Download Chemical Name - Natural Health Research Institute

In the formulas following:
Indicates a double bond.
Each end or corner indicates carbons with enough hydrogen
attached to all carbons to make 4 bonds for each carbon atom.
A gradually darkened bond means a structure where the end bonds go
forward and indicates more than one isomer.
Indicates a positive charge on that atom and that it can attaché one more bond
than normal.
Indicates a negative charge on that atom and one less bond possible than
normal.
Is a temporary bond.
Indicates a backward bond.
Chemical Name: Abietic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C20H30O2
Molecular Weight: 302.45 g
A weak contact allergen found in pine wood and used in lacquers and soaps.
1
Chemical Name: Acetaminophen
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H9NO2
Molecular Weight: 151.17 g/mol
A widely used over-the-counter analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer).
Chemical Name: Acetic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2H4O2
Molecular Weight: 60.05g
The chief acid in vinegar.
Chemical Name: Acetylcholine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C7NH16O+
Molecular Weight: 146.2074g
A neurotransmitter (transmits messages thru the nervous system).
2
Chemical Name: Adenosine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H13N5O4
Molecular Weight: 267.271g
An important component of DNA.
Chemical Name: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H15N5O10P2
Molecular Weight: 427.201g
A compound that is converted to ATP for energy storage.
3
Chemical Name: Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H14N5O7P
Molecular Weight: 347.22g
A compound found in animal cells and convertible to ADP and ATP for energy storage.
Chemical Name: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H16N5O13P3
Molecular Weight: 507.18g
A compound used to transport energy to cells.
4
Chemical Name: Adonitol (Ribotol)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H12O5
Molecular Weight: 152.15g
Is found in some plants, and contributes to the structure of riboflavin.
Chemical Name: Aflatoxin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight:
A substance produced by molds that grow on grain and nuts that has been linked to the
formation of cancer.
5
Chemical Name: Alamethicin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C92H150N22O25
Molecular Weight: 1964.31 g
An antibiotic produced by fungi.
Chemical Name: Alanine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H7NO2
Molecular Weight: 89.09g
A nonessential amino acid that is found in a wide variety of foods such as meat, eggs,
whole grain, whey, and nuts.
6
Chemical Name: Alantoin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H6N4O3
Molecular Weight: 158.12 g
A substance used to reduce skin irritation and to quicken wound healing.
Chemical Name: Alpha Linolenic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C18H30O2
Molecular Weight: 278.43 g
A polyunsaturated fatty acid commonly found in vegetable products and used to prevent
heart attacks, lower high blood pressure and cholesterol, and reverse atherosclerosis. A
variety of structures all have this name and have different locations for the double bonds.
Chemical Name: Alpha Lipoic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H14O2S2
Molecular Weight: 206.33 g
An antioxidant soluble in both water and fatty tissues that is used for detoxification of the
body, fighting inflammation, and providing energy to the body.
7
Chemical Name: Anthocyanin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: 207.24724 g/mol
Molecular Weight: C15H11O+
This is a class of strong antioxidants in which the R symbol may represent OH, OCH3, or
H. Research has shown that anthocyanins have benefits to reduce the risks of some
cancers, neurological diseases, aging, inflammation, diabetes, infections and fibro cystic
breast disease.
Chemical Name: Arabinose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H10O5
Molecular Weight: 150.13 g
A sugar obtained from plants, especially cedars and pines.
8
Chemical Name: Arachidonic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C20H32O2
Molecular Weight: 304.47 g
An omega-6 unsaturated fatty acid that is found in animal fat and essential for human
nutrition. The structural formula above is generally used for arachidonic acid, but a few
writers use this term for any fatty acids with 20 carbons and four double bonds.
Chemical Name: Arginine (L)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H14N4O2
Molecular Weight: 174.2 g
A nonessential amino acid involved in waste elimination and in the synthesis of creatine.
Arginine is used to aid those with heart or blood vessel conditions, chest pain, and high
blood pressure.
9
Chemical Name: Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H8O6
Molecular Weight: 76.12 g mol−1
A vitamin found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, and leafy green vegetables.
Chemical Name: Ascorbyl Palmitate
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C22H38O7
Molecular Weight: 414.533 g/mol
An ester formed from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid creating a fat-soluble form of
vitamin C.
10
Chemical Name: Asparagine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H8N2O3
Molecular Weight: 132.12 g mol−1
A common nonessential amino acid needed by the nervous system.
Chemical Name: Aspartic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H7NO4
Molecular Weight: 133.1 g
Also called asparaginic acid, a non-essential amino acid that plays a role in hormone
production and contributes to the normal function of the nervous system. Aspartic acid is
found in legumes, many nuts, flaxseed, beef, salmon, and shrimp.
11
Chemical Name: Astaxanthin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C40H52O4
Molecular Weight: 596.84 g mol−1
A carotenoid found in yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, crayfish, and other crustaceans.
Chemical Name: Asymmetric dimethylarginine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H18N4O2
Molecular Weight: 202.25 g
A naturally occurring substance in blood plasma and is the by-product of protein
processes in all human cells. High levels are associated with greater heart risks.
