Download Final Exam Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best

Final Exam
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. The word "Renaissance" means
a. rebirth.
b. new world.
c. maturation.
d. escape.
e. culture.
2. Economic developments in the Renaissance included
a. a revival in trade.
b. increased employment due to the change from wool to luxury manufacturing.
c. a boom rivaling that of the High Middle Ages.
d. new trade routes made possible by the Ottoman Turks.
e. the Industrial Revolution.
3. By the fifteenth century, Italy was
a. a centralized state.
b. dominated by the Papal States exclusively.
c. the foremost European power.
d. dominated by five major regional independent powers.
e. made up of hundreds of independent city-states.
4. Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was
a. Battista Sforza.
b. Isabella d'Este.
c. Christina of Milan.
d. Catherine de Medici.
e. Christine de Pizan.
5. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain
a. became increasingly corrupt and inefficient.
b. saw society become more secular.
c. saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.
d. had little remaining dissension and was thoroughly unified.
e. lost its independence to the Valois dynasty of France.
6. The northern Christian humanists
a. felt pessimistic about the future of humanity.
b. were sophisticated and realistic in their expectations.
c. totally rejected the primacy of the Catholic Church.
d. doubted that education could solve the world's problems.
e. championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.
7. England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the
a. Act of Union.
b. Six Articles.
c. Act of Toleration.
d. Act of Succession.
e. Act of Supremacy.
8. Philip II and Spain was unable to ultimately defeat
a. France.
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____ 15.
b. the Dutch Republic.
c. the Holy Roman Empire.
d. the Ottoman Empire.
e. Portugal.
The religious crusading motive for exploration was strongest in
a. Spain and Portugal.
b. Florence and Venice.
c. the Byzantine Empire.
d. England and Scotland.
e. France and the Low Countries.
The European nation that took over the spice trade from Portugal was
a. Venice.
b. England.
c. Spain.
d. France.
e. the Dutch Republic.
The European nation that had the first direct contact with China since Marco Polo was
a. Portugal.
b. Spain.
c. the Dutch Republic.
d. Russia.
e. England.
As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648
a. the German population was to be converted to Catholicism.
b. all German states could choose their own religions, except for Calvinism.
c. German states were allowed to determine their religion.
d. the institution of the Holy Roman Empire was to be the ruling force in Germany for the
next 100 years.
e. the Holy Roman Empire was dismembered.
The Thirty Years' War
a. was largely confined to agreed upon battlefields.
b. witnessed the devastation of much of Germany and a loss of population.
c. was fought according to chivalric codes.
d. was fought mainly in Italy.
e. ended with a Habsburg victory over all opponents.
The overall practical political purpose of the court of Versailles was to
a. serve as Louis XIV's residence from which to survey Paris.
b. act as a reception hall for state affairs.
c. give Louis XIV a life of privacy away from spies.
d. isolate Louis XIV from any contact with the bourgeoisie and other members of the old
Third Estate.
e. exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real power.
Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?
a. His program of Europeanization was predominantly technical and aimed at modernizing
the military.
b. His respect for western governments led to increased powers for the Duma.
c. His traditional, conservative attitude stripped away all previous social gains for women.
d. His desire to teach Russians western customs could not be enforced among the
old-fashioned nobles.
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____ 19.
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____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
e. He rejected Westernization in favor of Orthodoxy.
Peter the Great's foreign policy had as its primary goal
a. opening of a port easily accessible to Europe.
b. destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
c. capture of the Scandinavian countries.
d. control of Constantinople and the Dardanelles.
e. conquest of Siberia.
The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was
a. Russia.
b. Austria.
c. Poland.
d. Greece.
e. the Ottoman Empire.
The artistic movement Mannerism reached its peak with the work of
a. Fra Angelico.
b. Bernini.
c. Peter Paul Rubens.
d. El Greco.
e. Rembrandt.
The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century
a. was stimulated by a revived interest in Galen and Aristotle.
b. directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the
Middle Ages.
c. was largely due to a monastic revolution.
d. although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and
scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
e. was a complete break with the past.
The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?
a. astronomy, medicine, and chemistry
b. astronomy, botany, and chemistry
c. biology, mechanics, and ballistics
d. engineering, physics, and dentistry
e. biology, surgery, and astronomy
Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories
a. Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's
heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
b. Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the
sun.
c. Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures,
trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe.
d. Galileo and Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging.
e. Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.
Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries
a. were resisted more in his own country, England, than in the rest of Europe.
b. although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.
c. were modern in their removal of God from universal laws.
d. were among the first to be printed in a language other than Latin.
e. were initially condemned by the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The Greco-Roman doctor who had the most influence on medieval medical thought was
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a. Hippocrates.
b. Rhazes.
c. Ptolemy.
d. Aristotle.
e. Galen.
The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to
a. dispel traditional myths of female inferiority.
b. increase the role of women in the child-bearing process.
c. generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male
dominance.
d. demonstrate that there was no inherent skeletal differences between the sexes.
e. allow women to enroll in most of Europe's universities.
The philosophy of René Descartes
a. stressed a separation of mind and matter.
b. stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God.
c. saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence.
d. would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century.
e. was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.
European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
a. Haydn and Mozart, who caused a shift in the musical center from Italy and Germany to the
Austrian Empire.
b. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers.
c. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn.
d. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach.
e. the neoclassical works of Wagner.
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy.
b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats.
d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary.
e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic
Church.
The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century
a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors.
b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko.
c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
d. resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors.
e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.
European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century
a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except Russia.
b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates.
c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases.
d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary
conditions.
The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the
a. household system.
b. cottage system.
c. mercantile system.
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d. laissez-faire.
e. the putting-in system.
The European peasantry in the eighteenth century
a. comprised nearly half of Europe's population.
b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789.
c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany.
e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.
A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by
a. returning British prisoners of war.
b. the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on
the American side during the Revolutionary War.
c. European nobles returning from expeditions to the new American frontier.
d. missionary priests returning from evangelical campaigns deep in the U.S. back country.
e. official proclamations sent to the governments of Europe by George Washington and other
Americans.
The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except
a. canals.
b. roads.
c. bridges.
d. internal customs posts.
e. railroads.
The British industrial entrepreneur Richard Arkwright
a. typified the highly educated and mannered entrepreneur of the Industrial Revolution.
b. invented the water frame spinning machine.
c. perfected the Compton's mule.
d. created the spinning jenny.
e. invented the steam engine.
Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?
a. Government intervention prevented consumer fraud and food adulteration.
b. A tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased population of most
large cities.
c. Lower-class family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside.
d. Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' reluctance to take
responsibility for public health.
e. Modern urban planning began in the city of London in the 1850s.
Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, Young Italy,
a. liberated Italy's northern provinces from Austrian control.
b. failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849.
c. helped inspire successful liberal constitutions throughout Italy.
d. used the liberals in governments to extend suffrage to Italy's working classes.
e. allied itself with the papacy to drive France out of Italy.
The literary model for early Romantics was
a. The Last Days of Socrates, by Plato.
b. Don Quixote, by Cervantes.
c. Great Expectations, by Dickens.
d. The Sorrows of the Young Werther, by Goethe.
e. Reflections, by Edmund Burke.
Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by
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a. Chateaubriand, whose many paintings anticipated the Impressionist movement.
b. Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism.
c. Delacroix, who broke classical conventions by using only blacks and whites in his
paintings.
d. Friedrich, whose "program" music played upon the listeners' emotions.
e. Bach, whose organ music inspired the hearer's feelings.
An overall result of the Crimean War was
a. the reinforcement of the Concert of Europe until World War I.
b. continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades.
c. increased involvement for Great Britain in continental affairs.
d. the destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and
German national unification.
e. to lead to the breakup of the Holy Alliance.
The Second Industrial Revolution experienced
a. a drop in agricultural prices.
b. the shift from a three-field to a two-field crop rotation system due to better chemical
fertilizers.
c. the emergence of a new class of agricultural production leaders called coloni.
d. a sharp increase in agricultural prices.
e. to stabilize agricultural prices at the level attained in 1850.
Employment opportunities for women during the Second Industrial Revolution
a. changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.
b. declined dramatically as prostitution became illegal.
c. increased greatly with working-class men pushing their wives to work outside the home.
d. declined when piece-work was abandoned as inefficient and "sweatshops" were outlawed.
e. declined because labor unions forced governments to restrict most employment
opportunities to men only.
The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe
a. were composed mostly of shopkeepers and manufacturers who barely lived above the
poverty line.
b. offered little opportunity for women in improving their lot.
c. were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian
morality.
d. viewed progress with distrust as they did not wish to lose their economic gains.
e. were sinking in economic and social security because of the increase of plutocrats.
