Download Exam_Questions_Dentistry_2015

Comenius University in Bratislava
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava 1
Institute of Histology and Embryology
tel.: +421 2 59 357 284 e-mail: [email protected]
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Examination questions from Histology and Embryology
for Dentistry, academic year 2015/2016
A. HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE AND GENERAL HISTOLOGY
1. Histological tissue preparation for light microscopic examination.
2. Principe and the use of light microscope in medicine. Histochemistry and
immunohistochemistry.
3. Principe and the use of electron microscope in medicine. The types of electron
microscopes.
4. Morphological and functional characteristics of the cell. Cell death. Morphological
description of apoptosis and necrosis.
5. The cytoplasm and cell membrane (structure and function).
6. The structure and function of nucleus (nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope …).
7. The structure and function of membranous organelles (mitochondrion, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome …)
8. Morphological characteristics of the protein synthesis in the cell. Ribosomes.
9. The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. The
centrioles, basal bodies and cilia.
10. Cellular junctions (adhering and communicating junctions). Surface specializations.
11. Cytoplasmic inclusions and pigments. Endocytosis and exocytosis.
12. Epithelial tissue (types, nutrition and function of the epithelia). The structure of the basal
lamina and basement membrane.
13. Surface (covering and lining) epithelium. Structure, classification and localization.
14. Glandular epithelium (exocrine and endocrine glands).
15. Connective and supporting tissues (classification and structure). The fibres of connective
tissues (types, function and visualization - staining).
16. Loose connective tissue (structure, localization and function). Connective tissue cells.
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17. Dense connective tissue (regular and irregular type). Microscopic structure of tendons,
ligaments and aponeuroses.
18. Special types of connective tissues: mucoid (gelatinous) connective tissue, reticular tissue,
white and brown adipose tissue, elastic tissue (structure, function and localization).
19. Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) (structure,
localisation and functional histology).
20. Bone (osseous) tissue. Compact bone and spongy (cancellous) bone. Bone tissue cells.
21. Lamellar bone. The Haversian system. Periosteum and endosteum (structure and
functional histology)
22. Osteogenesis: intramembranous and chondral (cartilaginous) ossification. Woven
(primary) bone and lamellar (secondary) bone.
23. Epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate). Bone remodelling and bone fracture healing.
24. Microscopic structure of the joints and synovial membrane. The structure and function of
articular cartilage.
25. Muscle tissue (types, structure and functional histology). Regeneration and innervation of
the muscle tissue.
26. Cardiac striated muscle (myocardium) (structure and functional histology). Cardiac
conducting muscle cells.
27. Skeletal striated muscle. Smooth muscle tissue (structure and functional histology).
28. Nerve tissue (structure and functional histology). Degeneration and regeneration of the
nerve tissue.
29. Neurons (nerve cells). Nerve fibres and myelinating process (myelination). Synapses.
30. Neuroglia (types, microscopic structure and functional histology). Blood – brain barrier.
31. Microscopic structure of the grey and white matter of the CNS.
32. Composition of the blood. Morphology and formation of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)
and platelets (thrombocytes).
33. Morphology and formation of white blood cells (leukocytes). Mononuclear phagocyte
system.
34. The peripheral blood smear and differential blood count.
35. Morphological overview of the haematopoiesis and bone marrow. Erythrocytopoiesis,
myelopoiesis and lymphocytopoiesis.
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B.
DEVELOPMENT
AND
MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
OF
CRANIOFACIAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANS
1. Development of the cephalic end of embryo. Pharyngeal arches, clefts and their
derivatives. Anomalies.
2. Pharyngeal pouches and their derivatives. Anomalies.
3. Development of the face. Development of the oral cavity. Malformations of the face and
oral region.
4. Development and microscopic structure of the lip and the palate. Clefts.
5. Development of the primary and the secondary palate. Clefts.
6. Microscopic structure of the soft and the hard palate.
7. Oral mucosa. Small salivary glands (development and microscopic structure). Saliva.
8. Development, microscopic structure and congenital anomalies of the tongue. Sensory
receptors of the tongue.
9. Development, and microscopic structure of of the great salivary glands.
10. Development of the nasal cavity and paranasal air sinuses. Microscopic structure of their
mucosa.
11. Development of the teeth. Successive stages of their development. Tooth abnormalities.
12. Amelogenesis. Ameloblasts, their origin, microscopic structure and fuction.
13. Microscopic structure and composition of the enamel. Mineralization and maturation of
the enamel.