Chemical Name: Benzylaminopurine (BAP)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H11N5
Molecular Weight: 225.25 g mol−1
A substance that promotes plant growth, development, and fruit richness.
12
Chemical Name: Berberine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C20H18NO4+
Molecular Weight: 336.36122 g
A plant alkaloid isolated from the roots and bark of several herbs, including barberry and
goldenseal. Berberine containing plants are used medicinally in Ayurvedic and Chinese
treatment systems. Berberine has demonstrated antimicrobial functionality and is used to
reduce inflammation.
Chemical Name: Beta Carotene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C40H56
Molecular Weight: 536.87 g
A strong red-orange pigment found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.
13
Chemical Name: Beta Glucan
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: N/A
Molecular Weight: N/A
Beta Glucans are composed of chains of glucose units of various lengths found in the
fiber of plants and are useful in reducing the effects of infections, radiation damage,
arthritis, cardiovascular disease and tumors.
Chemical Name: Betaine (trymethylglicine)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: 117.146
Molecular Weight: 117.146
Betaine is a term used for a family of substances with similar formulas and functions. The
formula above is referred to as glycine betaine. This compound is the one used in
nutritional formulas and serves as a methyl donor and to prevent dehydration by helping
keep water in body cells.
The formula is one of a family of compounds with similar functions, however many
researchers use this form for the specific formula shown. These compounds help keep
water in the cells and thus prevents against dehydration.
14
Chemical Name: Beta Sitosterol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C29H50O
Molecular Weight: 414.71 g
A substance found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds and is used for boosting the
immune system as well as heart disease and high cholesterol. Some men use it for
enlarged prostate and some women use it for symptoms of menopause.
Chemical Name: Bilirubin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C33H36N4O6
Molecular Weight: 584.66 g
Elevated levels of this compound indicate possible diseases.
15
Chemical Name: Biotin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O3S
Molecular Weight: 244.31 g
A B-complex vitamin necessary for cell growth and the metabolism of fats and amino
acids.
Chemical Name: Cadaverine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H14N2
Molecular Weight: 102.178g
A mildly toxic, foul smelling compound formed during improper digestion and decay of
animal tissue.
16
Chemical Name: Caffeine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H10N4O2
Molecular Weight: 194.19g
A bitter white substance in tea and coffee which is toxic at high doses.
Chemical Name: Camphor
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H16O
Molecular Weight: 152.23 g
A naturally occurring substance obtained from the wood or leaves of the camphor tree
and used as an external treatment of mild pain and itching.
17
Chemical Name: Caprilyic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H16O2
Molecular Weight: 144.21 g
A fatty acid also referred to as octanoic acid and used as an antifungal remedy.
Chemical Name: Capsaicin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C18H27NO3
Molecular Weight: 305.41 g
A colorless, pungent compound that is derived from chili peppers and is a strong irritant
to skin and mucous membranes.
Chemical Name: Carbon tetrachloride
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: CCl4
Molecular Weight: 53.82 g mol−1
It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a
cleaning agent.
18
Chemical Name: Carnitine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C7H15NO3
Molecular Weight: 161.199 g
A gamma amino (the amino group is attached to the third carbon from the CO2H group)
acid, found in the liver and in skeletal muscle, and is used in heart conditions.
Chemical Name: Carnosine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H14N4O
Molecular Weight: 226.23
A combination of beta alanine and histidine that is highly concentrated in muscle and
brain tissues and has anti-aging and antioxidant properties.
19
Chemical Name: Catechin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H14O6
Molecular Weight: 290.26 g/mol
A plant material with strong antioxidant properties found in chocolate, acai oil, peaches,
and vinegar.
Chemical Name: Catechin Gallate
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C22H18O10
Molecular Weight: 442.37 g/mol
A strong antioxidant found in green tea, buckwheat, and grapes.
20
Chemical Name: Chloroform
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: CHCl3
Molecular Weight: 119.38 g mol−1
A solvent that was widely used to replace ether as an anesthetic, but found to cause heart
and liver problems.
Chemical Name: Cholesterol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C27H46O
Molecular Weight: 386.65 g
A fatty compound in all animal tissues, blood, and animal fats.
Chemical Name: Choline
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5 H14 N O
Molecular Weight: 104.17080g
An essential nutrient that must be consumed in order for the body to remain healthy and
aids in memory preservation.
21
Chemical Name: Chromium Picolinate
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: Cr(C6H4NO2)3
Molecular Weight: 418.33 g
A chemical compound used as a nutritional supplement to prevent or treat chromium
deficiencies.
Chemical Name: Cinnamaldehyde
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H8O
Molecular Weight: 132.16 g
An organic compound that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor.
22
Chemical Name: Citral (Lemonal)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H16O
Molecular Weight: 152.24 g
A yellow liquid with a lemon odor that is derived from lemongrass oil and used in
perfumes and flavoring.
Chemical Name: Citric Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H8O7
Molecular Weight: 192.124 g
A sour tasting acid found in a variety of plants and fruits and used as a flavoring agent.
