Download Biology H/Pre-IB

Biology H/Pre-IB
Spring Final Review
I.
Human Physiology
Review Endocrine, Circulatory, Respiratory, Nervous, Immune Systems. Be familiar with the structures and functions of
each system.
II.
Ecology
What is a trophic level? Describe each of the trophic levels. Define herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger. What is a
food chain? How is it related to a food web? Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. How much energy is
passed from one trophic level to the next? Why can’t food chains go on forever? What is an ecosystem? What are abiotic
and biotic factors? Define symbiosis. Define mutualism, commensalisms, parasitism. What is an ecological pyramid?
What are the different types of ecological pyramids? Define competition, intraspecific competition, interspecific competition.
Name and describe the major terrestrial biomes. What is succession? What is the difference between primary and
secondary succession? Describe the characteristics of each community during the process of succession.
III. Viruses and Bacteria
Describe the major characteristics of viruses. What is the difference between a DNA virus and an RNA virus (give examples
of each type of virus)? What is a retrovirus (give an example)? What is the difference between a temperate virus and a
virulent virus? What is the lytic cycle (describe each stage)? What is the lysogenic cycle (describe each stage)? What are
the two major kingdoms of bacteria? Describe the differences between the two kingdoms. Define the obligate anaerobe
(give an example), obligate aerobe (give an example) and facultative anaerobe (give an example). Define staphylo-,
strepto-. Name and describe the three different shapes of bacteria. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission?
Describe the steps in conjugation. Give examples of bacteria that cause disease. Describe how diseases are transmitted.
Define vehicle, vector, direct transmission, indirect transmission. In what ways are bacteria beneficial?
IV. Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Fungi
What are the general characteristics of organisms belonging to this kingdom? What are the two major divisions of this
kingdom? What are the general characteristics of protozoa? Describe the characteristics and give examples of each
protozoa phylum we studied. What are the general characteristics of algae? Describe the characteristics and give
examples of each phylum of algae that we studied. What are the general characteristics of the kingdom fungi? Name the
major groups and characteristics of fungi. In what ways are fungi beneficial? In what ways are fungi harmful to humans?
What is the role of fungi in the environment?
V.
Kingdom Plantae – Plant Taxonomy (Classification)
What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants? Define xylem and phloem. What are the major
characteristics of nonvascular plants? What is the alternation of generations? Draw and label a generalized life cycle for a
plant. Briefly outline the life cycle of a moss. Name the major groups of nonvascular plants. What are the major
characteristics of vascular plants? Name and describe the general characteristics of the seedless vascular plants. Name
the two groups of seed plants. What are the general characteristics of gymnosperm? Describe the major groups of
gymnosperm. What are the major characteristics of the angiosperms? What are the two major types of angiosperm?
VI
Kingdom Plantae – Plant Anatomy and Physiology
Be able to label diagrams of the root, stem and leaf. Define the following terms: vascular bundle, vascular cylinder, vein.
What is transpiration? Define stomata, guard cells, root hairs, turgor pressure. Compare a fibrous root system to a taproot
system. Make a chart outlining the major difference between monocots and dicots. What are the different parts of a flower?
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization? What is double fertilization? What is a seed?
VII. Kingdom Animalia – Animal Classification
Define dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior. Describe each of the following: asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry.
Define the following: acoelom, pseudocoelom, true coelom.
Phylum Porifera
What are the major characteristics of sponges? What are collar cells, spicules, pores, osculum? How do sponges
reproduce? Define hermaphrodite, filter feeders, sessile, ameobocytes. What level of organization are sponges?
Phylum Cnidaria
What is another name for his phylum? Define cnidocyte, nematocyst (“stinging cells”). What level of organization are
cnidarians? Name, describe, and give an example of the three major groups of cnidarians. Define ectoderm, endoderm,
and mesoglea. How do cnidarians reproduce? What is the difference between a polyp and a medusa? What is a
gastrovascular cavity?
Phylum Platyhelminthes
What are the major characteristics of organisms in this phylum? What level of organization are flatworms? How do
flatworms eat? Define: ganglion, regeneration, scolex. How do flatworms reproduce? Name, describe, and give examples
of the major groups of flatworms. What is an incomplete digestive system?
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Phylum Nematoda
What are the major characteristics of organisms in this phylum? What level of organization are roundworms? What is a
complete digestive system? What is a pseudocoelom? Name, describe and give examples of roundworms from your notes.
Phylum Annelida
What are the major characteristics of organisms in this phylum? What level of organization are segmented worms? Be
familiar with the general physiology of earthworms as discussed in your notes. What is a coelom? How do earthworms
breathe? Name, describe, and give an example of the major groups of annelids.
Phylum Mollusca
What are the general characteristics of organisms belonging to this group? What is the job of the mantle? How do snails
feed? reproduce? How do clams feed? Name, describe, and give an example of the major groups of molluscs.
Phylum Arthropoda
What are the general characteristics of arthropods? What is an exoskeleton? What are the major subphyla of the Phylum
Arthropoda? How do spiders and insects breathe? What is an entomologist? Why have insects been so successful?
Describe the process of complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
Phylum Echinodermata
What are the general characteristics of echinoderms? What type of symmetry do they have? How do starfish feed?
Describe the water vascular system of a starfish. Define tube feet, nerve ring, regeneration.
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