14. Dentinogenesis. Odontoblasts, their origin, microscopic structure and fuction.
15. Microscopic structure and the composition of dentin. Predentin and its mineralization.
16. Development of the root of the tooth. Cementoblasts. Cementum (microscopic structure
and composition).
17. Development, and microscopic structure of the dental pulp (topographic regions,
innervation and the blood supply).
18. Microscopic structure of the gum, its topographic regions and function.
19. Dentogingival junction. Alveolar bone socket and periodontium (development,
microscopic structure, function and blood supply).
20. Survey of development of the sensory organs (eye, ear, olfactory region) and their
microscopic structure.
21. The temporomandibular joint (development and microscopic structure).
22. Development and grow of the skull.
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C. DEVELOPMENT AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE
STRUCTURES AND ORGANS EXCEPT OF CRANIOFACIAL REGION.
EMBRYOLOGY
1. Arteries and veins (types, microscopic structure and differences in the structure
between arteries and veins). Survey of development of the vessels.
2. Types of capillaries; their microscopic structure and function.
3. Heart (microscopic structure and function). Conducting system of heart. Survey of
development of the heart.
4. Lymph node (microscopic structure and function).
5. Tonsils (microscopic structure and function).
6. Spleen (microscopic structure and function).
7. Thymus (microscopic structure and function).
8. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) and pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) (microscopic
structure and function).
9. Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands (microscopic structure and function).
10. Adrenal (suprarenal) gland (survey of development, microscopic structure and
function).
11. Pharynx and oesophagus (microscopic structure and function). Survey of development
of the foregut.
12. Stomach (survey of development, microscopic structure and function).
13. Small intestine (survey of development, microscopic structure and function).
14. Liver (survey of development, microscopic structure and function). Blood circulation
in the liver.
15. Ultrastructure and function of hepatocytes. Perisinusoidal space of Disse and
sinusoids.
16. Gallbladder and the bile ducts (survey of development, microscopic structure and
function). Pancreas (survey of development, microscopic structure and function).
17. Larynx and epiglottis (microscopic structure and function).
18. Trachea and branching of the bronchial tree (survey of development, microscopic
structure and function).
19. Lungs (survey of development, microscopic structure and function). Blood circulation
in the lungs. Respiratory portion of the lungs. Blood-air barrier.
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20. Kidney (survey of development, microscopic structure and function). The structure of
the nephron.
21. The filtration barrier of the kidney. Juxtaglomerular complex of kidney (microscopic
structure and function).
22. Excretory urinary passages, urinary bladder and male / female urethra (survey of
development, microscopic structure and function).
23. Ovary (survey of development, microscopic structure and function). Ovarian cycle.
24. Uterine (fallopian) tube (survey of development, microscopic structure and function).
Mammary gland (survey of development, microscopic structure and function).
25. Uterus and uterine cervix (survey of development, microscopic structure and
function).
26. Uterine (menstrual) cycle.
27. Vagina (survey of development, microscopic structure and function). Cyclic changes
in the vaginal epithelium.
28. Testis (survey of development, microscopic structure and function).
29. Vývoj a ultraštruktúra oocytu a spermie.
30. Epididymis and ductus deferens (microscopic structure and function).
31. Prostate and seminal vesicles (microscopic structure and function). Penis (survey of
development, microscopic structure and function).
32. Skin (survey of development, microscopic structure, function). The microscopic
structure of the skin derivatives.
33. Survey of development and microscopic structure of the ear and the eye ball.
34. Survey of development and microscopic structure of the cerebral cortex. Microscopic
structure of the meninges.
35. Survey of development and microscopic structure of the cerebellum and spinal cord.
36. Survey of development and microscopic structure of the peripheral nerve and ganglia
(types and functional histology).
37. Fertilization. Cleavage of the zygote and development of the blastocyst.
38. Implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast. Decidual reaction.
39. Development of the extra-embryonal structures: chorion, amnion and yolk sac.
40. Formation of the germ layers (bilaminar and trilaminar germ disc).
41. Development of the neural tube. Neural crest derived cells and their derivatives.
42. Somites and their derivatives.
43. Development of the umbilical cord and its anomalies.
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44. Development of the placenta and its anomalies. Function and structure of the mature
placenta. The placental barrier.
45. Derivatives of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
46. Development of the vertebra and vertebral column. Development of the limb.
47. Fetal blood circulation. The changes in the circulation after birth.
Assoc. Prof. Štefan Polák, MD, PhD.
Head of the Institute of Histology and Embryology
Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava
9th of November, 2015
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