Chemical Name: Citrinin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H14O5
Molecular Weight: 250.25 g
Produced by a variety of fungi and is toxic at high doses.
23
Chemical Name: Citronellal
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H18O
Molecular Weight: 154.25
A colorless, water soluble liquid with a lemon like odor used as flavoring in soaps,
perfumes, and citronella candles.
Chemical Name: Citronellol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H20O
Molecular Weight: 156.27 g
A natural compound found in two forms in rose and geranium oils and is used in
perfumes, insect repellants, and mite attractants and is regarded by the FDA as GRAS.
Chemical Name: Citrulline
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H13N3O3
Molecular Weight: 175.19 g
An alpha amino acid originally found in watermelon and is used to enhance athletic
performance.
24
Chemical Name: Cobalamin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C63H88CoN14O14P
Molecular Weight: 1355.37 g
An essential nutrient responsible for healthy brain and nervous system function.
Chemical Name: Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C18H32O2
Molecular Weight: 280.4455
This family of fatty acids with two double bonds in parallel has shown encouraging
results in retarding many tumors and cancers. The double bonds may be in different
positions in this family.
25
Chemical Name: CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10), (Ubiquitone)
Structural Formula:
Isoprene =
Molecular Formula: C59H90O4
Molecular Weight: 863.34 g
A family of enzymes that aid in the production of energy for the human body. These
have the same formula but differ in the number of isoprenyl units (in the bracket above).
CoQ10 has ten of those units in a chain.
Chemical Name: Corticosterone
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C21H30O4
Molecular Weight: 346.46 g
A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that functions in the metabolism of
carbohydrates and proteins.
26
Chemical Name: Cortisol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C21H30O5
Molecular Weight: 362.460g
A steroid hormone released in response to stress and used to treat a variety of diseases.
Chemical Name: Creatine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H9N3O2
Molecular Weight: 131.13 g
An organic acid used to help supply energy to cells within the body.
Chemical Name: Curcumin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C21H20O6
Molecular Weight: 368.38 g
An extract obtained from turmeric that is used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
agent.
27
Chemical Name: Cyanocobalamin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C63H88CoN14O14P
Molecular Weight: 1355.38 g
An essential nutrient responsible for promoting a healthy brain and nervous system.
Chemical Name: Cysteine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H7NO2S
Molecular Weight: 121.16 g
A non-essential amino acid that promotes healthy hair, nails, and skin. Cysteine converts
readily to cystine when the SH groups of two cysteine molecules link together.
28
Chemical Name: Cystine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H12N2O4S2
Molecular Weight: 240.3 g mol−1
This compound is formed by linking two cysteine molecules together. These bonds are
readily removed especially at high temperatures to produce cysteine.
Chemical Name: Cytidine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H13N3O5
Molecular Weight: 243.22 g
A substance that helps in treating the after effects of stroke.
29
Chemical Name: Cytosine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H5N3O
Molecular Weight: 111.10 g One of the main components of DNA and RNA.
Chemical Name: Daidzein
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H10O4
Molecular Weight: 254.23 g/mol
Daidzein is an isoflavone found in large amounts in soybeans and can produce female
hormone and antioxidant effects.
30
Chemical Name: DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C19H26O2
Molecular Weight: 288.424 g
The most abundant circulating steroid hormone in the human body.
Chemical Name: Deoxycholic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C24H40O4
Molecular Weight: 392.57 g
An acid found in bile and used to prevent and dissolve gallstones.
31
Chemical Name: Deoxyribose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H10O4
Molecular Weight: 134.13 g
A component of DNA and used to increase energy. The two forms listed convert back
and forth into each other.
Chemical Name: Dihydrolipoic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H16O2S2
Molecular Weight: 208.343
This is the reduced form of lipoic acid and acts as an antioxidant.
32
Chemical Name: DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C22H32O2
Molecular Weight: 328.488 g
An omega-3 fatty acid that is the primary structural component of the human brain and
retina.
Chemical Name: DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H11NO
Molecular Weight: 89.14 g mol−1
DMAE use may increase vigilance and alertness and have a positive influence on mood.
33
Chemical Name: DMG (Dimethylglycine)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H8N2O2
Molecular Weight: 116.12 g mol−1
This compound has been used to improve athletic performance and to treat autism, but no
conclusive studies verify this.
Chemical Name: DPA (Docosapentaenoic Acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight:
An omega 3 fatty acid with 5 double bonds which can be in different positions.
Chemical Name: Dopamine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H11NO2
Molecular Weight: 153.18 g
A neurotransmitter that is necessary for a healthy central nervous system.
34
Chemical Name: EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C20H30O2
Molecular Weight: 302.451 g
An omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oils.
Chemical Name: Ellagic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C14H6O
Molecular Weight: 302.197 g/mol
An antioxidant found in many fruits and vegetables such as blackberries, strawberries,
and cranberries.
35
Chemical Name: Ephedrine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H15NO
Molecular Weight: 165.23g
A plant substance used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, and helps mental
concentration.
Chemical Name: Epicatechin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H14O6
Molecular Weight: 290.26 g/mol
A member of the catechin family of antioxidants found in many foods.
