Download Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration

International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.1, pp. 2124-2129
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration
without Effect on System Operation
A. Y. Abdelaziz, M. A. El-Sharkawy and M. A. Attia
Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract- Wind generation connection to power system affects
steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this effect
increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation
capacity. In this paper, optimal location of FACTS devices is
carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind
penetration using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Cases studied are
carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system with wind
penetration around 7% of system generation with change in
reactive power injection to wind bus from the network. In all
cases the system suffers from outage of one generator with
load in one of system buses decrease by 15%. The system
suffers from minimum voltage reduction, total loss increases
and violation of power angle limits. Results prove that series
FACTS devices in certain range are able to solve these
problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.
Keywords: FACTS, TCSC, genetic algorithm, optimization,
wind penetration
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the world needs to look at the different
available natural energy sources. So it is necessary to
look into more environmentally friendly energy sources
as wind energy. But there are a range of advantages and
disadvantages of wind energy to look at, for examples
wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment.
Also wind turbines take up less space than the average
power station and are considered as great resources to
generate energy in remote locations. But the main
disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds
unreliability factor. Also wind turbine construction can be
very expensive and the noise pollution from commercial
wind turbines should be considered [1]. Moreover, all
wind farms connected to grid shall endeavor to maintain
the voltage wave form quality at the grid connection
point, also to keep voltage and frequency deviation in
their permissible value otherwise, the grid operator is
authorized to disconnect the wind farm from the grid [2].
A flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) has
higher controllability in power systems by means of
power electronic devices. The basic applications of
FACTS devices are power flow control, increase of
transmission capability, voltage control, reactive power
compensation, stability improvement and power quality
improvement [3, 4]. However, because of the
considerable cost of FACTS devices, it is important to
minimize their number and obtain their optimal locations
in the system.
The Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensation
(TCSC) is one of the series FACTS devices. In this
device, a capacitor is inserted directly in series with the
transmission line to be compensated, and a thyristorcontrolled inductor is connected directly in parallel with
the capacitor. The TCSC is more economic than other
competing FACTS technologies [3, 5].
In [6], the TCSC may have one of the two possible
characteristics—capacitive or inductive, respectively, to
decrease or increase the overall reactance of line XL. In
order to avoid overcompensation of the line, the
maximum value of the capacitance is fixed at -0.8XL. For
the inductance, the maximum is 0.2XL.
Another TCSC model was used in [7]. According to
this model, a variable reactance is inserted in series with
the line to be compensated, which is similar to the model
used in [5] as shown in Figure 1. This model is used in
this work as the TCSC range, and the reactance is
assumed to vary in the range from -0.3XL to -0.7XL
which is better range to deal with wind problems [8].
Figure 1 - Model of TCSC [5]
Main research areas regarding FACTS solutions
for wind problems in power systems are reviewed. The
problems associated with wind in power system are
voltage stability, frequency stability, power oscillations
and power quality and the FACTS are recommended to
solve these problems [9].
2124
Abdelaziz et. al.,
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration without Effect on System Operation
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.1, pp. 2124-2129
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
According to [9], voltage stability should be
monitoring with wind penetration where reactive power
consumptions of the connecting lines and loads may lead
to a voltage collapse in a weak heavily loaded system.
Such situations are quite typical for wind generation,
which is often placed in remote areas and connected with
long lines.
Also if reactive power compensation provided by
the WPP (wind power plant) is not sufficient, generated
active power might need to be limited to avoid voltage
instability [10]. Studies conducted in [10] show that
STATCOM applied at PCC (point of common coupling)
of such plant greatly enhances system voltage stability.
Similar case was studied for DFIG based wind farm
in [11]. Due to crowbar protection, WPP reactive power
support is limited. In result, without a STATCOM voltage
cannot be restored when one of the connecting lines was
disconnected due to fault.
Authors of [12, 13] also analyze transient voltage
stability enhancement of DFIG-WT based farms by a
STATCOM. Reference [13] clearly shows proportional
relation between STATCOM
ratings and level of
support. In [12], influence of STATCOM control strategy
on post-fault voltage evolution was studied. Optimized
neural network controller allows faster voltage restoration
with smaller overshoot and oscillations.
In [14], voltage stability of 486MW DFIG based
offshore wind farm is indirectly addressed through the
compliance analysis with UK grid codes. Conclusion is
made that for
short connection (20km), DFIG can
comply with grid codes without additional support. On
the other hand, for 100km cable, STATCOM of at least
60MVAr would be needed to provide adequate voltage
support from the wind farm.
