pharmacists, nurses can no longer practice their
professions. 1/17/39

Jewish veterinarians prohibited from practicing. 1/17/39

Jews to turn in gold, silver, platinum, pearls. 2/21/39

Jewish organizations responsible for cleaning debris of synagogues. They are not
to be rebuilt. 3/24/39

Jews can be thrown out of their homes without notice and without compensation
and placed in appointed "Jew homes". 4/30/39

Jew's last will and testaments are no longer valid. 7/27/39

Jews not allowed to leave their home after 8:00 pm; 9:00 pm in summer. 9/1/39

Jews to turn in radios. 9/23/39

Jews not eligible for clothing rations. January 1940

Jews allowed to shop for food between 4 pm and 5 pm only. 7/4/40

Jews no longer allowed to request telephone hookup. 7/29/40

All Jews to perform forced labor. 3/4/41

Jews not to obtain soap or shaving cream with ration cards. 6/26/41

Jews not allowed to use public libraries. 8/2/41

Jews over six years of age to wear yellow star with word "Jew". 9/1/41

Jews may use public transport only to go to work. 9/13/41

Jews need police approval to leave the neighborhoods in which they reside.
9/18/41

Jews not allowed to use public transportation, if crowded. They are only permitted
to sit down when none of the other passengers are standing. 9/18/41

First mass deportation of Berlin Jews. 10/18/41

Jews no longer allowed emigrating. 10/23/41

Jews not allowed to use public telephone. 12/21/41

Compelled to turn in wool and furs. January 1942

Bakeries and candy stores off-limits to Jews. 2/14/42

Jews not allowed to purchase newspapers or magazines. 2/17/42

Jewish children to make use of public transportation only where school is more
than 5 km from home. 3/24/42

Jews allowed to use public transportation only when job is more than 7 km from
home. 3/24/42

Jewish home must display "Jewish Star". 3/26/42

Jews not allowed to have pets. 5/15/42

Jews not allowed to use ration cards to obtain cigarettes or cigars. 6/11/42

Jews have to turn in electrical appliances, bicycles, typewriters, and records.
6/12/42

Jews not allowed to go to school. 6/20/42

Jews not to obtain eggs with their ration cards. 6/22/42

Jews not allowed to make use of ticket dispensers for public transportation.
6/26/42