36
Chemical Name: Epicatechin gallate
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C22H18O10
Molecular Weight: 442.37 g/mol
A member of the catechin family of antioxidants found in green teas, buckwheat and
grapes.
Chemical Name: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C22H18O11
Molecular Weight: 458.37 g
The principle antioxidant found in tea and has therapeutic applications for disorders, such
as some cancers, reducing fatigue and ailments like Parkinson’s disease and alzheimer’s
disease.
37
Chemical Name: Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H13NO3
Molecular Weight: 183.204g
A hormone secreted in response to stress, fear, or excitement.
Chemical Name: Erucic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C22H42O2
Molecular Weight: 338.57 g
A fatty acid in grape seed, mustard seed, and wallflower seed and has been used to reduce
heart disease risk. It has uses similar to mineral oil.
Chemical Name: Erythritol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H10O4
Molecular Weight: 122.1198 g
A compound extracted from algae and used to dilate the blood vessels of the heart.
38
Chemical Name: Estradiol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C18H24O2
Molecular Weight: 272.38g
A hormone produced in the ovaries and used to treat estrogen deficiencies
Chemical Name: Eugenol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H12O2
Molecular Weight: 164.20g
A colorless liquid from clove oil used as a dental analgesic and in perfume.
39
Chemical Name: Flavonoids
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H10O2
Molecular Weight: 222.2387
This is a class of antioxidants with a variety of functional groups attached, which
includes OH and H units. The more OH groups, the more capacity there is for
antioxidant activity.
Chemical Name: Folic acid (Vitamin M), (Vitamin B-9)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C19H19N7O6
Molecular Weight: 441.4g
Needed to make DNA, prevent neural tube defects like Down’s Syndrome and to make
red blood cells.
40
Chemical Name: Formaldehyde
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: CH2O
Molecular Weight: 30.03g
A colorless compound used as a preservative and disinfectant, which is a gas at room
temperature.
Chemical Name: Formic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: CH2O2
Molecular Weight: 46.03g
A colorless liquid which occurs in the venom of bee and ant stings. It is used as an
antibacterial agent.
Chemical Name: Fructose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H12O6
Molecular Weight: 180.16
A sugar occurring in honey and many fruits that does not raise blood sugar levels for
many hours.
41
Chemical Name: Galactose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H12O6
Molecular Weight: 180.156
A sugar used to improve endurance.
Chemical Name: GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H9NO2
Molecular Weight: 103.12
A neurotransmitter involved in brain functions. This amino acid has the amino group
(NH2) linked to the third carbon (gamma) from the acid end rather than the first one
(alpha).
Chemical Name: Gamma-butrolactone
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H6O2
Molecular Weight: 86.089
A compound used to elevate growth hormones.
42
Chemical Name: Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H6O2
Molecular Weight: 86.089
Used mainly to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
Chemical Name: Genistein
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H10O5
Molecular Weight: 270.24 g
An isoflavone found in soy and has antioxidant and anticancer properties. It is also used
to prevent osteoporosis, reduce cholesterol, and relieve menopausal complaints.
Chemical Name: Geraniol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H18O
Molecular Weight: 154.25 g
A fragrant pale yellow liquid alcohol derived chiefly from the oils of geranium and
citronella that is often used as a flavoring.
43
Chemical Name: Glucosamine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H13NO5
Molecular Weight: 179.17 g
An amino sugar that is present in the shell of crustaceans and cartilage.
Chemical Name: Glucose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H12O6
Molecular Weight: 180.16 g
A naturally occurring sugar that is used to supply energy.
Chemical Name: Glutamic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H9NO4
Molecular Weight: 147.13 g
A non-essential amino acid that transmits nerve impulses.
44
Chemical Name: Glutamine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H10N2O3
Molecular Weight: 146.14g
It is non-essential amino acid occurring in plant and animal tissue and used in body
building, increasing endurance, and recovery from operations. It is the most abundant
free amino acid in the body.
Chemical Name: Glutathione
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H17N3O6S
Molecular Weight: 307.32 g
An amino acid that is important in preventing damage to cellular components.
Chemical Name: Glycerol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H8O3
Molecular Weight: 92.09 g
A compound that serves as a solvent and sweetener in many foods. It combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides.
45
Chemical Name: Glycine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO2
Molecular Weight: 75.07 g
It is a sweet tasting amino acid commonly found in sugar beets, cane sugar, and unripe
grapes. The structures above show the two forms of glycine in the body.
Chemical Name: Glycolic acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05 g
A colorless compound found in sugar beets, cane sugar, and unripe grapes. It is used in
cosmetics as a skin peeling agent and to reduce wrinkles.
Chemical Name: Guanine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H5N5O
Molecular Weight: 151.13 g
A component of DNA and RNA that occurs in fish scales, sugar beets, and other natural
materials.
46
Chemical Name: Guanosine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H13N5O5
Molecular Weight: 283.241g
A component of DNA that is composed of guanine and deoxyribose.