Reference [9] finds that frequency stability is an
important parameter with wind penetration where active
power control requirement stated in the grid codes is
related to frequency stability. To maintain frequency
close to the nominal value, balance between generated
and consumed power must be provided. When there is
surplus of generated power, the synchronous generators
tend to speed up. In result synchronous frequency rises.
On the contrary, when there is not enough power
generation
to
cover
consumption,
overloaded
synchronous machines slow down and grid frequency
drops.
There has been done lot of research on adding
energy storage for wind turbines to improve active power
control (e.g. reference [15] discusses provision of
frequency support, load leveling and spinning reserve).
However, here particular interest is when energy storage
is incorporated in FACTS device. Such studies have been
done in [16], for STATCOM with Battery Energy Storage
System connected in parallel to regular DC-link
capacitors. According to simulation results, 5 MWh
storage helps 50MVA SCIG based wind farm to track ½
hour active power set point, which was based on wind
prediction. Therefore need for balancing power is reduced
and wind power can be better dispatched. It is clear that
energy storage would bring benefits in terms of frequency
control and inertia emulation. Still, primary STATCOM
control functions are maintained.
Power oscillation damping is one of the existing
problems in power systems. In [12], it is shown that
additional control loop for STATCOM controller can
help to damp power oscillations, while basic voltage
support function is maintained.
Another research area is wind power quality
improvement with FACTS devices. It is especially
attractive in case of Wind generator connected to a weak
grid, where changing wind speed causes voltage
fluctuations at wind farm PCC and flicker. In [17], it is
shown that dynamic reactive power compensation device
like STATCOM can solve this problem.
Very interesting issue is studied in [18].
Capacitances of low loss cables that are used in wind
farms together with main transformers inductance form
poorly damped resonant tank, with resonance frequency
between 11th and 35th harmonic. By proper controller
gain selection it can be ensured that real part of
STATCOM complex impedance is negative for all
signals in desired frequency spectrum. This means that
STATCOM would absorb active power carried by
harmonics and re-inject active power at fundamental
frequency [18].
In [19], Instead of shunt compensation DVR was
used. This device, by exchanging active power with the
grid, injects series voltage between PCC and wind farm
terminals to cover voltage reduction caused by grid fault.
In such a way fault is not seen from the wind turbine
point of view.
In [20], a 28 bus test system is considered where the
wind penetration varies from 10% to 99% over the day.
This causes a large variation at different bus voltages
violating the grid code. A shunt FACTS device (SVC) is
used to mitigate this problem at the buses connected to
wind generators. Thereafter, suitable locations for the
SVC placement are identified to enhance the voltage
stability and reduce system power loss.
In [21], study considered the problem of transient
stability in networks with wind power. The effects of
large and sudden wind changes are considered and their
impact on system stability is analyzed. Reference [21]
found that FACTS devices are capable of improving
transient stability of the system. Also if the control logic
is implemented in a manner in which FACTS accumulate
energy of disturbance then the critical clearing time of the
system can be increased and the time during which the
generators stay synchronized is longer. The size of
2125
Abdelaziz et. al.,
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration without Effect on System Operation
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.1, pp. 2124-2129
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
FACTS determines how much energy FACTS can
accumulate.
In [22], the UPQC is utilized to enhance the lowvoltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of the doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy
conversion system (WECS) according to the grid
connection requirement. UPQC is applied to protect the
system from ground faults, allows fast restoring of
generation system steady state characteristics, improves
the system power factor, and prevent the system from
rotor over-current and dc-link overvoltage. A comparison
between the LVRT results using the UPQC and the
results when using STATCOM or DVR is also presented.
This paper focuses on solving the steady state
problems of wind penetration in power system (such as
total loss increase and the need of reactive power to wind
generation) by using FACTS devices. The main objective
is to reduce the total loss of the system by using FACTS
which will cover the wind generation penetration effects.
The wind generator is considered as a generator produces
active power and consumes reactive power. Four cases of
wind penetration are studied, wind generation with
reactive power injected to the wind bus from the network
is 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively.
II.
