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Transtheoretical Model of Change This model is commonly portrayed as a cyclical model, with patients moving in a cyclical pattern through the various stages as described below. Precontemplation - is characterised by the lack of percieved need or intention for change. Indivduals found in this stage may typically be invountarily or court ordered to receive services. They may be as resistant to the counselling process as they were before giving into the pressure from family members, friends or employers to seek assistance. Contemplation β tends to be charactersied by an awareness of the problem yet a lack of decisive action or a commitment to take ncessary actions for change. For all stages, especially contemplation, it is important to distinguish between changes (desired outcomes) and necessary actions for change (prerequisites for potential desired outcome. Preparation- characterised by a decision to cahnge as evidenced by taking small behavioural and mental actions necessary for change. Action βis often characterised by overt behaviours, yet it is perhaps more accurately identified when the motivation to take such steps is evidenced over time, effort, and commitment. Maintenance β is characterised by a coninuation of necessary actions that must be met for the desired change to be sustained. In addition to these stages the model also describes the psychological processes which occur when the person is moving through the various stages of change. To fully understand and appreciate the complexity of the model it needs to be understood that the stages and processes of change identified, need to be viewed within the level at which the problems occur. The levels used by the model are outlined below: Symptom/situational problems Maladaptive cognitions Current interpersonal conflicts Family system conflicts Intrapersonal conflicts (Taken From Petrocelli, J. V. 2002)