Download 16.5 Europe & Japan in Ruins Main Idea: Why it Matters Now:

Main Idea:
WWII cost millions of
human lives and
billions of dollars in
damages. It left
Europe and Japan in
ruins.
Why it Matters
Now:
The U.S. survived
WWII undamaged,
allowing it to become
a world leader.
16.5 Europe & Japan in Ruins
Essential Question: Under what conditions do you
think leaders should be charged with waging a war
of aggression? Justify your answer.
World War II ends with the surrender of Germany on May 9th
and the surrender of Japan on Sep. 2nd 1945.
Devastation of WWII
 Europe was in ruins
 40 million Europeans had died – 2/3 of them civilians
 20 million Soviets died
 Ground war had destroyed much of the countryside
 Agriculture was disrupted
Most men fought in the war & the women worked in war
production, so there were very few to tend to the fields
 Transportation systems were destroyed
 Most available food did not reach the cities
o Thousands died of famine & disease spread through the
bombed-out cities
o August 1945, 4,000 citizens of Berlin died every day!
 The first winter people went without shoes & coats

Devastation of WWII
 Displaced persons were struggling to get home (50 million)
 Millions found themselves in the wrong country when the
postwar treaties changed national borders
 Jammed the roads trying to get home, find their families,
or find a safe place
 Hundreds of cities reduced to rubble
 London was left in ruins by the German Blitz.
 Warsaw, Poland, was almost wiped completely wiped out
 Berlin was 95% demolished
 One U.S. officer stationed in Berlin reported, “Wherever
we looked, we saw desolation. It was like a city of the
dead.”
A City in Great Britain
After the war, many civilians stayed where they were & tried to get on with
their lives. Some lived in partially destroyed homes or apartments. Others
huddled in caves & cellars beneath the rubble. They had no water, no
electricity, and very little food. With factories destroyed or damaged, most
people had no earnings to buy the food that was available.
Costs of WWII: Allies & Axis
Direct War Costs
Military
Killed/Missing
Civilians
Killed
United States
$288 billion
292,131
0
Great Britain
$117 billion
271,311
60,595
France
$111.3 billion
205,707
173,260*
USSR
$93 billion
13,600,000
7,720,000
Germany
$212.3 billion
3,300,000
2,893,000*
Japan
$41.3 billion
1,140,429
953,000
Note:
*Of the 173,260 French civilians that were killed, 65,000 were murdered Jews.
*Of the 2,893,000 German civilians who were killed, about 170,000 were murdered
Jews & 56,000 were foreign civilians in Germany.
Wartime Conferences
 Attendees: THE BIG 3
 U.S.
 Great Britain
 Soviet Union
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President
Franklin Roosevelt, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin met at
Yalta in February 1945 to discuss their joint occupation of
Germany and plans for postwar Europe.
United Nations
 April 1945: First Meeting
 Jan. 1946: First session
 London
 Representatives of 51 nations
http://www.history.com/videos/
united-nationsfounded#united-nationsfounded
 June 1946: Agreed on a charter
 Created the General Assembly
 Made up of all member nations
 Expected to function as a “town meeting of the world”
 11 member Security Council held the real power
 Permanent seats: U.S., Great Britain, France, China &
Soviet Union
 Power to veto any council action
 Other six seats rotated
Postwar Governments and Politics
 Europeans often blamed their leaders for the war and
its aftermath.
 After the war the Communist Party promised change,
and millions were ready to listen.
 They made huge gains in the first postwar election,
and many alarmed French and Italians reacted by
forming anticommunist parties
Nuremberg War Trials
 Nov. 20, 1945: first trial
against the principal war
criminals of the “Third Reich“
 International Military Court in Nuremberg
 23 nations represented
 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of
aggression, accused of committing “crimes against
humanity“ & “crimes against peace”
 Not all major Nazis could be brought before the Allies:
Hitler, Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler committed
suicide
 Lasts over a year
Nuremberg War Trials
 Oct. 1, 1946: 12 of the 22 accused are condemned to death
 Göring escapes the hangman by committing suicide
 Seven receive sentences of many years or life
 Only three cases were acquitted
 In later trials of lesser leaders, nearly 200 more Nazis
were found guilty of war crimes
 For the first time in history a nation’s leaders had been
held legally responsible for their actions during wartime
 12 defendants were sentenced to death by hanging, and
their bodies were cremated in the same ovens of their
victims at the concentration camp Dachau.
The Effects of Defeat in Japan
 The defeat suffered by Japan in World
War II left the country in ruins, two
million people were dead and their
major cities had been destroyed.
 US forces occupy Japan under the leadership of
General Douglas MacArthur.
 MacArthur began a process of demilitarization to
disband the Japanese armed forces and he also began
the process of bringing war criminals to trial.
 MacArthur begins the process of democratization by
drawing up a new constitution, changing the empire
into a Constitutional Monarchy like that of Britain.
U.S. Occupation Brings Deep Changes
 The power of Japan’s emperor Hirohito as a supreme
leader was greatly reduced, and he became largely a
figurehead like the ruler in Britain.
 The new constitution created a two-house parliament
called the Diet, and gave all citizens over 20, including
women, the right to vote.
 A bill of rights protected basic freedoms and Article 9
stated that the Japanese could no longer make war
except when attacked.
 World War II changed the political landscape,
enemies became allies and allies became enemies.