The largest segment of European society in the nineteenth century was composed of
a. skilled artisans such as cigar makers and cabinet makers.
b. peasant landholders, unskilled day laborers, and domestic servants who worked for very
low wages.
c. semi-skilled laborers such as carpenters and bricklayers.
d. urban workers in eastern Europe and peasants in western Europe.
e. middle-class urbanites.
Although several motives drove European states to develop systems of mass public education for their
citizens, the chief reason for which they did this was
a. economic, to produce a more educated workforce.
b. military, to produce better trained army conscripts capable of learning how to use modern
weapons.
c. political, to produce more informed voters in expanding electorates and to heighten
patriotism producing more integrated nations.
d. religious, so as to teach the poor obedience to authority.
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e. moral, to solidify the family as the basic structural unit of society.
The "father" of tourism in England was
a. David Lloyd-George.
b. Thomas Cook.
c. John Boothe.
d. Frederick Cartwright.
e. W. G. Grace.
Social Darwinism was
a. applying the ideas of Darwin to society.
b. an effort to explain the problems of society by psychological means.
c. an explanation, sociologically, of Darwin's biological ideas.
d. advocated by Nietzsche.
e. condemned by Freud.
Which of the following was not an argument to justify imperialism at the turn of the century?
a. the argument of "the white man's burden"
b. Social Darwinism
c. the need for military bases
d. the argument to lessen the burden of excess European population, especially criminals and
other "undesirables"
e. national prestige
The mid-Pacific islands became a sphere of influence of
a. Great Britain.
b. United States.
c. Germany.
d. China.
e. Russia.
The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which of the following countries?
a. England, Germany, Italy
b. Russia, England, France
c. Italy, Turkey, England
d. Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire
e. Germany, Austria, Italy
The immediate cause of World War I was
a. an uprising of Catholic peasants in Bavaria.
b. the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
c. the German invasion of Poland.
d. the German naval blockage of Britain.
e. the French occupation of the Ruhr.
Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War
I was
a. nationalism.
b. liberalism.
c. conservatism.
d. socialism.
e. modernism.
On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany
a. was plotting the overthrow of Nicholas II in Russia.
b. was intentionally provoking the Russians to attack Austria and set off a world war.
c. attempted to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dialogue to avoid war if at all possible.
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d. sent ultimatums to England and France that were so clumsy and insulting as to make war
inevitable.
e. abdicated in favor of his son, the Crown Prince, and sought exile in Belgium.
The First World War in the east was characterized by
a. more mobility than the trench warfare on the Western Front.
b. relatively little loss of life and small skirmishes.
c. trench warfare as in France.
d. the overwhelming superiority of Russian forces.
e. the quick conquest of western Russia and the Ukraine by German and Austrian forces.
As a result of World War I, Eastern Europe
a. experienced little or no real change.
b. fell subject to the new Russian communist state.
c. witnessed the emergence of many new nation-states.
d. quickly overtook western Europe economically.
e. sunk into widespread international anarchy and chaos.
Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included
a. a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic.
b. the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations.
c. an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente.
d. increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs.
e. the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.
The institutional framework of Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship
a. lacked a secret police force.
b. included highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations.
c. was primarily aimed at aiding the workers and peasants.
d. never created the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s.
e. was the most successful of the authoritarian states that appeared in Europe in the interwar
years.
Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s
a. included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from
Germany.
b. were emulated in France by the Popular Front.
c. did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions.
d. would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II.
e. reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes,
businesses, and synagogues.
Culture in Nazi Germany centered around
a. the use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order."
b. the functionalism of the Bauhaus school.
c. simplistic, petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong,
heroic Aryans.
d. religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma.
e. military themes at the expense of all other subjects.
The brunt of the Soviet war effort was borne by
a. small factory owners and craftsmen.
b. heavy industry and factory laborers.
c. the peasants.
d. communist party officials.
e. conscripted women.
____ 60. When Germany went to war in 1939
a. the populace was euphoric as in 1914.
b. the populace feared that it would spell disaster for Germany.
c. consumer goods were cut in favor of war materials.
d. war production was tripled.
e. there was an immediate highly organized secret attempt to assassinate Hitler, but
unfortunately it failed.
____ 61. The policy created in the 1940s and used by the Americans against Communism was called
a. massive retaliation.
b. containment.
c. appeasement.
d. curtailment.
e. mutually assured destruction (MAD).
____ 62. The "permissive society" is characterized by all of the following except
a. sexual freedom.
b. experimentation with drugs.
c. decriminalization of homosexuality.
d. increasing rates of divorce.
e. declining rates of divorce.