Chemical Name: Guanosine triphosphate
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H16N5O14P3
Molecular Weight: 523.18 g
A component of RNA and important in providing the energy needed for body chemical
reactions.
47
Chemical Name: Hemoglobin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight:
Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, where it
releases the oxygen to burn nutrients to provide energy and collects carbon dioxide to
bring it back to the lungs to be removed.
Chemical Name: Hexane
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H14
Molecular Weight: 86.18 g mol−1
Hexane is widely used to extract vegetable oils, but the commercial varieties used contain
small amounts of aromatic compounds (benzene family) which can be toxic in high
amounts.
48
Chemical Name: Histamine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H9N3
Molecular Weight: 111.15 g
An organic compound found widely in animals, plants, and humans and is released as
part of the body’s immune response causing contraction of the airways.
Chemical Name: Histidine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H9N3O2
Molecular Weight: 155.15 g
An amino acid that is essential for tissue growth and repair as well as the overall health of
infants.
Chemical Name: Homocysteine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H9NO2S
Molecular Weight: 135.18 g
A naturally occurring amino acid found in blood plasma. High levels in the blood are
believed to increase the chance of heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and
osteoporosis.
49
Chemical Name: Hyaluronic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Molecular Weight: Varies
This substance is found in chains of the unit above with various lengths. This body
substance comprises 10% of body weight and 1/3 of this needs to be renewed each day.
It is useful for arthritis, preventing cancer cell migration and after surgery.
Chemical Name: Hydrogen Peroxide
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: 2(HO)
Molecular Weight: 34.0147 g
A colorless liquid that is often diluted with water for use as an antiseptic. It reacts with
antioxidants and makes them less effective.
Chemical Name: Hydroxymethylcytosine (5)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H7N3O2
Molecular Weight: 141.13 g
A compound found in high levels in the central nervous system.
50
Chemical Name: Hydroxyproline
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H9NO3
Molecular Weight: 131.13g
An amino acid occurring in some proteins, especially collagen and used to treat
osteoporosis, arthritis, and sports injuries.
Chemical Name: Hydroxyl Radical
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: HO
Molecular Weight: 17.01 g mol−1
A strong oxidizing agent.
This free radical is a highly reactive agent that can react with almost any body substance
and oxidize them from damage that can result is provided by antioxidants like melatonin
and glutathione. However is does help body health by reacting with polluting chemicals
and beginning the process to remove them.
51
Chemical Name: Ibuprofen
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H18O2
Molecular Weight: 206.29 g/mol
A non steroid drug used to treat arthritis.
Chemical Name: Indigo Dye
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C16H10N2O2
Molecular Weight: 262.27 g
A tasteless dark blue powder from indigo plants with low toxicity which can be used to
treat infections.
Chemical Name: Indole
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H7N
Molecular Weight: 117.15 g
A white compound that is a major construct of coal tar, but has a fragrant smell.
52
Chemical Name: Inosine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H12N4O5
Molecular Weight: 268.23 g
A compound derived from animal tissue that was originally used in food processing and
flavoring and has been used in the treatment of cardiac disorders and is now under
investigation in studies of multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease
Chemical Name: Inositol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H12O6
Molecular Weight: 180.16 g
A carbohydrate found in many foods, particularly fruits, that can be used for depression,
autism, Alzheimer’s Disease, psoriasis, and nerve pain. It was formally considered a BVitamin, but no longer because it can be produced from glucose in the body.
53
Chemical Name: Inulin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6nH10n+2O5n+1
Molecular Weight: Dependent on n
A dietary fiber with a bland mild sweet flavor that promotes the growth of friendly
stomach bacteria. It comes in chains of various lengths with different number of identical
units, where marked “n” in the formula above.
Chemical Name: Ionone
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H20O
Molecular Weight: 192.30 g
A liquid with a violet-like odor that is used in perfume.
54
Chemical Name: Isoflavones
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight:
This is a naturally occurring family which have different functional groups attached to
the numbers listed. Soy beans are the most common source in human diets.
Chemical Name: Isoprostane
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C20H34O5
Molecular Weight: 354.5g/mol−1
The formula shown above is a member of a chemically related family. Isoprostanes are
formed from the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and are a good indicator to show
how much the fatty acid is oxidized. Body levels indicate potential heart attacks.
This is a family of compounds that result from the reaction of unsaturated fatty acids.
High body levels may show a heart attack risk.
55
Chemical Name: Lactic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H6O3
Molecular Weight: 90.08 g
A chemical compound that is a product of fermentation or exercise.
Chemical Name: Lactose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H22O11
Molecular Weight: 342.30 g/mol
This is a combination of galactose and glucose and the main sugar in milk. Many individuals with
low levels of lactase (an enzyme needed to digest lactose) have digestive difficulties with milk
products.
56
Chemical Name: Lauric Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H24O2
Molecular Weight: 200.31776g
A white, powdery saturated fatty acid that is found in human breast milk, coconut oil,
palm kernel oil, and laurel oil.
Chemical Name: Lecithin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C42H80NO8P
Molecular Weight: 758.06
This is a family of natural emulsifying substances used for cholesterol level reduction.
