Download ap eh chapter 28:cold war and a new western

AP EH CHAPTER 28:COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD(1945-1970)
I.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR
A. The Confrontation of the Superpowers
1. was essentially a clash of Soviet and American ideologies over
the most secure geo-political arrangement of peoples and
nations in the aftermath of WW II
2. the first area of conflict in the unfolding Cold War was Eastern
Europe
3. a key factor contributing to the development of the Cold War in
Eastern Europe was Stalin’s desire to establish pro-Soviet
governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a
buffer zone (US and Britain championed self-determination)
4. only another war could change the situation, and few people
wanted another armed conflict
5. the 1946 civil war in Greece between anti-Communist forces
backed by the British and the Communist People’s Liberation
Army backed by the Soviets caused more confrontation between
the superpowers
6. financial problems hampered the British efforts in Greece
7. US issued the Truman Doctrine in March 1947
a. called for $400 million in aid for the defense Greece and
Turkey
b. expressed America’s fear of Communist expansion in Europe
c. announced the United States’ intention to support “free
peoples” throughout the world
8. in June 1947, the US enacted the European Recovery Program
(Marshall Plan---named American Secretary of State George C.
Marshall)
a. intended to rebuild European prosperity and stability ($13
billion in aid was poured into Western Europe by the US)
b. was viewed by Eastern Europe (Commies) as capitalist
imperialism
c. did not exclude Soviet and Eastern European participation
(chose not to participate under orders from Stalin)
d. plan was a resounding success in the countries that took part
(Soviets did not have the financial capacity to counteract the
US plan)
9. the fate of Germany also became a source of heated contention
between East and West (Berlin Airlift---allies delivered by air
13,000 tons of supplies daily to Berlin after the Soviets cut off
supplying the city by ground [Feb. 1948- May 1949])
10. the battle between East and West over Germany in the Cold War
resulted in the creation of two separate German states (West
German Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic)
11. a critical event causing the development of the Cold War outside
of Europe was the victory in 1949 of Communist forces in the
Chinese Civil War (Mao Zedong over Chiang Kai-Shek)
[intensified the West’s fear of the spread of Communism--Domino Effect]
12. Korea
a. divided into two parts (38th Parallel) North (Soviet
supported)/South (American supported) after its liberation
from Japan after WW II
b. on June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea
c. US gained support of the UN Security Council and led a UN
Coalition Force (mainly US and South Koreans) into the
conflict
d. after MacArthur’s brilliant amphibious attack at Inchon, Seoul
was recaptured and soon the North Koreans were routed
e. Red China entered the war as American forces pushed
Communist forces back into China
f. war turned into a bloody stalemate (armistice ended fighting
in 1953 after the US had lost 50,000 men)
g. armistice set the boundary at the pre-war boundary of the 38th
Parallel
h. reinforced American determination to “contain” Soviet power
13. the United States was a part of several treaty organizations
including:
a. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) [1949]---included
the US, Canada, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, France,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and
Portugal (West Germany, Greece, and Turkey eventually
joined also)
b. CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) [1959-1979]---included
Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Great Britain, and the US
c. SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) [1954-1977]
included the US, Great Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the
Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand
14. the Soviet Union counteracted the US by forming:
a. COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) for
economic cooperation
b. Warsaw Pact (Military Alliance)---included Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and the Soviet Union
15. the policy used by the Americans against Communism was
called “Containment”
16. 1961---after another failed Soviet ultimatum to the west, Soviet’s
complete the Berlin Wall
B. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move toward Détente
1. in 1959, left-wing revolutionary named Fidel Castro overthrew
American-supported dictator Fulgencio Bautista
2. in 1961, an American-supported attempt to overthrow Castro
using Cuban nationals failed “Bay of Pigs”
3. in 1962, Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet leader) decided to place
nuclear weapons (detonated 1st atomic weapon in 1949) in Cuba
[US already had nuclear weapons in Turkey]
II.
