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Midterm Review Topics Jan. 2011 Biology 4441 Dr. Saunders The midterm exam will cover everything we have learned so far this year and will include chapters 1-9, 10.1 and 10.2 in your textbook and the information on plants from the plant worksheet we did. All of the topics below will be covered plus other related topics. Make sure you understand all the concepts that go with each term below as well as any math we covered. The chapter mysteries always illustrate key concepts in the chapters so make sure you understand them as well. One of the best ways to study is to re-read the material and then retake your old tests. scientific method design experiment constant conditions control group experimental group data hypothesis theory bias characteristics of living things metric system atomic structure ionic bonds covalent bonds properties of water polarity cohesion adhesion dissolved oxygen solutions solute mixtures pH scale acids buffers macromolecules polymers carbohydrates nucleic acids proteins condensation/dehydration reaction energy changes catalysts enzymes biosphere abiotic levels of organization producers heterotrophs consumers detritivores decomposers carnivore herbivores chemosynthesis food chains phytoplankton zooplankton ecological pyramids energy pyramids biogeochemical cycles water cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle weather climate greenhouse effect solar energy niche fundamental niche range of tolerance habitat interspecific competition intraspecific competition competitive exclusion principle predator keystone species symbiosis parasitism commensalism ecological succession primary succession pioneer species climax community climate graphs canopy deciduous coniferous Yellowstone wolves/effects of predators on prey populations aquatic ecosystems photic zone benthos wetland littoral zone limnetic zone dependent variable independent variable technology law biology’s central themes isotopes van der Waals forces hydrogen bonding heat capacity solvent capillary action bases monomers lipids hydrolysis reaction activation energy ecology biotic autotrophs omnivores scavengers omnivores food webs trophic level biomass pyramids carbon cycle limiting nutrient microclimates heat transport in the biosphere realized niche competition resource sharing/partitioning prey mutualism succession secondary succession biomes understory permafrost aphotic zone estuaries profundal and benthic zone marine ecosystems population density nonnative species exponential growth limiting factor density-independent factors sustainable development soil resources water pollution air pollution species diversity introduced/nonnative species ecological footprint microscope types cell structures & their function cholesterol passive transport aquaporins hypotonic active transport exocytosis concentration gradient levels of organization biochemical energy phytosynthesis thylakoids light-dependent reactions electron transport chain C4 plants cellular respiration photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration Krebs cycle FADH2 alcoholic fermentation microscope calculations sexual reproduction chromosomes interphase anaphase cell cycle population size & factors that affect it linear growth limiting factor age structure diagram nonvascular plants flower structure/function transpiration phototropism plant predators plant products 3 ocean zones populations age structure population distribution immigration emigration logistic growth carrying capacity density-dependent factors competition Easter Island monoculture renewable resources/energy nonrenewable resource/energy desertification deforestation biological magnification/biomagnification biodiversity ecosystem diversity genetic diversity habitat fragmentation climate change ecological hot spots atmospheric ozone fisheries/overfishing prokaryote eukaryote cell membrane structure integral protein cell junctions selectively permeable diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis isotonic hypertonic osmotic pressure molecular transport endocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis homeostasis multicellular cellular communication ATP history: understanding photosynthesis (p229) pigments chlorophyll stroma NADP+/NADPH Calvin cycle ATP synthase factors affecting photosynthesis CAM plants Most of a plant’s mass comes from? Calorie/calorie aerobic anaerobic glycolysis intermembrane space matrix NAD+/NADH fermentation lactic acid fermentation energy & exercise cell size surface to volume ratio asexual reproduction cell division chromosome structure chromatin prophase metaphase telophase mitosis cytokinesis (from the ch-5 sheet) population distribution patterns exponential population growth logistic growth carrying capacity density dependent/independent factors invasive species (from the sheet on plants) plant structure/function vascular plants pollen stomata chloroplasts fruit hormones gravitropism plant timing plant adaptations against predators
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