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Comparative Anatomy & Physiology – Midterm Study Guide
Animal Characteristics & Taxonomy
1. What are some characteristics shared by all animals?
2. Describe the basic types of body symmetry shown by animals.
3. Compare the body plans of Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate and Coelomate animals. Give examples of
each type of body plan.
4. Why is the coelom (body cavity) important?
5. Explain the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome.
6. List, in order from largest to smallest, the categories used to classify organisms in biology.
7. What information can be found on a cladogram?
8. What language is used for scientific names? Why? How are scientific names written?
9. Compare and contrast the classification schemes used by Aristotle and Linnaeus.
Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms and Roundworms
10. What advantages do Multicellular organisms like sponges have over unicellular organisms?
11. How do sponges feed?
12. What is a nematocyst?
13. Draw sketches of the polyp and medusa forms of jellyfish.
14. How do jellyfish reproduce?
15. What is a hermaphrodite?
16. Describe at least 3 ways in which flatworms and roundworms differ in body structure.
17. Describe some examples of parasitic roundworms and flatworms.
18. What is the difference between a primary and secondary host of a parasite?
Mollusks and Segmented Worms
19. What is the mantle?
20. How do closed and open circulatory systems differ from one another?
21. Why are the Cephalopods considered to be the most advanced mollusks?
22. Contrast how gastropods and bivalves feed.
23. What is the most distinguishing characteristic of Annelids? Why is it important?
24. How do annelids reproduce?
25. Describe three different classes of Annelids.
26. Explain why earthworms are beneficial to the soil.
Arthropods & Echinoderms
27. What are the most distinguishing characteristics of arthropods?
28. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton?
29. Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
30. How do arachnids and insects differ in terms of body structure?
31. What are 3 types of respiratory structures found in arthropods?
32. How do millipedes and centipedes differ in terms of body structure?
33. Give some examples of crustaceans.
34. How do arthropods positively and negatively impact humans?
35. Describe some feeding methods and some defense mechanisms of echinoderms.
36. What are some functions of the water vascular system?
Fishes and Amphibians
37. What four features are found in all chordates at some time in their development?
38. List some distinguishing characteristics of fishes.
39. Describe the three classes of fishes.
40. Why was the development of jaws a significant evolutionary adaptation in fish?
41. What is the swim bladder? What types of fishes have one?
42. What is the lateral line?
43. What does the name “amphibian” mean?
44. Why are amphibians dependent on water?
45. Describe the three orders of amphibians.
Amniotes
46. How are reptiles better adapted for a terrestrial existence than amphibians?
47. Why was the evolution of the amniotic egg so significant?
48. Describe some adaptations of birds that enable them to fly.
49. Describe the structural and functional differences between down feathers and contour feathers.
50. What part(s) of a bird can give clues to its diet?
51. What is the difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm?
52. Describe how leg position in reptiles differs from leg position in amphibians and mammals.
53. Describe the two circuits of blood vessels found in amniotes.
54. What are two main characteristics that all mammals have in common?
55. What are some differences between placental(eutherian), marsupial and monotreme mammals?
Fetal Pig
56. How can you tell the difference between a male and female pig without dissection?
57. Why is the fetal pig useful to study in anatomy and physiology?
58. What are some internal anatomical differences between the pig and man?
59. Name the organs that food would pass through as it travels the length of the digestive tract of the pig.
60. Name the organs that urine would flow through as it travels through the urinary organs of the pig.
Diagrams
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Word Bank
Amoebocyte
Collar cell (choanocyte)
Epidermal cell
Osculum
Pore cell (porocyte)
Spicule
Word Bank
Basal disk
Bud
Gastrovascular cavity
Mouth
Nematocyst
Tentacle
3
4
5
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Word Bank
Cilia
Eyespots
Gastrovascular cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
Word Bank
Anterior Adductor muscle
Digestive gland
Foot
Gills
Gonad
Heart
Intestine
Mantle
Stomach
Word Bank
Anus
Arm
Beak
Eye
Gills
Gonad
Heart
Ink sac
Mantle
Pen
Stomach
Tentacle
Water jet/siphon/funnel
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
Word Bank
Aortic arches
Brain
Crop
Dorsal blood vessel
Esophagus
Gizzard
Intestine
Mouth
Nephridia
Pharynx
Seminal vesicles
Ventral nerve cord
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Word Bank
Abdomen
Antenna
Compound eye
Head
Mouth
Ovipositor
Simple eye
Spiracle
Thorax
Walking leg
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Word Bank
Abdomen
Antenna
Antennule
Carapace
Cephalothorax
Cheliped
Compound eye
Maxilliped
Swimmeret
Telson
Uropod
Walking leg
Word Bank
Ampulla
Anus
Digestive gland
Gonad
Madreporite
Radial canal
Ring canal
Stomach
Tube foot
External Word Bank
A. Anal fin
B. Caudal fin
C. Dorsal fin
D. Gills
E. Lateral line
F. Mouth
G. Operculum
H. Pectoral fin
I. Pelvic fin
Internal Word Bank
A. Brain
B. Gallbladder
C. Gills
D. Gonad
E. Heart
F. Intestine
G. Kidney
H. Liver
I. Spinal cord
J. Stomach
K. Swim bladder
L. Urinary bladder
Frog
Internal
anatomy
Word Bank
A. Anus
B. Cloaca
C. Esophagus
D. Gallbladder
E. Large intestine
F. Liver
G. Pancreas
H. Small intestine
I. Spleen
J. Stomach
Word Bank
A. Allantois
B. Amnion
C. Amniotic fluid
D. Blood vessels
E. Chorion
F. Embryo
G. Yolk sac
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Word Bank
Diaphragm
Heart
Intestines
Larynx
Liver
Lung
Spleen
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Word Bank
Anus
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Liver
Mesentery
Pancreas
Rectum
Small intestine
Spleen
Stomach