4. US intelligence discovered his plan, and President John F.
Kennedy decided to impose a naval blockade on Cuba to prevent
nuclear weapons from reaching Cuba
5. brought US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war
6. Khrushchev agreed to turn back his ships carrying nuclear
weapons if the US promised not to attack Cuba in the future
(Kennedy agreed)
7. resulted in improved communications between the US and the
Soviet Union essential in preventing a nuclear war
8. The Vietnam War
a. after the Vietnamese had defeated their French colonial rulers
in 1954 (Battle of Dien Bien Phu), Vietnam, like Korea, was
divided into antagonistic northern and southern states
(North-led by Ho Chi Minh received Soviet aid/South-led by
Emperor Bao Dai and later strong man Ngo Dinh Diem
received American assistance)
b. Diem was supported by business leaders, Roman Catholics,
and large landowners (did not have the support of the
peasants)
c. US initially sent financial aid and military advisors starting in
the 1950s under Eisenhower and continuing under Kennedy
d. when the Vietcong, South Vietnamese Communist Guerillas,
started making headway against the teetering South
Vietnamese government, the US President Johnson sent in
American soldiers in massive numbers starting in the mid
1960s
e. although nationalism played a powerful role in the conflict,
American policy makers applied the “containment” policies
of the past in effort to prevent the domino effect
f. despite massive superiority in equipment and firepower,
American forces failed to prevail over the persistence the
Vietcong and the North Vietnamese (US never lost a battle
over battalion strength during the conflict but were unable to
win the war)
g. the draft, the bold Tet Offensive (ultimately failed) launched
by the North Vietnamese, and heavy bombing of North
Vietnam by the US Air Force turned public opinion at home
against the war
h. the last of the US troops were pulled out in 1975 (South
Vietnamese government crumbled shortly thereafter)
i. showed the limitations of American power, leading to
improved Soviet-American relations
RECOVERY AND RENEWAL IN EUROPE
A. Economic revival brought renewed growth to European society,
although major differences remained between Western and Eastern
Europe
B. The End of European Colonies
1. the process of global de-colonization was accelerated by the
following:
a. the Japanese humiliation of Western nations by overrunning
their empires in WW II
b. the service of colonial soldiers in the victorious armies of the
allies during WW II
c. the ideas of self-determination championed by advocates of a
democratic post-war Europe
2. Great Britain, the greatest of the empire builders, no longer had
the energy or wealth to maintain its colonial empire after WW II
and quickly sought to let its colonies go (EX: peaceful departure
from India in 1947)
3. When the British pulled out of Palestine in 1947, the UN sowed
the seeds of unrest in the Middle East by dividing Palestine into
Arab and Jewish States (creation of Israel angered and unified
Arabs)
4. the French, on the other hand, in many cases had to be driven
out by national wars of liberation (EX: French defeat in
Indochina at the hands of Ho Chi Minh)
5. the process of de-colonization throughout the non-Western
world following WW II resulted in the creation of the “Third
World,” which has lacked the technological advancements of the
“first” (Japan, Western Europe, and North America) and
“second” (Soviet Union and its satellites) worlds
C. The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev
1. post-WW II life in the Soviet Union under Stalin witnessed
continued poor standards of living due to low wages, few
consumer goods and housing shortages
2. women increasingly filled factory jobs in the Soviet Union (40%
of heavy manual labor was performed by women due to the
shortage of men because of war casualties)
3. the economic policies of Stalin emphasized the development of
heavy industry and the production of sophisticated modern
weapons and space vehicles at the expense of products for
Russian consumers (Sputnik, the world’s first space satellite was
launched by the Soviets in 1957)
4. many returning soldiers were shipped to prison camps after the
war because their contact with the west and its prosperity had
weakened their faith in communism
5. only Stalin’s death on March 5, 1953 from a brain aneurysm
prevented another large scale purge
6. after a period of collective leadership, Nikita Khrushchev
emerged as the leader of the Soviet Union
7. condemned the brutal actions of Stalin in 1956 at the 20th Party
Congress and began the process of “de-Stalinization” of the
Soviet Union
8. economically, Khrushchev tried to place more emphasis on light
industry and consumer goods (failed to benefit the Soviet
economy and industry)
9. his strained relations with the Party bureaucracy along with
several foreign policy failures led to his ouster in 1964
D. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
1. At the end of WW II, the Soviet Army occupied all of Eastern
Europe and the Balkans except for Greece, Albania, and
Yugoslavia
2. the Soviet Union created one-party Communist governments in
all occupied countries (followed Stalin’s plans to the letter)
3. Yugoslavia from WW II through the 1970s was characterized by
the dominant leadership of Marshal Tito, who asserted
Yugoslavia’s independence from the Soviet Union and kept
ethnic conflicts within Yugoslavia under tight, authoritarian
control
4. in 1956, Poland under the leadership of First Secretary Gomulka
declared that they had the right to follow their own socialist path