Chemical Name: Linoleic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C18H32O2
Molecular Weight: 280.45 g
A polyunsaturated fatty acid abundantly found in many vegetable oils with two double
bonds. This comes in many forms, depending on where the double bonds are.
57
Chemical Name: Lutein
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C40H56O2
Molecular Weight: 568.87 g
A yellow carotenoid pigment that has been discovered in body fats, egg yolk, and green
plants, and has been found helpful in slowing the progress of macular degeneration.
Chemical Name: Lycopene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C40H56
Molecular Weight: 536.87 g mol−1
A red pigment found chiefly in blood and the reproductive organs, from tomatoes, and
palm oils and serves as an antioxidant.
58
Chemical Name: Lysine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H14N2O2
Molecular Weight: 146.19 g
An essential amino acid required for optimal body growth and bone health.
Chemical Name: Malic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H6O5
Molecular Weight: 134.09 g
A compound that occurs naturally in a wide variety of unripe fruit, including apples,
cherries, and tomatoes and helps develop energy for the body.
59
Chemical Name: Malondialdehyde
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H4O2
Molecular Weight: 72.0636 g
An organic compound used as a marker to measure oxidative stress. The two forms
shown convert back and forth.
Chemical Name: Maltose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H22O11
Molecular Weight: 342.30 g
A sugar that helps increase energy and improve athletic performance.
60
Chemical Name: Mannose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H12O6
Molecular Weight: 180.16 g mol−1
A simple sugar that comes in four forms and the main form is shown above called A-DMannofuraanose and used for urinary tract infection.
Chemical Name: Melatonin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H16N2O2
Molecular Weight: 2.278 g
A hormone that plays a role in biological rhythms such as sleep and reproduction.
Chemical Name: Menaquinone (Vitamin K-2)
Chemical Structure:
This term refers to a chemical family with a varying number of isoprenoid units in the n-1
side chain (in the bracket above). Its use reduces bone fractures and heart disorders.
61
Chemical Name: Methionine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H11NO2S
Molecular Weight: 149.21 g
An essential amino acid containing sulfur that helps the body process and eliminate fat.
62
Chemical Name: Methylcobalamin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C63H91CoN13O14P
Molecular Weight: 1344.40 g
A substance similar to Vitamin B12 used to treat disorders of the nervous system.
63
Chemical Name: Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2H6O2S
Molecular Weight: 94.13 g mol−1
Limited research has shown possible benefits for MSM in treating arthritis, inflammation,
allergies, and stress.
Chemical Name: N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H9NO3S
Molecular Weight: 163.19 g mol−1
This compound can be formed by combining cysteine (an amino acid) with acetic acid
and can be used to break up thick mucous in cystic fibosis and pulmonary
fibrosis.
64
Chemical Name: Niacin (B3, Nicotinic Acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6NH5O2
Molecular Weight: 123.1094 g
A B-Vitamin that promotes heart health and increases blood flow. Doses over 100 mg
may cause a temporary itchy reddening of the skin.
Chemical Name: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C21H27N7O14P2
Molecular Weight: 663.43 g/mol
This compound acts as a catalyst in some oxidation and reduction reactions and involved
in DNA and telomere protection.
65
Chemical Name: Nitric Oxide
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: NO
Molecular Weight: 30.01 g mol−1
A gas which aids in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Chemical Name: Norepinephrine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H11NO3
Molecular Weight: 169.18 g
A hormone and neurotransmitter that helps reduce blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose
levels.
Chemical Name: Octacosanol (1)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C28H58O
Molecular Weight: 410.76 g mol−1
This compound if found in wheat germ and waxes on plant leaves and may help in
Parkinson’s Disease.
66
Chemical Name: Orcinol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C7H8O2
Molecular Weight: 124.13 g
A colorless crystalline solid that is found in many lichens.
Chemical Name: Ornithine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H12N2O2
Molecular Weight: 132.16 g
An amino acid important in muscular growth.
Chemical Name: Oxalic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2H2O4
Molecular Weight: 90.03 g
A crystalline acid found in a number of plants such as sorrel and rhubarb. It reacts with
calcium and this product is the main component of kidney stones.
67
Chemical Name: PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C7H7NO2
Molecular Weight: 137.14 g
Part of the vitamin B complex that decreases the formation of free radicals and is used in
sunscreen to protect against ultraviolet radiation.
Chemical Name: Palmitic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C16H32O2
Molecular Weight: 256.42 g
A saturated fatty acid occuring in many natural oils and fats.
68
Chemical Name: Pantothenic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H17NO5
Molecular Weight: 219.23 g
Part of the vitamin B complex found in plant and animal tissues that is used to treat skin
problems, allergies, insomnia, autism, muscular dystrophy, and diabetes.
Chemical Name: p-Coumaric Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H8O3
Molecular Weight: 164.16 g
An organic acid that has antioxidant properties and is believed to reduce the risk of
stomach cancer.
69
Chemical Name: Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H6O
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g mol−1
This is a strong acid compared to other organic acids, but mild compared to hydrochloric,
sulfuric, and nitric acids. It must be handled with care in its pure state, but is used in
remedies for poison ivy.