No milk. 7/10/42

First direct deportation to Auschwitz. 7/11/42

Jews cannot testify in court against Germans. 8/7/42

Supplying Jews with meat, meat products prohibited. 9/18/42

Jews not allowed to buy books. 10/9/42

Organized arrests of Jews in workplaces for deportation. 3/26/43

Official acts documenting anti-Jewish actions are to be destroyed. 2/16/45
1936 Berlin Olympics (Soviets do not attend)
Reich Sports Office applies Nazi policy to athletics, Jews excluded from professional and
amateur sports
Reich Sports Office organizes Berlin Olympics
Hindenburg zeppelin painted with swastikas on tail, and Olympic Rings
Architect’s impression of Germania; the dome is so large it would create its own weather
and could rain indoors.
Nazi Art
Reich Culture Chambers (7) Press, Fine Arts, Music, Theater, Film, Literature, Radio
Bauhaus architecture school closed 1933 (modernist, utilitarian), many artists fled to US
Albert Speer, Hitler’s architect, built on huge scale, wanted to replace Berlin with
‘Germania’, the capital of the world
Albert Speer
Exhibition of Degenerate Art opened 19 July 1937 (Bolshevik or Jewish Art)
Top – an example of National Socialist Realism
Bottom – an example from the Nazi Degenerate art show superimposing modern art and
photos of handicapped people
Modern art = Jewish plot to demoralize Gentiles
Art work displayed next to pictures of deformed and retarded persons
Last show before destruction or sale for Reich
Similar show held for Degenerate Music 1938
Works of Jewish composer Mendelssohn banned
Nationalsocialist realism is accepted art
Backlash against excesses in Berlin, homosexuality, drug use, jazz (Duke Ellington’s”
Chocolate Kiddies” musical), nude stage shows like Josephine Baker, Novembergruppe
(radicals who wanted to use art to cause revolution), Dadaism, anti-capitalist modern art
Literature controlled, All Quiet on the Western Front banned
1934 Fraktur chosen as official German typeface, Kurrent as cursive, banned 1941 as
being of Jewish origin
Leni Riefenstahl, Hitler’s film maker
Propaganda Films Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl
Triumph of the Will was commissioned by Hitler in 1934 and directed by Leni
Riefenstahl, and covers the events of the Sixth Nuremberg Party Congress. The original
intention was to document the early days of the NSDAP, so future generations could look
back and see how the Third Reich began. In reality, Triumph of the Will shows historians
how the Nazi state drew in the masses through propaganda and also how Adolf Hitler had
a unique and terrifying ability to entice crowds to his beliefs by the very power of his
words.
Scenes from the film
1934 Nuremburg Rally and scene from film
Poster for The Eternal Jew
Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), 1940 portrayed Jews as rats
Nazis set up a service to distribute films in rural areas where no theaters existed
1937 Nazi agents tried to pressure Marlene Dietrich to return to Germany, she refuses
1937 film: Angel
Der Grosse Konig, 1942 about Frederick the Great who defeated 3 world powers
(Austria, Russia, and France)
Kolberg, 1945, city sacrifices itself to avoid being taken by invaders
February 1938 Hitler purges military of those opposed to invasion of Czechoslovakia,
Werner von Blomberg unknowingly married to ex-prostitute and nude model, Werner
von Fritsch falsely accused of homosexuality, control is complete
Goering engineers coup hoping to take over
Austria is shown as Ostmark after the Anschluss
Anschluss March 14, 1938 Austria joined to Germany
1938 Hitler parades in Vienna
The Sudetenland is shown in white
Czech Partition October 1938
Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (which contained 3 million ethnic Germans)
Czechs allied to USSR and France, war seemed imminent
Chamberlain arrives back in England and claims “Peace in Our Time”
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, negotiates with Hitler in Munich
September
Chamberlain arrives for conference
Lunch with Hitler
Mussolini, Hitler and Goering at
the Munich Conference
Neurath, Premier Daladier, Prime
Minister Chamberlain, Ambassador François-Poncet and Weizsäcker at the Munich
Conference
Group Photo of the Participants in the Munich Conference (September 29, 1938) The
photograph shows (front, from left to right) the British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Italian
Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano.
Appeasement = give a bully what he wants so he will leave you alone
Chamberlain went home and declared “Peace in Our Time”
Czechs and their allies the Soviets were not consulted as British agreed to give Hitler the
Sudetenland
Hitler pledges he will be satisfied with this, pledges he will never ask for anything else
Hitler Signs the Munich Agreement (September 30, 1938) and then shakes on it
Hitler during a triumphal tour of the Sudetenland following the Munich agreement of
September 1938. The agreement ceded the largely German-speaking Sudeten region of
Czechoslovakia to Germany. Eger, Czechoslovakia, October 3, 1938.
Hitler enters the Sudetenland
September 1938 1st of 17 assassination attempts planned against Hitler, foiled when
Chamberlain handed over Czechoslovakia
Assassination plotters feared British and French would not stand for it and go to war with
Germany, but they were wrong
11 November 1938 Weapons law excludes Jews, Gypsies, and Nazi opponents from
owning guns, later extended the ban to knives and clubs. The Weimar government had
made all gun owners register their weapons with the government. The Nazis used the list
to disarm their opponents. Once their opponents were defenseless, the serious violence
against the Jews was under way.
The windows of a Jewish owned shop are destroyed during the Night of Broken Glass.
Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass November 10, 1938, Reinhard Heydrich organized
pogram (riot against Jews)
Vandalism of almost 1000 synagogues and Jewish businesses, Jews harassed, beaten and
91 killed
Broken glass from windows looks like crystal; Jews do not get money from insurance
German Jews required to pay $1 billion marks to repair the damages
Germans pass by the broken shop window
of a Jewish-owned business that was destroyed during Kristallnacht.
Storefronts of Jewish-owned
businesses damaged during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass")
During Kristallnacht, the Night
