Download LD ?t-Ar!r Jcr 2

Jcr
LD ?t-Ar!r
A??LtUNIVERSITY
OF CALTCUT
(Abstract)
EN
2tjrejit00E
Schcme and Syllabus of M.Sc Applieo Plant Science - Choice baseci
Semester System - implemented in University Teaching Department - orcl,:1s
issued.
GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH
No.
GAI/JIlIL7Blo8.
- I 'J' SECTION
Dated, Calicut Universilv. P.O., 16.12.2OO8.
Read: I - U.O.No.GAI/J I I t373 /08 dated 01.07.2008.
2. Minutes of meeting of Board of Studies in Plant Science of
1.08.2008.
.3. Item No.2 (xxv) of the minutes of the meeting of FacultS, of Science
of 29.O8.2008.
'i. Item No.lI A (a) of the minutes of the meeting of the Academic
Council of 07.10.2008.
1
ORDER
As per reference read (1) above, sanction has already been accoi:ded to
implement the Choice based Credit Semester System in the 1each,nq
Departments/Schools of the University from the academic vear- 2i-rC.S-2C09
onrvards.
The Board of Studies at its meeting held on 11.08.2008, vide paper r,-aci
(2) above, resolved to approve the Scheme and Syllabus of M,Sc Apphic plirnt
Science under choice Based credit Semester System prepare.c b), r he
Department Council.
As per paper read (3) &' (4) above, the Faculty of Scic-nce at its ine--t.rrg
i-reld oi1 29.O8.2008 endoi'secl the mintites oi Boarci of Sturlies ;rncl :he
Acarferrric Council of O7.10.200i3 approved the same.
Sanction has therefore been accorded to impiement the Sciier-ne anti
Svllabus of IvLSc Applied Plant Science under Choice based Credir: Seinesiei:
System in the University Teaching Department from the academi: vla1
2008-2OO9 onwards.
Orders are issued accordingl),. Copy of the sytiabus anri
appended.
sdi
sctreni<:
-
DEPUTY REGISTRAR iG&A.Ii
For REGISTRAR.
To
the Department
Department of Botany.
T!--e Head of
Copy
to: Controller of Examinations/Enquiry/Ex-Section/
DR (PG) / EGI/Tabulation Section/
GAI'F' Section,/ SF/DF/FC.
Forwarded/By Orler
S
D:
\Syamala \GAI
U
SEC
U 1 \Order \ 1 1 78-O8-scheme(
1
7.
1
2.08).tioc
cE
ICI'R
M.Sc. Clourse in Applied Plant Science (CICSS)
Course Structure, Cretl it antl N'lark tlistributiorr, arrd Sclrenrc of lixarnirratiorr
6)
=
o
OJ
L
t1)
z"
e-
,0
(,32.
E
4)
a
O
-v
q
0-)
cd
s,
L
,:.
d
z
-o
Irrlernai
Ilxterrral
(20%)
( 809/o )
l
20
80
00
I
0
40
50
20
80
I
I0
40
-50
-)
20
80
100
0
.10
50
-)
20
80
00
I
l()
-0
50
20
80
00
0
40
50
20
80
100
I
t0
40
50
-l
20
80
I
0
40
50
l
2\t
80
(x)
I
t0
40
50
d)
U
l]()'t-.I0t
B()
I r02
llo I I0l
ll(
)
I
t0.l
Ilo I
t05
I
l0(r
tlo
Alsae
& Brrophvles
( I'he orr')
Alqae & Brvopltytes
(Practical)
& Viltrses
l:turgi. Bactcria
(-[ heon,)
&
I;trngi. []actcria
(
l)r'acl ica
\'irLrses
I)
Ptc-r'idolth_r,tes
&
(i1nrnoqrcrrrrs (
l]q,lU __
l)tcridoplr_i tcs &
( i vntttosl.rerrtrs (
l)racl ica
I
I)
Iota
()0
A natonr-r, o l' A rrgiosyrerrrrs
B()t
t07
&
M icrrrlecltnique
( I heorr,;
ll( ) t t08
Il(
)
I t0t
A natorn,r, o l- An giosltenns
&
lr4icrotccltnir;rrc
([)r'actical)
I)lartt I)hvsiolog)'
1
Ilo
lo t
202
Bo
lo I
20.1
Ilo
l() I
204
]( ) t
20-s
I heorr
)
l)larrt Phl,siolog-v
(Plactical)
l]iochcrrristry. []io;rirvsics
& Intnrtrnologr ('l'lreor'1,)
Iliot lrcrrris(r r . Il irrl)lr_r sics
&
Inrnrturologr (Practical
[)larrl l\,lorplto{cnesi s.