Chemical Name: Phenylalanine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H11NO2
Molecular Weight: 65.19 g
An essential amino acid needed for healthy development in infants.
70
Chemical Name: Phosphatidylserine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H24NO10P
Molecular Weight: 385.304
This compound helps prevent muscle soreness and to speed muscle recovery. It also has
reduced stress effects in young people.
Chemical Name: Phosphoric Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: H3PO4
Molecular Weight: 98.00 g
A colorless solid acid used in the manufacture of soaps and fertilizers. Normally found in
a combined form called phosphates. Cola beverages contain high amounts.
71
Chemical Name: Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C31H46O2
Molecular Weight: 450.7 g mol−1
A fat soluble vitamin found in green plant leaves and has an important role in helping
blood coagulate to stop bleeding from wounds.
Chemical Name: Phytic Acid (Inositol hexaphosphate)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H18O24P6
Molecular Weight: 660.04 g
An antioxidant found within the hulls of nuts, seeds, and grains and may reduce the risk
of colon cancer.
72
Chemical Name: Policosanol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: CH3-(CH2)n-CH2OH n=24-34
Molecular Weight: variable
This extract of plant waxes is used to reduce “bad” cholesterol and increase “good
cholesterol”. This comes in a long chain of various lengths which have a variety of
numbers in the unit marked “n” in the formula above.
Chemical Name: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H10-xClx
Molecular Weight: Variable
This substance is present in 209 different forms depending on which of the carbon atoms
numbered above are linked to chlorine atoms. Some PCB’s have been shown to increase
the risk of cancer.
73
Chemical Name: Progesterone
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C21H30O2
Molecular Weight: 314.46
Progesterone is a steroid female hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Chemical Name: Proline
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H9NO2
Molecular Weight: 115.13 g
An amino acid that is found in many proteins and can be used to treat osteoarthritis,
tissue strains, and chronic back pain.
74
Chemical Name: Propionic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H6O2
Molecular Weight: 74.08 g
A fatty acid found in sweat and milk products and is used as a mold inhibitor.
Chemical Name: Putrescine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H12N2
Molecular Weight: 88.15g
A colorless compound produced by decaying animal matter and toxic in high doses. At
low doses it can be used to promote overall cell growth.
Chemical Name: Pyridoxal-phosphate (P5P)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H10NO6P
Molecular Weight: 247.142 g/mol
This compound is the active form of vitamin B6 and is used to transmit messages through
the nerves.
75
Chemical Name: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H11NO3
Molecular Weight: 169.18 g
A compound linked to cardiovascular health and hormonal stability in women.
Chemical Name: Pyruvic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H4O3
Molecular Weight: 88.06 g
An organic acid that supplies energy to living cells.
76
Chemical Name: Quercetin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H10O7
Molecular Weight: 302.236 g
A flavonoid found in tea with anti-inflammatory properties.
Chemical Name: Resveratrol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C14H12O3
Molecular Weight: 228.24 g
A compound found in grapes, mulberries, peanuts, and other plant and food products that
is an antioxidant. Preliminary studies show possible anti-inflammatory, blood sugar, and
heart benefits.
77
Chemical Name: Retinol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C20H30O
Molecular Weight: 286.45 g
One form of vitamin A that is necessary for proper vision.
Chemical Name: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C17H20N4O6
Molecular Weight: 376.36 g
An easily absorbed nutrient that plays a key role in energy production and the metabolism
of fats.
78
Chemical Name: Rutin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C27H30O16
Molecular Weight: 610.517 g
A flavonoid in buckwheat, asparagus, and citrus products that helps prevent strokes and
cancer, as well as lessen the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Chemical Name: Salicin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H18O7
Molecular Weight: 286.28 g
A compound contained in white willow and poplar bark that provides anti-inflammatory
effects.
79
Chemical Name: Selenocysteine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H7NO2Se
Molecular Weight: 168.05 g
An amino acid used to help reduce the risk of cancer.
Chemical Name: Selenomethionine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H11NO2Se
Molecular Weight: 196.106 g
An amino acid that is a common natural food source of selenium and could possibly aid
in the reduction of cancer.
80
Chemical Name: Serine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C3H7NO3
Molecular Weight: 105.09 g
An amino acid that helps to control depression and anxiety.
Chemical Name: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT))
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C10H12N2O
Molecular Weight: 176.215 g
A neurotransmitter (transmits nerve impulses) known as the happiness hormone that
helps treat depression caused by a deficiency.
Chemical Name: Skatole
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H9N
Molecular Weight: 131.17 g
A compound that is present in small amounts within many essential oils such as orange
and jasmine, but harmful in large amounts.
81
Chemical Name: Sorbic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H8O2
Molecular Weight: 112.13 g
An organic compound often used as a preservative.
Chemical Name: Squalene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C30H50
Molecular Weight: 410.72 g
A compound found in the liver of sharks that may lower cholesterol, lower the risk of
heart disease and cancer, and improve skin health.
Chemical Name: Stearic Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C18H36O2
Molecular Weight: 284.48 g
The primary saturated fatty acid that occurs in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.