(fearing Soviet retaliation, Poland backed off by pledging loyalty
to the Warsaw Pact and in return its Roman Catholic Church was
allowed to administer its own affairs within Poland)
5. seeking similar reforms in Hungary in 1956, the Hungarian
independence movement was crushed by the Soviets through
armed intervention and had the communist system firmly
reasserted
6. strong democratic traditions made Czechoslovakia the last
eastern European country to fall under Soviet control after WW II
7. the “Prague Spring” in Czechoslovakia in 1968 was triggered by
the reforms of Alexander Dubcek including freedom of speech
and the press and freedom to travel abroad
8. when many within Czechoslovakia called for even more farreaching reforms, the Soviet military moved into the country
crushed the reform movement and replaced Dubcek with a
committed non-reformist, Gustav Husak (ruled until 1987)
E. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy
1. countries in this region faced similar problems
a. they needed to rebuild their economies
b. they needed to recreate their democratic institutions
c. they needed to deal effectively with the growth of Communist
parties (Commies had garnered respect due to their important
role as part of the resistance movement to the Nazis during
the war)
2. due to the Cold War and the western Communist parties support
for the Soviet Union, Communist party support dwindled
3. in the late 1950s, many socialist parties on the Continent
perceived the need to eliminate their old doctrinal emphasis on
class struggle and began to call for social justice and liberty (no
longer demanded the elimination of the capitalist system)
4. by 1950, moderate political parties such as the Christian
Democrats made a remarkable comeback in Western Europe
5. the Christian Democrats were sincerely interested in democracy
and in significant economic reforms (strong in Italy and
Germany)
6. thanks in part to the Marshall Plan, the decades of the 1950s and
1960s were periods of dramatic economic growth and prosperity
in Western Europe (had virtually full employment)
7. France: the Domination of De Gaulle
a. French political scene was dominated by Charles de Gaulle in
the 1950s and 1960s
b. important leader of the French resistance movement during
WW II (also helped set up the provisional government that ran
France immediately after the war)
c. the 4th Republic’s weak parliamentary government led de
Gaulle to withdraw from politics in the early 1950s
d. in 1958, he re-entered politics when a new constitution
established France’s 5th Republic with a strong president (de
Gaulle was the president)
e. as President of France, Charles de Gaulle’s position in the
Cold War was to make France the “third” nuclear power and
pursue a largely independent political course favorable to
western values (pulled France out of NATO)
f. under de Gaulle, the French GNP increased by 5.5% annually
(faster growth rate than the US)
g. the French economy under de Gaulle witnessed deficits, in
part due to the nationalization of key industries
h. his inability to effectively deal with the skyrocketing cost of
living led to student protests and general strikes by French
labor unions (restored order but resigned under pressure in
1968)
8. West Germany: a New Nation?
a. three major political parties emerged in post-war West
Germany with the blessing of the occupying armies (Social
Democrats, Christian Democrats, & Free Democrats)
b. the first chancellor and “founding hero” of the West German
Federal Republic was Konrad Adenauer
c. Adenauer cooperated with the US (joined NATO) and sought
reconciliation with the French (West Germany rearmed in
1955)
d. Adenauer’s chancellorship was largely associated with the
resurrection of the West German economy
1. despite only having 75% population and 52% land area of
pre-war Germany, West Germany’s GNP had exceeded
Germany’s pre-war GNP by 1955
2. real wages doubled in West Germany between 1950 and
1965
3. unemployment fell from 8% in 1950 to 0.4% by 1965
e. throughout its post-war existence, West Germany was
troubled by its Nazi past
1. major Nazi leaders were tried by the Allies at Nuremberg
in 1945 and 1946
2. war crime trials continued for lesser Nazi officials but
diminished as the Cold War shifted attitudes (German
courts took over prosecution of war criminals in 1950)
3. beginning in 1953, the West German government made
payments to Israel and Holocaust survivors
f. an economic downturn in the mid 1960s opened the door to
the rise of the Social Democrats as they became the leading
political party by the end of the 1960s
9. Great Britain: the Welfare State
a. the war left Britain with massive economic problems
b. the Labour Party under Atlee promised far-reaching reforms
upon coming to power in 1945
c. Atlee’s government established a far-reaching welfare state
by nationalizing the Bank of England, the coal and steel
industries, public transportation, and public utilities
d. the National Insurance Act and National Health Service Act
made Britain a welfare state in the 1940s (comprehensive
social security & socialized medicine)
e. Britain suffered from losing its pre-war colonial revenues
f. continued economic problems brought the Conservatives
back to power in 1951 (stayed in control until 1964)
g. General Gamal Abdel Nasser (president of Egypt) seized
control of the Suez Canal in Egypt from the British in 1956
(British, French, and Israeli soldiers attempted to gain back
control of the canal)
h. American pressure forced the British to accept Egyptian
control of the canal
i. by the Suez Canal debacle, Britain was no longer a