____ 63. American motion pictures in the post-war years have
a. been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture throughout the
world.
b. completely destroyed the avant-garde expressions of Europe's "national cinemas."
c. proven to be unpopular among European audiences.
d. done little to reflect the changing sentiments of contemporary society.
e. were successful artistically but failed commercially.
____ 64. Under the U.S. presidency of Jimmy Carter, a major goal of American foreign policy was
a. a new effort to contain Communism around the globe.
b. the protection of human rights globally.
c. American withdrawal from European defensive alliances to counter Soviet power.
d. the emplacement of new nuclear weapons systems in Europe for possible use against
Russia.
e. to weaken the Islamic Republic of Iran by military force.
____ 65. The problem of the Soviet Union in the 1970's and 1980's was the lack of vigorous leadership and reform
under
a. Brezhnev.
b. Yeltsin.
c. Gorbachev.
d. Khrushchev.
e. Malenkhov.
____ 66. One of the most symbolic events ending the Cold War was
a. the death of Mao.
b. the Helsinki Accords.
c. Russia's defeat in the Afghan war.
d. the fall of the Berlin Wall.
e. the election of Boris Yeltsin as president of the Soviet Union.
____ 67. The common currency that was initially adopted by eleven member states of the European Union is the
a. continental.
b. euro.
____ 68.
____ 69.
____ 70.
____ 71.
____ 72.
____ 73.
____ 74.
c. maastricht.
d. francmark.
e. freipence.
"Small" wars like the ones in Vietnam and Afghanistan demonstrated that
a. the superpowers could never be at peace.
b. there would always be sphere of influence in the world where the superpowers would be at
conflict.
c. there would be wars that the superpowers could not win against a strong nationalist and
guerilla-type opposition.
d. warfare in the world would be incessant.
e. there could never be a military conflict between the superpowers.
The "Prague Spring" in Czechoslovakia in 1968
a. was triggered by the reforms of Alexander Dubcek.
b. led to the presidency of Vaclav Havel in 1970.
c. witnessed Czechoslovakia's successful withdrawal from the Soviet bloc.
d. brought about the resignation of President Gustav Husak.
e. was encouraged by the Soviet leadership.
The Vietnam War
a. was resolved in 1975 with the Helsinki Agreements.
b. ended in 1973 with the defeat of North Korea.
c. showed the limitations of American power, leading to improved Soviet-American
relations.
d. marked the beginning of the total domination of Southeast Asia by the Soviet Union.
e. led to an immediate end of the Cold War in 1975 with the final withdrawal of Americans
from Vietnam.
The event that immediately preceded and sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis was
a. the Berlin Wall.
b. Sputnik.
c. the death of Stalin.
d. the Bay of Pigs.
e. the attempted assassination of Fidel Castro by the CIA.
The Truman Doctrine did all of the following except
a. condemn the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war.
b. call for $400 million in aid for nations threatened by aggression
c. assistance in the defense of Greece and Turkey.
d. express America's fear of Communist expansion in Europe.
e. announce the United States' intention to support "free peoples" throughout the world.
The one issue on which the Arab states were united was
a. the Suez Canal.
b. equal sharing in oil revenues.
c. Palestine.
d. a sympathy for Communism.
e. the worship of Allah.
The Cold War policy adopted in the mid-1950s by the Eisenhower administration was
a. containment.
b. détente.
c. MAD (mutually assured destruction).
d. massive retaliation.
e. all of the above.
____ 75. The economic policies of Stalin
a. completely overtaxed a war-damaged industrial plant as production of material goods long
failed to surpass prewar levels.
b. were unrealistic since Russia lacked readily accessible natural resources and fossil fuels.
c. managed to produce both "guns and butter," that is rearmed the Soviet military while
providing cheap and plentiful consumer goods.
d. instituted a modified free-market capitalism in all economic areas except for heavy
industry.
e. emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons
and space vehicles.
Final Exam
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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C
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B
A
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C
B
E
A
A
E
D
D
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A
B
E
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A
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C
B
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D
B
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314
314
320
322
339
347
360
372-373
380
395
397
415
416
420
427-429
429
432
440
449
451, 459
454
459
459
462
454
487
507
511
515
520
522
533
563-567
565
578
608
613
616-617
625
654
657
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C
B
C
B
A
D
B
E
B
A
C
A
C
C
D
E
C
C
B
B
E
A
B
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D
B
C
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666
666
670
671
685
701-702
708
711
718
718
721
723
746
751
762
769
778
804
805
816
841
846
867
851
858
865
868
831
821
819
815
824
818
828