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Kirkwall Grammar School
Higher Human Biology
Unit 1: Human Cells
Key Areas 1-5
Name
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Class
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Teacher____________________
KEY AREA 1 – DIVISION & DIFFERENTIATION
1a) Differentiation
1.
What is differentiation?
2.
What is gene expression?
3.
Give examples of differentiated cells?
1b) Stem Cells
1.
What are Stem Cells?
4. Chromosome Complement
1c) Two roles of Stem Cells
1.
State the two roles of Stem Cells?
2
1d) Different Types of Stem Cells
1.
State the two different types of Stem Cells?
2.
What is the difference between multi-potent and pluripotent stem
cells?
1e) Where do we find Embryonic Stem Cells?
1.
Where do we find embryonic stem cells?
2.
What feature of embryonic stem cells make them extremely useful?
1f) Where do we find Tissue Stem Cells?
1.
Where do we find tissue stem cells?
2.
Why can tissue stem cells not specialise into ALL types of
Cells?
3
1g) Stem Cells & Medical Treatments
1State some types of stem cells and how they can be used medically
1h) Somatic Cells
1.
What is a somatic cell?
2.
Where are somatic cells found?
3.
What process produces more somatic cells?
4.
How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?
5.
How many SETS of chromosomes are found in a somatic cell?
6.
Give examples of different types of tissue that form organs?
7.
Can mutations in somatic cells be passed onto offspring?
4
1i) Germline Cells
1.
What is a germline cell?
2.
Where are germline cells found?
3.
a) What process produces more germline cells?
b) What process produced gamete cells?
4.
How many chromosomes are in a germline cell?
5.
How many SETS of chromosomes are found in a germline cell?
6.
How many chromosomes are found in a gamete?
7.
How many SETS of chromosomes are found in a gamete?
8.
Can mutations in germline cells be passed onto offspring?
5
1j) Human Life Cycle
6
1k) Research and Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells
1.
State some uses of Stem Cells
2.
State one law regarding stem cells
1l) Embryonic Stem Cell Ethical Debate
Arguments AGAINST using Embryonic Stem Cells
Arguments FOR using Embryonic Stem Cells
7
1l) Embryonic Stem Cell Ethical Debate continued
1.
State the solution that scientists are trialling to prevent the Stem Cell
Ethical Debate
2.
What problem exists with this procedure
1m) Cancer Cells
1.
How is a cancerous tumour formed?
2.
What type of signals may fail to work on tumour cells?
3.
What is metastasis?
KEY AREA 1 – Division & Differentiation Questions
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2 Page 15
3.
Page 8
Q’s 1-4
Q’s 1-3
Quick Quiz
8
KEY AREA 2 – STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF DNA
2a) Structure of DNA
1.
What 3 structures make up a DNA nucleotide?
2.
Draw and label a DNA nucleotide
3.
In a nucleotide, what are attached to the:
4.
Carbon 1 base
-
Carbon 5 base
-
Describe the structure of the DNA Double Helix
2b) Structure of DNA
1.
State the 4 DNA bases, and their complementary pairs
2.
How are nucleotides joined together?
3.
How would you describe the packaging in chromosomes?
9
2c) DNA Replication
10
2d) DNA Replication
State the stages involved in DNA Replication
11
2e) DNA Replication – Formation of the Leading Strand
State the steps involved in the Formation of the Leading Strand
12
2f) DNA Replication – Formation of the Lagging Strand
State the steps involved in the Formation of the Lagging Strand
13
2g) DNA Replication Requirements
1.
What are the requirements for DNA Replication?
2.
Why is DNA Replication so important?
KEY AREA 2 – Structure and Replication of DNA
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 23
Q’s 1-3
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2 Page 31
Q’s 1-3
3.
Quick Quiz
14
KEY AREA 3 – Gene Expression
3a) Gene Expression
1.
What is meant by the term Cell Genotype?
2.
What determines Cell Genotype?
3.
What do you think is meant by Cell Phenotype?
4.
What is meant by the term Gene Expression?
5.
Are all genes expressed within a cell?
3b) Gene Expression
1.
