Download Unit 2--SKELETAL SYSTEM LAB EQUIPMENT: bone boxes, skulls

BIOL 241
Bolke Fall 2015
Unit 2--SKELETAL SYSTEM
LAB EQUIPMENT: bone boxes, skulls, vertebral column, pelvis, disarticulated bones & skeletons. The bones
that are available for study in the lab are human bones and must be treated with the greatest amount of care and
respect. Use carpets and no pencils/pens are to touch the bones. Bones are organized into boxes by color, please
return the bones to that particular box.
NOTES:
1) Please use the provided carpet pads when studying the bones
2) Use a dissecting probe or pin as a pointer, not your pen, pencil, or other instrument which might
mark or damage the bones
3) the images in this handout are provided as decoration and inspiration and are not intended to be
reference figures for the learning of skeletal system anatomy.
4) The bone test is an “identification only” test, no functions are asked on the bone test.
The skeletal system is subdivided into two divisions: the axial & appendicular skeletons. The bones of the axial
skeleton are mainly located on the midline or median plane of the body, while the bones of the appendicular
skeleton are located in the upper and lower extremities and the girdles which attach the arms and legs to the
trunk of the body.
AXIAL SKELETON: 80 bones
Neurocranium (cranial bones) (8)- frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (2), temporal (2)
Viscerocranium (facial bones, facial complex)(14)- nasal (2), inferior nasal concha (2), lacrimal
(2), zygomatic (2), palatine (2), maxilla (2),vomer, and mandible
hyoid
sternum (manubrium, body or gladiolus, xiphoid process)
vertebrae: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (1), and coccyx (1)
ribs (24)
ossicles (malleus, incus, & stapes) 2 each, located in petrous part of temporal bone
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: 126 bones
upper limb: clavicle (2), scapula (2), humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpals
(16), metacarpals (10), phalanges (28)
lower limb: os coxae (2) [fused ilium, ischium, & pubis], femur (2), patella (2),
tibia( 2), fibula (2), tarsals (14), metatarsals (10), phalanges (28)
You should be able to identify each of the above bones individually or articulated with adjacent
bones. Additionally most bones have features you are asked to learn (see the following pages). You are also
responsible for identifying whether appendicular bones are from the right ( R ) or left (L) side of the body .
Knowledge of the following terms will be helpful in identifying structures on individual bones. See the textbook
or the lecture notes for the definition of terms. Some plurals are listed.
foramen (pl., foramina)
condyle
fossa (pl., fossae)
epicondyle
tubercle
fovea
tuberosity
notch
fissure
sinus
meatus
line
facet
crest
spine
ramus (pl., rami)
process
head
trochanter
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BIOL 241
Bolke Fall 2015
FOR THE BONE TEST: Be able to identify the following features on the following articulated or disarticulated
bones from any view [frontal, lateral, inferior, superior (with or without skull cap removed)].
Where synonyms exist, the word “or” is used to associate them.
In the following lists: Bone names are in bold font, features are in non-bold faced font.
Skull:
coronal (or frontal) suture
sagittal suture
squamous (or temporal) suture
lambdoidal suture
sutural bones-- (or Wormian bones)
frontal bone-supraorbital notch or foramen
frontal sinus (see midsagittal skull or skull with calverium removed)
occipital bone-foramen magnum
occipital condyle
hypoglossal canal
external occipital protuberance
groove for transverse sinus
superior & inferior nuchal lines
parietal bone-ethmoid-crista galli
olfactory foramina
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
orbital surface or orbital plate
middle nasal concha
sinuses (air cells)
temporal bone-mandibular (glenoid) fossa
zygomatic process
mastoid process
styloid process
external and internal acoustic meatus
groove for sigmoid sinus
stylomastoid foramen
carotid canal
squamous portion
petrous portion (or petrous ridge)
sphenoid-greater wings
lesser wings
hypophyseal fossa
superior orbital fissure
optic canal
foramen ovale
foramen rotundum
formaen spinosum
sphenoid sinus—see midsagittal or disarticulated skull
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mandible-condylar process
coronoid process
mandibular foramen
mental foramen
maxilla-maxillary sinus
infraorbital foramen
palatine process
palatine bone—
lacrimal bone-hyoid bone-nasal bone-vomer-inferior nasal concha-zygomatic bone—
other skull features
orbit
calvarium
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae—see skull with calvarium removed
zygomatic arch (zygomatic process of temporal & temporal process of zygomatic bones)
FORAMINA of SKULL: (most already present in lists preceding, excepting those with an *)
condylar canal
magnum
carotid canal
mandibular
external auditory meatus
mental
greater palatine*
olfactory
hypoglossal canal
