Download Microsoft Word - Unit 1 Study Guide

AP ART HISTORY Name: KRAFT Per.: Date:
UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDE: INTRO, CH. 1, 2, 3
Do NOT type your responses. Must be written in your handwriting. Add pages if necessary. This is to be
completed while reading at home. Bring it with you everyday to class. It will be checked periodically for
completion (often without announcement) and most answers are covered during class lectures.
INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECTS AND VOCABULARY OF ART HISTORY
1.
List 5 major questions that art historians ask when assessing a work of art:
2.
Look through the textbook and select an image other than one used in the Introduction that you think
represents each of the following:
Period style
Regional style
Personal style
3.
To what type of space do the terms plane and area refer?
Define the following terms as used by art historians, using the text and glossary:
4.
Formal analysis
5.
Form
6.
Composition
7.
Material
8.
Technique
9.
Line
10. Contour line
11. Hue
12. Value or Tonality
13. Intensity or Saturation
14. Primary colors (examples)
15. Secondary colors (examples)
16. Complementary colors (examples)
17. Texture
18. Space
19. Mass
20. Volume
21. Perspective
22. Foreshortening
23. Proportion
24. Hierarchy of scale
25. Canons
26. Define the following sculptural terms:
High relief
Low relief (bas relief)
27. Name 2 types of material that could be used in creating subtractive sculpture:
28. Name 2 types of material that could be used in creating additive sculpture:
29. Define the architectural terms:
Plan
Section
Elevation
30. What is the significance of context in the study of art history?
31. Why is the establishment of a correct chronological sequence important to art historians?
32. What is iconography and what are its functions in art-historical study?
33. How does patronage affect the content and form of a work of art?
34. What do the two portraits of Te Pehikupe (Intro-19) tell us about the ways that artists from different
cultures depict reality?
CH. 1: BIRTH OF ART
Define the following terms:
35. Bucrania
36. Dolman
37. Corbelled vault
38. Menhir
39. Cromlech or Henge
40. Megalith
41. Post and lintel
42. Twisted perspective
43. Incise
44. List two caves that contain Paleolithic paintings:
45. What were the functions of Paleolithic art (monumental paintings and sculpture)?
46. The figurine known as the Venus of Willendorf was probably used originally as:
47. What new type of subject matter became important in the Mesolithic rock-shelter paintings?
48. Why was Stonehenge thought to have erected? What evidence supports this belief?
49. Archeological findings indicate that civilization did not originate in the Nile River valley of Egypt, as was
earlier believed, but developed in grassy uplands in settlements like Jericho, located in
____________________________ and dating from the ___________ millennium B.C. and Catal Huyuk,
located in _______________ , which is modern day __________________.
50. Describe the unique structure erected in Jericho.
51. Describe the peculiarity of Catal Huyuk and the materials and system of building houses and shrines.
52. When was Stonehenge thought to have been erected? What do archeologists generally consider
Stonehenge’s original purpose to have been? What evidence supports this belief?
53. Discuss the materials and techniques used by Paleolithic artists to create images of animals. How
might the materials have influenced the representations?
54. What do you think the purpose of the early female figures like the Venus of Willendorf might have
been? Why do you think that Paleolithic artists depicted women more often than men?
55. In what way did the social and economic changes that took place in human development between the
Paleolithic and Neolithic periods affect the art produced in each period?
CH. 2: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART
Read the chapter and this:
In Sumer, the foundations of religious structure emerged. Major natural forces were personified—treated, that is,
as though they were human, but with enormously greater power, including the power of eternal life. Each such
personified force or god took his or her place in a divine political society, ruled over by Anu, god of the sky. Each
year the great gods met on New Year’s day to decide what would happen that year. The god lived in a house—the
temple—and inhabited a cult statue. He or she had to be fed, amused, praised, etc. The descendents of
Sumeria—the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Germans, and Slavs—continued to honor gods of sky, thunder, sun, moon,
and the rest whose powers and character had first been deified by the speculations of ancient Sumerian priests.