What controls gene expression?
2.
What influences gene expression?
3.
Why are the order of bases in DNA important?
4.
Why are the sequence of amino acids in a protein important?
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3c) Structure and Function of RNA
1.
Draw an RNA Nucleotide
2.
State the complementary bases found in RNA
3.
Describe the shape of RNA
4.
What is the role of mRNA?
5.
What is the role of rRNA?
6.
What is the role of tRNA?
3d) Transcription
1.
What is Transcription?
2.
Where does Transcription occur?
16
3.
List the Stages involved in Transcription
17
3e) Transcription
18
3e) Transcription
1.
What is the difference between introns and exons?
2.
Where do you find introns?
3.
What is the difference between the primary and mature transcript of
RNA?
4.
Where does the mature transcript travel to?
19
3f) Translation
20
3f) Translation
1.
What is a mRNA codon?
2.
What is a tRNA anti-codon and where is it found?
3.
State the relationship between mRNA codons and tRNA anti-codons?
4.
What is the specific role of tRNA?
5.
How do mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons translate the genetic code?
3f) Stages in Translation
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3g) Translation
1.
What is the difference between start and stop codons?
2.
What is a Polyribosome?
3h) Post-Translation
1.
State the 4 methods of changing the structure of a protein postTranslation.
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KEY AREA 3 – Gene Expression
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 37
Q’s 1-4
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2 Page 43
Q’s 1-4
3.
What you Should Know
Q’s 1-15
4.
Quick Quiz
Page 43
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KEY AREA 4 – GENES & PROTEINS in HEALTH & DISEASE
4a) Genes and Proteins in Health & Disease
1.
Name the chemical elements found in proteins
2.
How are the amino acids in a protein joined together?
3.
What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
4.
What determines the structure and function of the protein?
5.
What causes the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain of amino
acids?
4b) Genes and Proteins in Health & Disease
1.
Explain how proteins are held in a 3-dimensional shape
2.
State the 3 different arrangements of a polypeptide chain
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4c) Functions of Proteins
1.
State 4 functions of proteins
4d) Mutations
1.
Define mutation
2.
Name 3 mutagenic agents
3.
What impact do mutations have on proteins?
4.
Define genetic disorder
25
4e) Single Gene Mutations
1.
What is a gene mutation?
2.
Complete the table below
Type of Mutation
& Example
Normal Sequence
Mutated Sequence
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4f) Gene Mutations
1.
What is a point mutation?
2.
Name the 3 types of single nucleotide mutations
3.
Complete the table
Single Nucleotide
Mutation
4.
Explanation
Example
Which point mutations lead to:Frameshift mutations
Missense mutations
27
4g) Chromosome Mutations
1.
Complete the table
Chromosome Mutation
Name & Description
Normal Sequence
Mutated Sequence
28
KEY AREA 4 – Genes and Proteins in Health & Disease
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 50
Q’s 1-2
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2 Page 62
Q’s 1-4
3.
Quick Quiz
29
KEY AREA 5 – HUMAN GENOMICS
5a) Genomics
1.
What is the Human Genome?
2.
What is Human Genomics?
3.
What is Genome Sequencing?
4.
What is Genome Sequencing useful?
5b) Bioinformatics
1.
What is Bioinformatics?
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5c) Systematics
1.
What is systematics?
5d) Personal Genome Sequence
1.
What is a Personal Genome Sequence?
2.
What is Personalised Medicine?
5e) Pharmacogenetics
1.
What is Pharmacogenetics?
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5f) Amplification and Detection of DNA Sequences
1.
What is the name of the procedure used to amplify DNA?
2.
How are specific target sequences located?
3.
How is the DNA Double Helix separated into two strands?
4.
How is the region of DNA replicated?
5.
Why are repeated cycles of cooling and heating used?
6.
What are DNA probes?
7.
Why is detection of a DNA Sequence useful?
See Page 71 Torrance for diagram
32
KEY AREA – Human Genomics
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 70
Q’s 1-4
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2 Page 76
Q’s 1-3
3.
What You Should Know
Q1-12
4.
Quick Quiz
Page 76
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