optic canal
incisive canal*
ovale
inferior orbital fissure*
rotundum
infraorbital
spinosum
internal auditory meatus
supraorbital
jugular*
stylomastoid
lacerum*
superior orbital fissure
lacrimal*
INTRADURAL VENOUS SINUSES
superior sagittal sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
superior petrosal sinus
PARANASAL SINUSES
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillary
mastoid (not visible, so won’t be on test)
FETAL SKULL:
anterior fontanelle
note there are others but you will not be asked for their names
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VERTEBRAE:
Bolke Fall 2015
parts common to all vertebrae:
body
transverse process
pedicle
lamina
spinous process
superior and inferior articulating processes
superior and inferior articulating facets
vertebral foramen
superior and inferior vertebral notch
intervertebral foramen (see articulated vertebrae)
intervertebral disc (see the articulated spine or skeleton)
Types of vertebrae:
cervical vertebrae (C1-C7):
transverse foramina
atlas or C-1
axis or C-2
dens (or odontoid process)
thoracic vertebrae (T1 -T12):
transverse costal facets- (on transverse processes)
superior and inferior costal facets (on lateral aspect of body)
lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5):
sacrum: fused from 5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5):
sacral foramina
auricular surface (or articular surface)
median sacral crest
sacral canal
coccyx (1), formed from 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co5)
THORACIC CAGE:
ribs (types: vertebrosternal (R1-7), vertebrochondral (R8-10), vertebral (R 11, 12))
head
tubercle
sternum 3 parts
manubrium
body (or gladiolus)
xiphoid process
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BIOL 241
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bolke Fall 2015
Learn L vs R except wrist, hand, ankle, and foot bones
general anatomy of long bones see textbook Chapter 6 for reference figures
diaphysis
nutrient foramina and function
epiphysis
epiphyseal line see sectioned femur
marrow cavity see sectioned femur
trabeculae see sectioned femur
compact and spongy (cancellous) bone see sectioned femur
UPPER LIMB
What bones comprise the pectoral girdle? Answer:
clavicle-acromial end
sternal end
conoid tubercle
scapula-spine
medial, lateral, & superior borders
acromion
coracoid process
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
subscapular fossa
glenoid cavity
humerus-head
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
intertubercular groove (or sulcus) (bicipital groove or sulcus)
deltoid tuberosity
trochlea
capitulum
olecranon fossa
coronoid fossa
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
medial supracondylar ridge—region proximal to medial epicondyle
lateral supracondylar ridge—region proximal to lateral epicondyle
ulna-head
styloid process
olecranon
coronoid process
semilunar notch (or trochlear notch)
radial notch
ulnar tuberosity
interosseous border
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radius-head
radial tuberosity
ulnar notch
interosseous border
styloid process
carpals (on an articulated hand)
metacarpals (on an articulated hand)
phalanx-- proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated hand)
(note: phalanges is plural)
LOWER LIMB
What bones comprise the pelvic girdle? The pelvis? Answers:
pelvis-pubic symphysis
pubic arch
Be able to distinguish between male & female pelves
Hint: look at the degree of the subpubic angle (i.e. angle between the inferior pubic rami)
What is the difference between the pelvis and the pelvic girdle?
coxal bone, os coxae, or inominate bone (fused ilium, ischium, and pubis),
acetabulum
obturator foramen
ilium-anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
iliac crest, iliac fossa
articular surface (or auricular surface)
greater sciatic notch
posterior gluteal line
anterior gluteal line
inferior gluteal line
ischium-ischial tuberosity
ischial spine (or sciatic spine)
ischial ramus
lesser sciatic notch
pubis-superior ramus
inferior ramus
pubic tubercle
femur-- (continues on next page)
head
fovea capitis
neck
greater trochanter
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femur— (continued)
lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric crest
gluteal tuberosity
linea aspera
medial condyle
lateral condyle
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
patella-tibia-medial condyle
lateral condyle
intercondylar eminence
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus
anterior border (or anterior margin)
fibular notch
inferior articular surface (for the talus)
fibula-head
lateral malleolus
talus
calcaneus
tarsals (on an articulated foot)
metatarsals (on an articulated foot)
phalanx-- proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated foot)
post-cranial foramina (non skull)…all covered in preceding sections, this is simply an organizational list
vertebral
intervertebral
transverse
sacral
obturator
nutrient
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