of Broken Glass, a synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany. November 10, 1938.
Stamp Commemorating Kristallnacht (1988)
A Jewish cemetery that was destroyed by the Nazis
1938 Hitler named Time Magazine Man of the Year
1938 Time Man of the Year, Adolf Hitler
Invasion of Czechoslovakia March 1939
Mountainous Sudetenland was only natural defense, people there are slavs, and Hitler
was looking for lebensraum (living space)
German occupation troops march through the streets of Prague. Czechoslovakia, March
15, 1939.
Non-Aggression Pact August 23, 1939
Germany and USSR agree not to go to war for ten years, decide to split Poland
Vyacheslav Molotov signs the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the
Soviet Union while Joachim von Ribbentrop and Joseph Stalin look on.
Molotov and Hitler
Stalin and Ribbentrop
German and Soviet soldiers during the official transfer of Brest to
Soviet control in front of picture of Stalin
Soviet and German generals waving at parade
during the official transfer of Brest to Soviet control, September 23, 1939
German and Soviet soldiers at the "Border of
Peace" established by the pact
In this file photo taken in Sept. 1939, Nazi Germany, foreground left, and Soviet Red
Army, foreground right, officers salute the Nazi swastika flag during their joint parade in
Brest-Litovsk celebrating a border demarcation in Poland following Hitler's invasion of
Poland.
Poland September 1, 1939 WWII begins
German soldiers break down the road
barrier. The march into Poland began.
German tanks cross into Poland
The German capture of Warsaw,
Poland, seen here with its buildings burning on the horizon
German forces in the outskirts of
Warsaw. In the background of the photograph, the city burns as a result of the German
military assault. Warsaw, Poland, September 1939.
Junkers Ju-87 (Stukas) vital to success of
Blitzkrieg
The Stuka dive bomber was the symbol of the
Blitzkrieg in Poland in 1939. This terrifying aircraft swept all before it in the first year of
the war
Messerschmitt fighter bombers
crucial to Blitzkrieg
German attack leaves Warsaw in ruins
Nazi soldiers round up Polish Jews
Nazis force Jews to dig their own graves
The victory parade in Warsaw
Hitler views the victory parade in Warsaw after the German invasion of Poland
Germany demands highway to connect Germany to East Prussia, Poland refuses
Germans blow up their own radio station, blame on Poles
Germany invades Poland from three directions, USSR follows
GB and France declare war September 3, 1939
For the first and only time the Gazette (London) published on a Sunday to bring the news
Religion, Holy Days, and the Occult
Positive Christianity was Nazis version of Christianity in 1920, thought traditional
Christianity was too passive
Nazis suspicious of Christianity, too Jewish
1939 Christian symbols banned, “Christ”, angels, shepherds banned in kids’ books,
replaced by “emissaries of nature”, “power of the sun”
New holy day was the winter and summer solstice; on June 21-22 (Spring and Fall
Equinoxes were to be added after destruction of Christianity)
30 January Day Hitler seized power, celebrated as beginning of the Third Reich
20 April Hitler’s birthday
1 May, May Day or Beltane, a fertility festival
Second Sunday in May, Muttertag (Mother’s Day)
9 November Blutzeuge (Blood Witness of Nazi Movement, anniversary of Beer Hall
Putsch) – martyrs, like a Nazi Good Friday where the savior is rejected, then raised to
power
Hitler’s Half Birthday, 6 months from his birthday
Christmas replaced by “Festival of Lights”
Some Nazis believed in the hollow earth theory, which the interior of the earth was
heated by a sun and we were on the inside
Astrologist Karl Krafft twists Nostradamus’ predictions to describe a Nazi victory,
became popular when he apparently predicted the November 1939 assassination attempt
on Hitler, later died in a concentration camp after he predicted Goebbels’ propaganda
offices in Berlin would soon be bombed (they were),
Weird Hitler facts
Hitler had only one testicle – apparently lost one at the battle of the Somme
Hitler had an enormous collection of pornography
Hitler idolized Henry Ford, also an anti-Semite (Ford wrote book The International Jew:
The World’s Foremost Problem), and gave him Germany’s highest award for foreigners,
Grand Cross of the Supreme Order of the German Eagle, they had photos of each other
on their desks
Hitler’s Girlfriends
Winifred Wagner, widow of Richard Wagner’s son, English father
Adolf Hitler with Winifred Wagner
Winfred 1933
Winfred passed away in 1980
Winfred 1977
1926 Maria “Mitzi” Reiter, 16, (he was 37) attempted to hang herself when Hitler began
seeing Geli, she was discovered after losing consciousness
Hitler and Maria Reiter
Adolf Hitler with his niece Geli Raubal; Hitler drew pictures of her nude.
Geli Raubal
Hitler apparently had a sexual relationship with his 17-year-old half niece Geli Raubal
who apparently shot herself through the heart in his apartment in September 1931, Hitler
gave up eating meat after her death, and claimed meat reminded him of Geli’s corpse
Hitler apparently enjoyed having Geli defecate and urinate on his face
Hitler lived here together with his niece Geli Raubal. She commited suïcide in this
apartment. The appartment of Hitler is on the second floor.
Unity Mitford
Unity Mitford, English art student, shot herself in the head when Britain declared war on
Germany. She survived.
Adolf Hitler and Unity
The Mitford Sisters, Unity and Diana: "So Very Nice, and So Very Nazi" Unity Mitford
(left) and Lady Diana Mosley (nee Mitford, right), with SS troops at the September 1937
Nuremberg Nazi Party rally Adolf Hitler called the tall beautiful enthusiastic fascist
blond Diana "the perfect Aryan woman".
Eva Braun
Eva Braun, began dating her at age 19
Unsuccessfully attempted suicide twice (shot herself in the neck 1932, took sleeping pills
1935) before succeeding with Hitler in Bunker in 1945
Less than a minute after this picture was taken, Eva went off to read in her room
Braun and Hitler at the Eagle’s Nest
After dinner and discussion of Gestapo torture techniques, Actress Renate Mueller and
Hitler undresses and lay on the floor, he asked her to hit and kick him, verbally abuse
him, and hit him with his own dog whip
Committed suicide October 1937 either jumped from window or was pushed after being
accused of having a Jewish lover.