Download Chapter 3 - Integumentary System

Chapter 3 - Integumentary System
Lesson Plans
Objectives:
Identify and describe the integumentary system and discuss its primary functions.
Describe pathological, diagnostic, therapeutic of integumentary system.
Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms used in the integumentary chapter.
Structure of the skin covers the external surface of the body.
Adults, the skin covers an are of about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs
about 10 – 11 pounds, and constitutes for 16 percent of body weight.
Accessory organs
 Hair
 Nails
 Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
 Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
Function of the skin
 Protects the body against injuries, infection, dehydration, harmful
ultraviolet rays, and toxic compounds.
 Helps maintain constant body temperature.
 Provides sensory information about the surrounding environment.
Identify integumentary structures (Figure 3-2 pg 65)
1. epidermis: is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It contains four type of
principle cells:
a. keratinocyte: which are arranged in four or five layers and produce the protein
keratin.
i. Kertain is a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying
tissue from heat, microbes, and chemicals.
ii. Keratinocytes produce lamellar granules, which release water-repellent
sealant.
b. Layer of epidermis
i. Stratum basale: deepest layer of epidermis. Composes of a single row of
cubodial or columnar keratinocytes.
1. stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new
keratinocytes.
2. melanocytes which produce the pigment melanin. Contributes to
skin color and absorbs ultraviolent light.
3. Langerhans cells arise from bed bone marrow and migrate to
epidermis. They participate in immune response.
4. Merkel cells contact the sensory neuron called the tactile disc
which detect different aspects of touch.
a. Fine touch
b. Pressure
c. Stretching of skin
d. Vibrations
e. Tickling
f. Warm or cold
g. Itching
ii. stratum spinous: superficial to stratum basale, where 8 to 9 layers of
many sided keratinocytes fit closely together.
1. stratum spinous shrink and appear to be covered with thornlike
spines. Each spiny projection is tightly joined to one another.
2. This arrangement provides both strength and flexibility to the skin.
iii. stratum gransulosum: (little grains) 3 to 5 layers. The keratinocytes
begin to die. While the cells die they lease a lipid-rich secretion. This
secretion fills the spaces between cells of the stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum, and statum corneum. The lipid rich secretion acts as a waterrepellent sealant, retarding loss of body fluid and entry of foreign materials.
iv. Stratum lucidum: consist of 3 -5 layers of skin is present only in the
thick skin of finger tips, palms, and soles.
v. Stratum corneum: consist of 25 – 30 layers. These cells are
continuously shed and replaced.
2. dermis the second deepest part of the skin, it is composed mainly of connective tissue
containing collagen and elastic fibers. Blood vessels, adipocytes, macrophages, nerves,
glands, and hair follicles are embedded in dermal tissue.
3. stratum corneum : consist of 25 – 30 layers. These cells are continuously shed and
replaced.
4. basal layer (see stratum basal layer)
5. hair follicles surround each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons called hair root
plexuses that are sensitive to touch. The hair root plexuses generate nerve impulses if
the hair shaft is moved.
6. sebaceous gland secrete an oily substance called sebum which is a mixture of
triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts. Sebum prevents excessive
evaporation of water from the skin, keeps skin pliable, and inhibits growth of certain
bacteria.
7. sudoriferous gland there are 3 – 4 million sweat glands. They are divided into two
main types:
a. eccrine sweat glands are distributed throughout the skin, except for the
margins of the lips, nail beds, eardrums, glans penis, glans clitoris, and labia
minora.
b. Apocrine glands are found most numerous in the skin of the axilla, groin,
areolae of the breast, bearded regions of the face in adult males. The secretory
portion of these sweat glands is located mostly in the subcutaneous layer.
Compared to eccrine sweat, apocrine sweat is slightly viscous and appears milky
or yellowish in color. Sweat secreted from apocrine sweat glands is odorless.
However, when apocrine sweat interacts with bacteria on the surface of the skin,
that is what causes body order.
8. subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissue which separates muscles from skin. It provides a
pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit muscles. The
adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer stores most of the body triglycerides, serves as
an insulating layer that reduces heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma.
Structure of a fingernail
Nails are plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized cells of the epidermis. Each nail
consists of a nail body, free edge, and nail root. Functionally, nails help us to grasp and
manipulated small objects, provide protection to the ends of the fingers and toes, and allow us to
scratch.
Nails grow at an average rate of 3 millimeters (1/8 inch) a month. Fingernails require 3 to 6
months to regrow completely, and toenails require 12 to 18 months. Actual growth rate is
dependent upon age, gender, season, exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors. Nails grow
faster in the summer than in any other season. Contrary to popular belief, nails do not continue
to grow after death; the skin dehydrates and tightens, making the nails (and hair) appear to
grow.
1. nail root: is the portion that is not visible.
2. nail bed: is the portion of the nail is visible. It also determines what shape the nail will
grow.
3. nail body: Most of the body is pink because of the underlying blood capillaries.
4. lunula: The whitish semilunar area near the nail root surrounding fingernails and
toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The
function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful
bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar that of perionychium. Similarly, in hoofed
animals, the eponychium is the deciduous hoof capsule in fetus and newborn foal.
