Download Sentences, Phrases, Clauses - Mr. Jason Spitzer, English Language

SENTENCES, PHRASES,
AND CLAUSES
Grammar Part II
Part 1: Sentences
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A Sentence is a group of words that make a
complete idea.
Sentences are made up of 3 parts:
1. The Subject – what is being spoken of.
2. Verb – word (or phrase) that expresses action or
state of being.
3. The Predicate – what is being said of the subject.
Simple and Complete
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“The condors of California soar gracefully in the sky.”
Simple Subject – the key noun or pronoun in a sentence. Ex.
Condors
Simple Predicate – the verb or verb phrase that tells
something about the subject. Ex. Soar
Complete Subject – the simple subject plus the words that
modify it. Ex. The condors of California
Complete Predicate – the simple predicate and all the
words that modify it. Ex. Soar gracefully in the sky
Compound Subjects and Predicates
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Compound Subject – two or more simple subjects
joined by a conjunction and that share the same
verb. Ex. “Eagles and Owls hunt for food.”
Compound Predicate (or Verb) – two or more verbs
or verb phrases joined by a conjunction and that
share the same subject. Ex. “Eagles soar and
plunge.”
Some sentences have both: “Eagles and Owls soar
and plunge in the sky.”
Sentence Order
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The subject comes before the verb in most sentences in
English. However, …
Commands: You is often understood rather than
expressed. Ex. [You] Jump! [You] Tear it down!
Questions: frequently begin with a verb or helping verb.
Ex. Is he right? Will you visit your cousin?
There or here: When there or here begins a sentence,
followed by the verb “to be”, the subject will follow the
predicate.
Ex. “There are three owls in the nest.”
Ex. “Here is my loudmouth sister.”
Inverted Order
Inverted Order – A sentence in which the
predicate comes before the subject. It adds
emphasis. (Predicate  Verb  Subject)
 Example: “Two eagles soared over the
mountain.”
 Example: “Over the mountain soared two
eagles.”
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Complements
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“Birds fly” = complete thought
“The mechanic is” = incomplete thought
Complement – a word or group of words that
completes the meaning of a verb.
Four types:
Direct Objects
Indirect Objects
Object Complements
Subject Complements
Direct Object
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Direct Object – a noun or pronoun that receives the
action of a transitive verb.
Whom? What? of a verb:
Ex: “The message reached the lawyer.”
Direct Objects can be compound:
My mother invited Uncle Bill and Aunt Clara.
A Direct Object is never an adverb or the noun or
pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase.
Indirect Object
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Indirect Object – a noun or pronoun that comes after
an action verb and before a Direct Object.
Names the person or thing to which something is
done.
To or for Whom? To or for What?
A sentence cannot have an Indirect Object unless it
contains a Direct Object.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
“Dave gave each car a new color.”
Object and Subject Complements
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Object Complement – Completes the meaning of a Direct
Object by identifying or describing it.
Ex. “Engineers find plans essential.”
Subject Complement – follows a subject and a linking verb and
identifies or describes the subject (two types).
1. Predicate Noun/ Pronoun (Nominative) – a noun or
pronoun following a linking verb that identifies the subject
further.
Ex. “Engineers are scientists.”
2. Predicate Adjective – an adjective that follows a linking
verb that identifies the subject further.
Ex. “Engineers are inventive.”
Phrases
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A Phrase is a group of words that functions as a
single part of speech; phrases do not contain a
Subject or a Verb.
1. Prepositional
2. Appositive
3. Participial
4. Gerund
5. Infinitive
Prepositional Phrase
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A Prepositional Phrase begins with a preposition
and ends with a noun or pronoun called the Object
of the Preposition.
Ex. “under the window”
Ex. “at the store”
Ex. “near the flowers and the trees”
Can serve as Adjectives or Adverbs.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
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An Appositive is a noun or pronoun placed after
another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or
explain the preceding word.
Ex. “The poet Robert Frost is much admired.”
Appositive Phrase
Ex. “Robert Frost, a famous writer, is much admired
for his poetry.”
Verbals
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Verbals are verb forms used as another part of
speech.
There are three kinds:
Participles (used as adjectives)
Gerunds (used as nouns)
Infinitives (used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs)
Participles
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Many adjectives are actually participles: a form of
verb that acts as an adjective.
Two kinds:
1. Present Participles (end in –ing): going, playing,
growing, telling, reading
2. Past Participles (usually end in –ed, -t, -en):
marked, jumped, moved, hurt, chosen
Participle Phrase:
Gerunds
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Gerunds end in –ing.
Gerunds are used as nouns.
Gerunds can be used as subjects, direct objects,
predicate nouns, and objects of prepositions.
A Gerund Phrase is a gerund with modifiers or a
complement, all acting together as a noun.
Infinitives
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An Infinitive is the form of a verb that comes after
the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb.
An infinitive phrase is an infinitive with modifiers or
a complement.
Ex. To be, to live. To work, To cry, To laugh, etc.`
Clauses
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A Clause is a group of words with its own subject
and verb.
There are two types:
1. An Independent Clause (AKA. MAIN CLAUSE) has
its own subject and verb and is a complete thought.
2. A Subordinate Clause has a subject and a verb
but is an incomplete thought.
Subordinate Clauses
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Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating
conjunctions or relative pronouns.
Subordinating conjunctions: if, since, when, although,
because, and while.
Relative pronouns: who, which, or that.
A subordinating clause must be combined with an
independent clause to form a sentence.
Adjective Clauses
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An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a noun or pronoun.
Usually begins with: that, which, who, whom, or
whose; sometimes when or where.
Ex. They visited the memorial that remembers
Holocaust victims.
Ex. The museum whose artifacts include the Dead Sea
Scrolls is located in West Jerusalem.
Two sentences can be combined into one sentence
by changing one into an adj. clause.
Adverb Clauses
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An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or adverb.
Adverb clauses begin with subordinating
conjunctions.
Ex. Jerusalem is interesting because it is home to
several diverse religions.
In certain adverb clauses, words are left out.
Elliptical Adverb
Ex. My brother can eat as much as I {can eat}.
Noun Clause
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A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a
noun.
It can function in all the ways that a regular noun
can: subject, direct object, indirect object, object of
a preposition, or a predicate noun.
Ex. Whoever lives on a farm often eats homegrown food.
Ex. A drought affects whatever grows outdoors.
Sentence Structure
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There are four basic sentence structures:
1. Simple – 1 independent clause
2. Compound – 2 or more independent clauses
3. Complex – 1 independent clause, 1 or more
subordinate clauses.
4. Compound-Complex – 2 or more independent
clauses, 1 or more subordinate clauses.
The length of the sentence does not necessarily alter its
structure identity.
Simple Sentence
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A simple sentence consists of a single independent
clause.
It contains a subject and a verb.
It can be short or long.
It does not contain any subordinate clauses.
Ex. The siren sounded.
Ex. Art and Archeology reflect and explain
Jerusalem’s history.
The Compound Sentence
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A compound sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses.
The independent clauses are joined by a comma, a
semicolon, or a coordinating conjunction (and, but,
for, nor, or, so, yet).
Ex. The population of Israel is approximately
4,700,000, but only 8 percent of the people live in
rural areas.
Complex Sentences
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A complex sentence consists of one independent
clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
The main clause and each subordinate clause have
their own subjects and verbs; those in the main
clause are called the subject of the sentence and the
main verb.
Ex. When the fog lifted, we continued our trip.
Compound-Complex
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A compound-complex sentence consists of two or
more independent clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses.
Ex. As he was leaving for school, Larry remembered
to take his lunch, but he forgot the report that he
had finished the night before.