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Final Examination
STUDY GUIDE FOR FINAL
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What is the scientific method and what is a theory vs a hypothesis?
Biology is defined as
The fundamental unit of matter is….
Chemical bonding that involves sharing between electrons is called
What is the relationship between polarity and the ability to dissolve?
What are the properties of water? (at least 5)
The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution is known as…..
A compound that minimizes changes in pH by reversibly taking up or releasing H+ ions
A carbohydrate is a chain of
What type of macromolecule is DNA and RNA
What macromolecules breaks down into amino acids and releases ammonium waste products
into the blood?
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Estrogen and testosterone are made of what macromolecule?
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Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
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Structures within cells that carry out specific tasks are known as
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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Which organelle breakdowns worn-out cellular structures?
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Which of the cellular structures are common only to animals?
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known the difference in diffusion, osmosis, action potential, facilitative diffusion?
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What are the 3 components of the plasma membranes?
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Know the definitions of semi-conservative, permeable, semi-permeable
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Define pH and buffer .
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What the the two laws of thermodynamics states….
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What is the Energy currency in living systems?
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Name at least two chemical reactions that are exergonic, endergonic
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During which of the phases of cell respiration is the most cellular energy produced?
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What stage of cell respiration occurs in the cristae membrane?
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Define redox, oxidation and reduction.
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What plant molecules directly harvests light energy
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What pathway synthesizes glucose. What happens in the light and dark reactions?
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Where does gas exchange occur in plants?
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Contrast C3, C4 and CAM plants
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What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? Contrast the 4 phases of mitosis and the difference
in cytokinesis in plants and animals.
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In what phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm and the cell membrane pinch in two?
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Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.
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During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate?
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What form of Cell division effectively reduces the chromosome number to half?
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What is the microtubule protein based structure that attaches to the centromere of
chromosome and aides in the separation of chromosomes?
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When and how are Gametes produced?
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Provide two ways to produce Genetic variation during meiosis.
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What are the monomer units of DNA, RNA, protein, carbohydrates, lipids ?
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Characterize Enzymes
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What are all the possible ways to produce genetic diversity?
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Define Semi-conservative, translation, transcription and replication.
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Distinguish between the three types of RNA.
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What are 4 differences in DNA and RNA?
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What is genotype and phenotype and allele?
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What enzymes are used in DNA replication?
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What is sexual reproduction, cloning, biotechnology?
Name some haploid and some diploid cells in organisms?
Practice genetic crosses.
What is the role of the hormones insulin, epinephrine, calcitonin and thyroxine?
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Explain the breakdown and processing of complex carbohydrates in animals.
How is water and temperature regulated in animals?
What type organisms digests cellulose in the intestinal tract of humans?
To make an exact copy of a protein, cell or organism is known as….
Characterize Sperm and egg cells.
What is the function of the enzymes amylase, lipase, cellulose, and -galactosidase
What is the difference in organ, tissue, community and organisms?
What is homozygous, heterozygous, recessive and dominant
Know something about sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia and albino pigmentation
What are the components of blood?
What types of connective tissues are there?
What are the four tissues?
What are the functions of the 11 organ systems?
How is the zygote formed?
What are the equations for photosynthesis and cell respiration
Why do humans get Vaccinations?
Define Antigen, antibody and hormone?
Define metabolism
What is the role of Luetinizing hormone, progesterone, estrogen, ADH and FSH
Review hormones releases from endocrine glands
What are the functions of bone?
How do muscles work?
What are interneurones
What is the role of a phagocyte in the immune response?
What is CNS, PNS, sympathetic, parasympathetic, autonomic and somatic?
What happens to individuals with hyperthyroidism and hypothyrodism?
How does HIV attack the immune system?
What does the pancrease secrete?
What is the difference in an artery and a vein?
Draw the parts of each organ system.
What happens in each organelle, can you identify each organelle in a picture?
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Draw a Neuron and know its function.
Be able to recognize a cell in specific phases of mitosis?
How does a chromosome differ from a tetrad sister chromatid and homologous chromosome?
Which organ system is depicted in Figure 5?
Which organ system is depicted in Figure 4?
a. Digestive
c. Respiratory
b. Lymphatic
d. Urinary
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What structure is number 8 in Figure 4?
a. esophagus
c. trachea
b. bronchus
d. throat
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Which of the following is/ are correct concerning Structure 9, in Figure 4
a. these are synapses
c. these are small hairs that brush the cell surface
b. this is the site of gas exchange
d. this is the right ventricle
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In Figure 4 what endocrine gland is structure10?
a. Thyroid
c. thymus
b. Pituitary
d. adrenal
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Which of the following is true concerning the gland shown in Figure 4, structure 10.
a. it releases epinephrine
c. it produces insulin
b. it produces thyroxin
d. it produces follicle stimulating hormone
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In Figure 5 what structure is number 11?
a. ovaries
c. kidneys
b. gonads
d. lungs
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In Figure 5, the conduit that connects Structure 11 with structure 13 is know as….
a. esophagus
c. trachea
b. ureter
d. urethra
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In Figure 5, what network is found inside structure 11
a. neurons
c. nephrons
b. gastric glands
c. alveoli
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Figure 6 is a picture of
a. one organ
b. one organ system
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c. one tissue
d. a group of cells having the same function
Which is/are correct concerning Figure 6?
a. Structure 15 is a ventricle
c. Structure 15 is an atrium
b. Structure 15 produces pumping pressure
d. Structure 16 prevents backflow
What effect do human activity have of the environment?
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