In Sumer, the wheel first rolled upon a grid work of city streets and cuneiform writing was first inscribed on clay.
The Sumerians were not merely master architects and super hydraulic engineers, they were also the inventors of
the military phalanx, a devastating and seemingly omnipotent weapon. From out of their imaginations came
deep-sea merchants, formalized schools, epic poetry (The Epic of Gilgamesh), the arch, the city, traffic jams,
pollution, and the world’s first great crisis in ecology. It was here, not Egypt, or Babylon, or Greece, or Rome,
that men first codified rational laws to govern human behavior. The invented democracy, crude but recognizable,
and the concept of empire, brutal and familiar.
Define or identify the following terms:
56. Apadana
57. Barrel vault
58. Cella
59. Conventionalization
60. City-state
61. Cuneiform
62. Intaglio
63. Lamassu
64. Register
65. Repousse
66. Stele
67. Votive offering
68. Ziggurat
69. When and where was domestic agriculture thought to have begun and what was its importance for
art history?
70. Mesopotamia means ___________ _____________ _________ ____________
71. Name the 2 rivers that designate the Mesopotamia area.
72. Sumer occupied what modern day country?
73. What are the characteristics of Sumerian religion?
74. List at least 3 stylistic conventions used by Sumerian artists.
75. List 7 great contributions of Sumerian culture.
76. What materials did the Sumerians sue to construct their temples?
77. How did the ziggurat function?
78. What were its structural characteristics? How was it oriented? What is mean by the “bent axis”
approach?
79. What is thought to be portrayed on the Standard of Ur?
80. How did the Akkadian political structure differ from the Mesopotamia?
81. What was a cylinder seal and how was it used?
82. The Head of an Akkadian Ruler combines both naturalism and formal abstract patterning. List 3
features that you are examples of each:
Naturalism:
Abstract Patterning:
a.
b.
c.
83. What features of the Stele of Naram-Sin indicate his super-human status?
84. Gudea Worshipping from Telloh, Iraq
Gudea was a ruler from the city of
______________.
There are about _______ (number)
of statues of Gudea that have survived.
These statues of Gudea were placed
in the _________ to render perpetual
services.
What type of stone was used to
carve Gudea? ______________ What is
the significance of this material?
Describe Gudea’s physical
appearance.
Why is the statue cylindrical or
conical?
85. What is the significance of the Stele of Hammurabi?
86. What subjects were commonly portrayed in Assyrian reliefs?
87. Name 3 cultures that influenced the style of the Palace at Persepolis and its reliefs.
88. Name the Greek who burned the Palace at Persepolis. Why did he destroy it?
89. Who was Ishtar/Inanna? Goddess of ____________ and ____________
90. Name 3 animals found on the Ishtar Gate and what they symbolize.
CH. 3: EGYPTIAN ART
Define the following terms:
91. Ashlar masonry
92. Atlantid
93. Ben-ben
94. Caryatid
95. Fresco secco
96. Hieroglyphics
97. Ka
98. Obelisk
99. Necropolis
100. Sphinx
Identify the following:
101.
Abu Simbel
102.
Akhenaton
103.
Amarna style
104.
Amen-Re
105.
Aton
106.
Champollion
107.
Hatshepsut
108.
Khafre (Chephren)
109.
Nefertiti
110.
Ramses II
111.
Tutankhamen
112.
126
.
Briefly describe the role played by the Nile in the development of Egyptian civilization.
What are the geographic differences between Upper and Lower Egypt?
List 2 features of the Seated Scribe (Kay?) or Ka-Aper that would have been inappropriate for
the statue of a pharaoh?
a.
b.
148
.
Describe the technique, subject matter and function of the Fowling scene from the tomb of
Nebaumun in Thebes, Egypt. How does the subject matter relate to Egyptian religion?
113. What was the significance of the Rosetta Stone? Who deduced it had hieroglyphics and
established the field of Egyptology?
114. The Palette of Narmer, which was created about 3000B.C.E., is extremely important in
Egyptian history and art for several reasons.
What does it document politically?