superpower
10. Italy: the Weakness of Coalition Government
a. no country other than Germany had sustained more physical
destruction during the war than Italy
b. post-war Italian politics was characterized by the growing
power and eventual authority of the Christian Democrats (led
by Alcide de Gasperi) with the backing from industrialists and
the Catholic Church
c. like pre-Fascist governments from Italy’s past, post-war
coalition governments were known for their instability and
short lives
d. stabilized by the Marshall Plan, Italy, like Germany, made a
remarkable economic recovery (combined private enterprise
with government management)
F. Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity
1. the Marshall Plan called for European economic cooperation
(complied with the creation of the Organization for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
2. in 1951, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and
the Netherlands formed the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC)
3. in 1957, the same six nations created the European Atomic
Energy Community (EURATOM) to further European research on
the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
4. in 1957, these six nations also signed the Rome Treaty, which
created the European Economic Community (aka Common
Market) which was founded to promote free trade among
member states)
5. the Common Market became the world’s largest exporter and
purchaser of raw materials
6. in general, Western European states in the post-war world have
witnessed successful mixed economies combining state
III.
planning and market forces producing technological
development and greater prosperity
THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW SOCIETY
A. The Structure of European Society
1. the middle class changed dramatically in Europe after WW II
2. the social structure of the postwar European society has been
greatly affected by a dramatic increase in the number of whitecollar management and administrative personnel which greatly
augmented the traditional middle class
3. whether in Eastern or Western Europe, the new managers were
very much alike as their positions depended upon specialized
knowledge from some form of higher education
4. changes also occurred among the traditional lower classes
5. the number of people in agriculture declined dramatically
between 1900 and 1960
6. after 1960, the number of industrial workers began to dwindle as
the number of white-collar service employees increased along
with real wages
B. Creation of a Welfare State
1. one of the chief characteristics of the European social welfare
system after World War II became universal health care for
citizens paid for by the state bringing high quality medical care
to all
2. extending educational opportunities for all who wanted them as
well as creating and/or greatly expanding social security
programs in an effort to ensure dignity for older people
3. these new social program initiatives did come at a price as
spending on social services in European countries went from
17% of the GNP of major European countries in 1967 to between
40% and 50% of GNP by the 1980s
C. New (and Old) Patterns: Women in the Postwar Western World
1. for women, the end of WW II brought their removal from the
workforce and the war-time jobs they held to make way for
returning male soldiers in search of work
2. the trend toward smaller families contributed to the change in
the character of women’s employment in both Europe and the
United States (married women started entering the workforce in
greater and greater numbers)
3. women still did not get equal pay for equal work in comparison
to male workers
4. women still tended to enter traditionally female jobs (Soviet
Union was the exception as many women worked as industrial
workers)
5. Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, and
Czechoslovakia gave women the right to vote in 1918[1920 in the
US](in France and Italy, women did not obtain the right to vote
until 1945)
6. women still believed that political and legal equality had not
brought about true equality with men
7. in her path-breaking text, The Second Sex, the influential French
feminist author Simone de Beauvoir argued that as a result of
male-dominated societies, women were always and wrongly
defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as
second-class citizens
8. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique argued that women were
being denied equality with men in the US (Friedan founded the
National Organization of Women [NOW] in 1966)
D. The Permissive Society
1. the “permissive society” is characterized by all of the following:
a. sexual freedom (the introduction of the birth control pill very
important development)
b. experimentation with drugs (marijuana and LSD)
c. decriminalization of homosexuality
2. the new standards were evident in the breakdown of the
traditional family
a. divorce rates increased dramatically
b. premarital and extramarital sexual experiences also rose
substantially
E. Education and Student Revolt
1. greater access to higher education for the masses due to the
reducing or elimination of fees by the state, led to opportunities
and problems
2. the outburst of student revolts in the late 1960s was instigated in
part by overcrowded classrooms and lack of attention from
professors
3. the more violent student revolts took place in France, where
students successfully encouraged unionized workers to back
their protests
4. the student protest movement reached its high point in 1968,
although scattered incidents lasted into the early 1970s