5. Cuticle: dead skin that forms around the cuticle. The function is to protect the area
between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria.
6.
.
Matrix: The only living part of the nail. It is situated behind and underneath the nail fold
and produces the keratin which makes up the nail plate. If the matrix is damaged, growth
of the nail plate is affected.
Chapter 3
Integumentary System Medical Terminology
Quiz 5 - Pages 61 - 62
Element
Meaning
Combining forms
black
skin
cutane/o
fat
lip/o
Suffixes
skin
carrying,
transmission
treatment
Prefixes
(from Chapter 2)
above, on
under, below,
deficient
adip/o
horny tissue; hard;
cornea
upper, above
hair
tissue
sudor/o
anterior, front
sweat
study of
fungus
Specialist in study of
nail
pil/o
hardening; white of
the eye
sebuaceous, sebum
squam/o
Meaning
surgical repair
derm/o
xer/o
Element
Chapter 3
Integumentary System Medical Terminology
Quiz 5 - Pages 61 - 62
Element
Meaning
Combining forms
Element
Meaning
Suffixes
melan/o
black
-derma
demat/o
skin
-phoresis
skin
carrying,
transmission
cutane/o
skin
-plasty
surgical repair
derm/o
skin
-therapy
steat/o
fat
lip/o
fat
epi-
adip/o
fat
hypo-
above, on
under, below,
deficient
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard;
cornea
super-
upper, above
trich/o
hair
hist/o
tissue
sudor/o
sweat
anter/o
anterior, front
hidr/o
sweat
-ology
study of
myc/o
fungus
-ologist
Specialist in study of
onych/o
nail
pil/o
sclera/o
hair
hardening; white of
the eye
seb/o
sebuaceous, sebum
xer/o
dry
squam/o
scale
treatment
Prefixes
(from Chapter 2)
Chapter 3
Integumentary System Medical Terminology
Quiz 6 - Pages 81 -82
Element
Meaning
Combining Forms
melan/o
black
Element
Meaning
Abbreviations
ID
intradermal
cyan/o
blue
AIDS
Acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome
leuk/o
white
I&D
incision and drainage
xanth/o
yellow
BCC
erythr/o
red
WBC
basal cell carcinoma
white blood cell(s)
white blood count
cyt/o
cell
FH
Family history
Bx
Biopsy
necr/o
death, necrosis
Suffix
-emia
blood condition
derm
dermatology
-cyte
cell
PE
physical exam
-penia
decrease, deficiency
IM
intramuscular
-emia
blood condition
decub
decubitus
-pathy
disease
FS
frozen section
-rrhea
discharge, flow
oint, ung
Ointment
-derma
skin
-oma
tumor
Abnormal condition; increase primarily with blood cells
-emia
Prefix
auto-
self, own
Chapter 3
Integumentary System Medical Terminology
Quiz 6 - Pages 81 -82
Element
Meaning
Combining Forms
Element
Meaning
Abbreviations
black
intradermal
blue
Acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome
white
incision and drainage
yellow
red
basal cell carcinoma
white blood cell(s)
white blood count
cell
Family history
death, necrosis
Suffix
Biopsy
blood condition
dermatology
cell
physical exam
decrease, deficiency
intramuscular
blood condition
decubitus
disease
frozen section
discharge, flow
Ointment
skin
tumor
Abnormal condition; increase primarily with blood cells
Prefix
self, own
Chapter 3
Integumentary System Medical Terminology
Quiz 7 – Pages 90 and 92
diaphoresis
coloitis
crusting
Dx
lesion
1.
pruritis
melanoma
nevus
syncope
papules
Inflammation of the colon _______coloitis_________
2. A hardened covering of dried secretions (as blood, plasma, or pus) that forms over a
wound ____crusting_____
3. A wound, especially an area of skin that is broken or infected ______lesion_______
4. A small hard round protuberance on the skin ________papules____________
5. A malignant tumor, most often on the skin, that contains dark pigment and develops
from a melanin-producing cell melanocyte _____melanoma____________
6. Diagnosis ____Dx______
7. The action of fainting, or a fainting fit ____syncope___________
8. A birthmark, mole, or any other kind of growth or mark on the skin that a person is
born with _______nevus_______
9. Sweating, especially sweating induced for medical reason _____diaphoresis____
10. An intense feeling of itchiness _____pruritus_____
Chapter 3
Integumentary System Medical Terminology
Quiz 7 – Pages 90 and 92
diaphoresis
coloitis
crusting
Dx
lesion
1.
pruritis
melanoma
nevus
syncope
papules
Inflammation of the colon ________________
2. A hardened covering of dried secretions (as blood, plasma, or pus) that forms over a
wound _________
3. A wound, especially an area of skin that is broken or infected _____________
4. A small hard round protuberance on the skin ____________________
5. A malignant tumor, most often on the skin, that contains dark pigment and develops
from a melanin-producing cell melanocyte _________________
6. Diagnosis _________
7. The action of fainting, or a fainting fit ____ ___________
8. A birthmark, mole, or any other kind of growth or mark on the skin that a person is
born with _______ _______
9. Sweating, especially sweating induced for medical reason _____ ____
10. An intense feeling of itchiness __________