82
Chemical Name: Sucrose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H22O11
Molecular Weight: 342.30 g
A disaccharide found in many plants but extracted as ordinary sugar mainly from sugar
cane and sugar beets. Widely used as a sweetener or preservative.
Chemical Name: Sulfanilamide
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C6H8N2O2S
Molecular Weight: 172.20 g/mol
Sulfanilamide is used to combat bacterial infections by competing with PABA which is
chemically similar.
Chemical Name: Tartaric Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H6O6
Molecular Weight: 150.087 g
An organic acid found in grapes and bananas that is the main acid in wine and used as an
antioxidant.
83
Chemical Name: Taurine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2H7NO3S
Molecular Weight: 125.15 g
An organic acid that aids in treating congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and
cystic fibrosis.
Chemical Name: Testosterone
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C19H28O2
Molecular Weight: 288.42g
The principle male sex hormone.
Chemical Name: Thiamine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C12H17ClN4OS
Molecular Weight: 300.81 g
A vitamin in the B complex found in meat and yeast and necessary for adequate
carbohydrate metabolism.
84
Chemical Name: Threonine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H9NO3
Molecular Weight: 119.12 g
An essential amino acid that is often used to alleviate anxiety and boost the immune
system.
Chemical Name: Thyroxine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C15H11I4NO4
Molecular Weight: 776.87 g
A hormone that increases the rate of cell metabolism, regulates growth, and is used for
the treatment of thyroid disorders.
Chemical Name: Tetrachloroethylene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2Cl4
Molecular Weight: 165.83 g mol−1
A solvent widely used in dry cleaning, but was found to be a possible carcinogen.
85
Chemical Name: Tocotrienol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C28H42O2
Molecular Weight: Varies
This family of antioxidants similar to the tocopherols, but has three double bonds in the
side chain. The R’s can be H or CH3 groups depending on whether it is alpha, beta,
gamma, or delta tocopherol. Tocopherols have been shown to protect against brain cell
damage, prevent cancer, and reduce cholesterol levels.
Chemical Name: Toluene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C7H8
Molecular Weight: 92.14 g mol−1
A solvent used as a paint thinner which is less toxic than benzene.
86
Chemical Name: trichloroethylene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C2HCl3
Molecular Weight: 131.39 g mol−1
This compound was widely used as an anesthetic but was later found to cause irregular
heart beat and liver toxicity.
Chemical Name: Trolox
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C14H18O4
Molecular Weight: 250.29 g mol−1
A synthetic compound similar to the tocopherols.
87
Chemical Name: Tyrosine
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C9H11NO3
Molecular Weight: 181.19 g mol−1
An amino acid that is used as a treatment for depression, attention deficit disorder, and
narcolepsy. Tyrosine can be produced in the body from phenylalanine. Dietary sources
include: soy foods, meats, fish, nuts, seeds, and milk products. Tyrosine is in the body to
produce dopamine, adrenaline, and thyroid hormones.
Chemical Name: Uracil
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C4H4N2O2
Molecular Weight: 112.08676 g
A compound present in all living cells as part of RNA.
88
Chemical Name: Urea
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: CH4N2O
Molecular Weight: 60.06 g
A white, water-soluble crystalline compound with often an odor of ammonia that is
produced during metabolic processes and excreted in urine.
Chemical Name: Uric Acid
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H4N4O3
Molecular Weight: 168.1103 g
An end product of metabolism, excreted in the urine. High body levels are associated
with gout and kidney stones.
Chemical Name: Water
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: H2O
Molecular Weight: 18.01528g
A colorless liquid required for all life.
89
Chemical Name: Xylene
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C8H10, C6H4(CH3)2 or C6H4C2H6
Molecular Weight: 106.16 g/mol
Xylene comes in 3 different shapes depending on where the methyl groups are located. It
is somewhat toxic but less so than others in the benzene family like benzene and toluene
Chemical Name: Xylitol
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: (CHOH)3(CH2OH)2
Molecular Weight:
A sugar alcohol derived from xylose and often used as a sweetener in oral health products
due to the fact that it does not cause tooth decay. It is found in the fiber of many fruits
and vegetables. As with other sugar alcohols, xylitol may have a laxative effect at
amounts over two ounces per day; but normally the body tolerates an increasing amount
and those taking up to a pound per day did not have any problems. Xylitol is commonly
used to prevent tooth decay in the germ of chewing gum. As an alternative to sugar as a
sweetener, it does not cause rapid increase in blood sugar levels. Research has shown
benefits to prevent metabolic syndrome.
90
Chemical Name: Xylose
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C5H10O5
Molecular Weight: 150.13 g
A sugar used as a sweetener and does not cause tooth decay.
Chemical Name: Zeaxanthin
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula: C40H56O2
Molecular Weight: 568.88 g
A compound found in some fruits and vegetables that can reduce the risk of some eye
diseases. It uses the same formula as lutein but a different shape. It is found in high
concentrations in the retina. Eggs, dark green vegetables, goji berries, and broccoli are
good sources.
91