Proposed Optimization Technique
The problem is to find the optimum numbers,
locations and reactances of the FACTS to be used in the
power system. This problem is a nonlinear multiobjective one. The GA method will be used in this paper
where it only uses the values of the objective function and
less likely to get trapped at a local optimum. The selected
method is to use two genetic algorithms with number of
generations of 30, fitness limit of zero and the other
parameters are taken as the default values in MATLAB
(e.g. population size = 20). The first one is to find the
location and number of FACTS devices by computing the
minimum total loss after inserting FACTS devices in the
system. After location and number of the devices are
obtained they have been given to another genetic
algorithm to obtain the best rating of them by also
computing the total loss. Details of program are as
follows [23]:
 The program starts with a group of random
population for the location in binary, then this
random population is multiplied by the values
of TCSCs in a specified range and the result of
the multiplication will change in the reactance
of the system.
 After that power flow is carried out for the
system with TCSC all over the range.
 Then, the total loss is calculated and fitness
function is computed.

Finally stopping criteria is checked if it is not
reached, another generation will start by
reproduction, crossover and mutation.
 The objective is to minimize the total losses
Total system losses = Sum of real loss of all system lines.
Calculation of total loss is obtained by using MATLAB
m-files in MATPOWER [23] to calculate the power flow
of the system and compute the sum of real losses.
The reactance of each branch is replaced by
variable reactance function of the value of TCSC
reactance added as in equation (2) in case of series
FACTS.
New reactance = Old reactance + X TCSC (2)
In this paper the program in [23] has been improved
to make GA search for only the locations in the most
severe lines and the lines around them.
Ranking of lines:
Ranking of lines is made according to the following
technique:
1. Make outage of system lines one by one.
2. Check minimum voltage of the system after each
outage.
3. The line which its outage causes lower minimum
voltage than the others cause, will have the higher
ranking.
4. Genetic algorithm searches in the higher three ranked
lines or any number according to the case and the
lines surrounding them without considering
transformers lines.

For the IEEE 39 bus system under cases studied
conditions, the lines recommend for series FACTS
insertion are as follows:
Lines connected buses (1-2), (5-8), (9-39) and
lines surrounding them.
III.
Case study
The modified IEEE 39-bus system is taken as the
system under study. A one line diagram of the system is
shown in Figure 2. The data of the system is given in
[24]. The system consists of 39 buses, 46 branches and 10
generators at buses 30, 31,32,33,34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and
39. The cases under study are an outage of the generator
at bus 39 and increasing of reactive power injected from
the network to wind generator at bus 37 by 10% , 20 % ,
30% and 40% with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104
MW to 900 MW . These studies are carried out for range
of TCSC from -30% to -70% of the line reactance.
2126
Abdelaziz et. al.,
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration without Effect on System Operation
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.1, pp. 2124-2129
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
 Without FACTS system suffers from low minimum
voltage (0.771 p.u.), high total losses and high power
angle value (-54.32).
 With series FACTS in range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) with
adding only 5 devices the minimum voltage increases
to 0.937 p.u. which is considered as an improvement
in voltage profile and losses are minimized to 1.22%
which will give wind power additional spare to its
variation with maximum voltage kept at 1.064 p.u. . It
can be found that power angle is also reduced to 33.99o.
Table 2 shows the system parameters profile with reactive
power injected from the network to wind bus is 20% of
wind generation.
Table 2 - System parameters profile with reactive power injected from
the network to wind bus is 20% of wind generation.
Without
FACTS
With
FACTS
Total loss % of load
1.505
1.248
Simulation Results:
Vmax (pu)
1.063
1.064
Simulation results show that no line suffers from active
power out of limits given in [26].
Table 1 shows the system parameters profile with reactive
power injected from the network to wind bus is 10% of
wind generation.
Vmin (pu)
0.756
0.932
0
0
-55.29
-34.27
Figure 2 IEEE 39 bus system [25]
Table 1 - System parameters profile with reactive power injected from
the network to wind bus is 10% of wind generation
Without
FACTS
With
FACTS
Total loss % of load
1.457
1.22
Vmax (pu)
1.063
1.064
Vmin (pu)
0.771
0.937
0
0
-54.32
-33.9
Power angle max
(degree)
Power angle min
(degree)
Q at wind bus
(MVAr)
-54
As shown in Table1, with reactive power injected to wind
bus is 54 MVAr (10% of wind generation) it can be found
that:
Power angle max
(degree)
Power angle min
(degree)
Q at wind bus (MVAr)
-108
As shown in Table 2, with reactive power injected to
wind bus is 108 MVAr (20% of wind generation) it can
be found that:
 Without FACTS system suffers from low minimum
voltage (0.756 p.u.), high total losses and high power
angle value (-55.29).
 With series FACTS in range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) with
adding only 7 devices the minimum voltage increases
to 0.932 p.u. which is considered as an improvement
in voltage profile and losses are minimized to 1.248 %
which will give wind power additional spare to its
variation with maximum voltage kept at 1.064 p.u. . It
can be found that power angle is also reduced to 34.27o.