Describe the iconography of each side.
What did the object function as?
What does the object tell us about religion and the king?
Why is this object considered the earliest historical artwork preserved?
115. Explain the conventions for representation of the human body in painting in sculpture from the Old
Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom:
Ground line
Hierarchical representation
Head
Eye
Chest
Hips
Legs
Feet
Posture
Colors (male/female)
“Cubic” sculpture
horror vacui
Which of the above conventions do you notice on the Palette of Narmer?
116. Describe the function and structures of the mastaba. You may draw and label one, if you like.
117. Who was Imhotep and what was considered to have been his most important
accomplishment?
118.
Who was Re and what relationship was he supposed to have had to the Egyptian pharaohs?
119.
In what way do the pyramids of Gizeh differ from King Djoser’s pyramid at Saqqara?
120.
How were the Great Pyramids thought to have been build? From what materials?
121.
What is thought to be the function of the Great Sphinx?
122.
Describe the iconography of the statue of Khafre.
123.
What is the hawk a symbol for?
124.
How does the statue Khafre portray the king’s power and authority?
125. What stylistic features of the statue of Menkaure and Khamerernebty help to create a sense of
timelessness?
The Egyptian “canon of human
proportions.” What is meant by this
term?
101.
Abu Simbel
102.
Akhenaton
103.
Amarna style
104.
Amen-Re
105.
Aton
106.
Champollion
107.
Hatshepsut
127. List 2 subjects that were commonly depicted in Egyptians tombs and explain their purpose.
128. ________________________ tombs in the Middle Kingdom replaced pyramid tombs so
popular during the Old Kingdom. Why?
129. Senmut, chancellor, architect and engineer, built a vast mortuary temple for
___________________ at __________________.
130.
How does the portrayal of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut compare to other royal statues?
131. The figures on the façade of the mortuary temple of ___________________, originally build at Abu
Simbel are approximately ______________ feet tall.
132.
Describe the two types of capital used at Karnak and Luxor, as seen here:
133. What was the purpose of a pylon temple?
134. Identify the parts of this typical pylon temple.
1. 5.
2. 6. Colossal statues of the Pharaoh
3. 7. Obelisks
4. 8. Avenue of the sphinxes
Identify the following temple architectural terms:
135. Pylon
136. Court
137. Hypostyle hall
138. Sanctuary
139. Girdle wall
140. Capital
141. Post and lintel
142. Drum
143. Shaft
144. Clerestory
145. Sunken (intaglio) relief
146. Living rock
147. What is the shape of Senmut with Princess Nefrua, and what name is given to the type?
101.
Abu Simbel
102.
Akhenaton
103.
Amarna style
104.
Amen-Re
105.
Aton
106.
Champollion
107.
Hatshepsut
108.
Khafre (Chephren)
109.
Nefertiti
110.
Ramses II
111.
Tutankhamen
112.
126
.
Briefly describe the role played by the Nile in the development of Egyptian civilization.
What are the geographic differences between Upper and Lower Egypt?
List 2 features of the Seated Scribe (Kay?) or Ka-Aper that would have been inappropriate for
the statue of a pharaoh?
a.
b.
Describe the technique, subject matter and function of the Fowling scene from the tomb of
Nebaumun in Thebes, Egypt. How does the subject matter relate to Egyptian religion?
148
.
149
.
150
.
In what century did Ahkenaton proclaim the monotheistic religion of Aton and move his
capital to Tell el-Amarna? Although Ramses II lived after Akhenaton, the statues that were
carved of his temple ignore many of the stylistic features developed by the Amarna artists.
Contrast the figures from the Temple of Ramses II with the pillar statue of Akhenaton.
a.
b.
c.
d.
151
.
152
.
What political factors might account for these differences?
What was the major effect of the new Amarna style of figural representation?
156. Compare the Egyptian pyramid of Djoser with the White Temple of Uruk. In what ways are they
similar? How do they differ? What was the function of each?
157. Discuss the role that death played in Egyptian art. What relation did it have to the
development of portraiture?
吀栀攀
........................................................