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Outline
Art of Later China and Korea
Chapter 24
(1279-1949 CE)
2015-2016
edited January 4, 2016
Enduring Understanding
 8.1 Art of South, East and Southeast Asia represent some of the
world’s oldest, most diverse, most sophisticated visual traditions;
included both visual and architectural expression
 8.2 Many of world’s great philosophic, religious traditions developed
in South and East Asia; art forms supporting these developed here as
well
 8.4 Asian art had/has a global role through trade, politics, religious
popularity
Essential Knowledge
 8-1a Artworks as old as 18,000 BCE
 8-2b Cultures promoted interconnection between natural and spiritual
worlds through religions of Daoism, Confucianism (5th cent BCE).
Buddhism too
 8-3b Art forms included ceramic, stone, calligraphy
 8-3d Artistic expression through courtly and secular art forms
(including literati)
 8-4d Major trade routes linked Asia with Europe as well as maritime
networks; artistic traditions, styles, mediums shared as well – textiles,
ceramics
Geographic/Cultural Context
Geographic,Dynasties
Geographic
 Genghis Kahn and the Mongols invaded China from the north in 1210
 In 1279 Mongols under Genghis’s grandson (Kublai) established rule
over last of the emperors-the Song in southern China and founded
Yuan Dynasty
Dynasties
 Yuan, Ming, Qing, modern era
Yuan Dynasty
1279-1368
Thanks to chronicles and travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveler, China
found to be rich in tradition and skill-currency, commerce, coal
Was more advanced than late medieval Europe
Artists combined calligraphy, poetry, painting
Artists were usually scholars as well
Bamboo was common subject
Bamboo was symbol of ideal Chinese gentleman who bends but doesn’t
break under pressure
Bamboo’s characteristics were similar to the art of calligraphy
Role of calligraphy in/with Chinese painting:
 Inscriptions=text written on same surface as the painting
 Colophons=text written on attached paper or silk
Red seal impressions of artist, inscriber, or owner often stamped on boat
Ceramics also developed
i p 764 Guan Daosheng, Baboo Groves in Must and Rain, Yuan Dynasty
1308
i p 765 Huang Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, Yuan
Dynasty 1347-1350
Ming Dynasty
1368-1644
1368 last Mongol emperor driven from Beijing
Ming dynasty founded
Capital moved back to Beijing
Beijing planned as three walled cities
 Outer perimeter was 15 miles long
 Inner perimeter was 61/2 miles in length and enclosed the
Imperial City
 Forbidden City-the imperial palace, where Ming emperor lived
i p 767 Forbidden City, Ming Dynasty, Beijing, 15th Century (1406) and
on
Home to Ming emperor (the son of heaven)
A very restricted site; home to elaborate ritual
Entranceway to Forbidden city had five doorways; only emperor could go
through center one; other four were for family and high officials
At end of North South axis was Hall of Supreme Harmony situated high up
on platform above marble staircases. Here the emperor sat on his throne on
yet another stepped platform
Ming Dynasty gardens-not highly geometric and planned
Instead combined natural and artificial elements
Loosely arranged in an uncultivated way
Often had dramatic, interesting rockwork
Were places where the wealthy and powerful would go for rest and
reflection
i p 768 Gardens
use of lacquer
i p 769
Ming court Painting
Usually glorified the imperial family and historical figures
Were employed by the royal court
i p 770 Shang Xi, Guan Yu Captures General Pang di, Ming dynasty,
1430
Ming Literati
Independent of court painters
Often done as gifts from student to teacher
i p 771 Shen Zouh, Lofty Mount Lu, Ming Dynasty, 1467
Ming Painting Tradition
During Ming Dynasty two schools of painting
Defined by their link (stylistically) to two schools of Chan Buddhism
Northern-precise and academic
Tied to Buddhist (Northern) view of “gradualism” – that enlightenment
comes after long training
Was home to highly trained court painters
Southern-more subjective, free
Tied to Southern Buddhist thinking that enlightenment comes suddenly
Were more of the literati-expressive
i p 771 Dong Qichang, Dwelling in the Quingbian Mountains, Ming
dynasty, 1617
Qing Dynasty
(1644-1911)
Invaders from Manchuria (north) overran China 17th century
Established imperial rule in north; south initially still rebellious but was
eventually pacified too
Promoted traditional Chinese arts
 Literati style continued
 But new styles emerged - use of more saturated ink and
brushwork patterning
European missionaries arrived and introduced European painting/art
styles/techniques esp. High Renaissance and Baroque
i. p 772
i p 773 Giuseppe Castiglione (Lang Shining) Auspicious Objects, Qing
dynasty, 1724
Porcelain
i.
p 773
Modern China
1912-present
Rise of social realism is art under communists
Korea
Art Context
Philosophy, Styles
Philosophy
 painting as personal expression, not just technical skill
 artists as distinct from court painters
Vocabulary
Literati-the Chinese scholar class. Influenced a style of painting and
expression that was linked to the educated and elite of society.