Table 3 shows the system parameters profile with reactive
power injected from the network to wind bus is 30% of
wind generation.
2127
Abdelaziz et. al.,
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration without Effect on System Operation
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.1, pp. 2124-2129
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
Table 3 - System parameters profile with reactive power injected from
the network to wind bus is 30% of wind generation
Without
FACTS
With
FACTS
Total loss % of
load
1.57
1.27
Vmax (pu)
1.064
1.063
Vmin (pu)
0.738
0.928
Power angle max
(degree)
0
0
-56.55
-33.38
Power angle min
(degree)
Q at wind bus
(MVAr)
-162
As shown in Table 3, with reactive power injected to
wind bus is 162 MVAr (30% of wind generation) it can
be found that:
 Without FACTS system suffers from low minimum
voltage (0.738 p.u.), high total losses and high power
angle value (-56.55).
 With series FACTS in range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) with
adding only 6 devices the minimum voltage increases
to 0.928 p.u. which is considered as an improvement
in voltage profile and losses are minimized to 1.27%
which will give wind power additional spare to its
variation with maximum voltage kept at 1.063 p.u. . It
can be found that power angle is also reduced to 33.38o.
Table 4 shows the system parameters profile with reactive
power injected from the network to wind bus is 40% of
wind generation.
Table 4 - System parameters profile with reactive power injected from
the network to wind bus is 40% of wind generation.
Without
FACTS
With
FACTS
Total loss
% of load
1.67
1.44
Vmax (pu)
1.063
1.063
Vmin (pu)
0.713
0.902
Power
angle max
(degree)
Power
angle min
(degree)
Q at wind
bus
(MVAr)
0
0
-58.37
-41.69
-216
As shown in Table 4, with reactive power injected to
wind bus is 216 MVAr (40% of wind generation) it can
be found that:
 Without FACTS system suffers from low minimum
voltage (0.713 p.u.), high total losses and high power
angle value (-58.37).
 With series FACTS in range (-0.7 to -0.3 Xline) with
adding only 5 devices the minimum voltage increases
to 0.902 p.u. which is considered as an improvement
in voltage profile and losses are minimized to 1.44%
which will give wind power additional spare to its
variation with maximum voltage kept at 1.063 p.u. . It
can be found that power angle is also reduced to 41.69o.
Table 5 shows the FACTS values and location in the
cases studied.
Table 5 - FACTS values and locations
From
bus
To
bus
Line
reactance
(p.u.)
FACTS as
a
percentage
of line
reactance
“%” in case
of reactive
power
injected to
wind bus is
10% of
wind
generation
FACTS as
a
percentage
of line
reactance
“%” in case
of reactive
power
injected to
wind bus is
20% of
wind
generation
FACTS as
a
percentage
of line
reactance
“%” in case
of reactive
power
injected to
wind bus is
30% of
wind
generation
FACTS as
a
percentage
of line
reactance
“%” in case
of reactive
power
injected to
wind bus is
40% of
wind
generation
1
2
0.0411
-70
-56.89
-70
-63.11
1
39
0.025
-49.7
-70
-70
-63
2
3
0.0151
0
-30
0
0
2
25
0.0086
0
0
0
-30
4
5
0.0128
0
-30
0
0
5
6
0.0026
0
-37.7
-70
-30
5
8
0.0112
-36.44
0
0
0
7
8
0.0046
0
0
-70
-70
8
9
0.0363
-70
-70
-70
0
9
39
0.025
-70
-70
-70
0
IV.
Conclusion
In this paper, optimal location of FACTS devices is
carried out by using genetic algorithm to cover the
problem associated with wind penetration in power
systems. Cases studied are carried out on modified
IEEE39 bus system with wind penetration around 7% of
system generation with change in reactive power
injection to wind bus from the network. In all cases the
system suffers from outage of one generator with load in
one of system buses decrease by 15%. Results show that
2128
Abdelaziz et. al.,
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration without Effect on System Operation
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.1, pp. 2124-2129
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
series FACTS with capacitive range is the best solution
for this problem where it can keep the system operates
without power, voltage and power angel limits violated.
Also the total power loss of the system is reduced which
gives wind additional spare to cover its generation
variation. Also it increases the minimum voltage to
acceptable limit which is considered as an improvement
in voltage profile.
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Abdelaziz et. al.,
Reactive Power Control to Assist Wind Penetration without Effect on System Operation