l:ltrtrrvogcltcsis & I'isstre
('trlltrtc(
Ilreor.r,)
l)lant l\4orphogcncs
]( ) I
20(r
I-ntbr-\,oqcrrcsis
('rrl(rrrr'
x)
1.2()7
)r
20u
(
l)r lrr
i
[)r'actit'll)
00
_
)
rrrr i ronlrrerrlirl
)
_
.rrvir<rrrntental t) iologt
I lre<'rrv
.l
s.
& I issrrc
)
ticll
I
Iliologr
A ngi
.l'h
Ilot .l0I
;>errn Ta xolrorn_-v
l
20
80
t00
I
l0
40
50
,
20
80
t00
I
l0
4o
s0
Nlolecular Biologi,
-)
20
80
t00
fheorv)
Cell Biology &
Molecular Biolog-v
I
t0
40
50
2o
80
I00
0
40
50
20
20
80
00
00
00
00
A ngi os perrrr
BOT.-.r02
(
Plactical
-f
axor.rolr.rv
)
(ienetics. Plarrt
llreeding. &
[]iostatistics ('l heorv)
(ienctics. Plant
BOt.303
Ilo
r.rs
eo11, ;
(
f .104
[]r'eeclirrg.
&
[]iostatistics (Practical
('ell Biologr' &
3
rlo I .l0s
)
(
BO r'.106
(
BO I .-.107
Ilo'l
tx)'t
4
..108
4
Ilo1.4
tx)t'.4
I]O',f .4
Practical)
(lenetic Ilngineering &
I) ioi rrforrrat ics ( Tlreory
Genetic
I-.rrgi ueeri rrg
[] ioi rrforrnatics
(
)
&
I)ractical
I
)
ve l*
+
Ir lec t
+
Ir ect ve 2+
l;lcct ve --] *
,1
4
20
lect ve 4*
4
2o
80
80
40
(150+ l0
,'
*
t-:
4
80
I
[)isscrtatiorr
8
for
Grarrd l'otal
+lrlcctives ol'lcred
|)
l)
ll()l
I
b1,
the Departtlettt in the 4"' Sentester
I-lrcorelical Aspccts ol Angiosperrn [-axononrv
IIO I
l) B() I 4()-i l;ullsnl tliologl,arrd
heorl').
:l) ll() I .104 Irtrnqal Svslernalics ( I'hcorv): ('redit: 4
5 ) Il( ) I 405 ( ienelal Rrvolocv ( I heory): ('reclil 4
6) ll() I J0(r z\ppliecl Br'yoloe1,(lheory): ('retlit: 4
7)tloI 407 ('ell tliologl,(1'heor),): ('rcdit: 4
200
vir. a )
2400
I heorl ): ('redit. ,l
402 Applied Aspects ol'Arruiosperrrr Iaxt'rrtotn1,(l lreorr,): ('redit: 4
-l.cchnoloqy (.1
('redit:
.10
(r0
(
4
8) IlOl 408 l\4olecular Biology (.T lrcorl,). (-reclit: 4
9) ROI .409 Ircological Aspects of Plarrt Furrctions ('l'heory): (-reclit: 4
l0) llOl'.4 l0 I'hysiology oIPlanls Under Slress (-lheory): ('redit:4
|) I)() I-.l I I tlasic I:rrr irorrrnerrlal Scicrrcc ( ilreorr ): ('rerlit: l
l) Il()l 412 Applictl l:rrvironrrrcnlal Sciencc (l-heorv). ('r'ctlit: 4
r) IIO I .lI i l'rirrci;tlcs ollrllrlrobolarrlrJ \( I'hcorv):
( redit, -l
I rr!\rr-r
'
l1) I]() I -l 1.1 Applicd [:(hrrotrotarrr (Ilreotr ): ( redit, -l
l5) I)O I 415 l)larrl 'l issrre ('ullure ('l.heory): (-redil: 4
l(r) t|OI 4l(r I)larrl Biotechrroloqy ('l'heory): Credit:4
l7)l]OI'.4 l7 Uasic l)teridology (Theory): ('redit: 4
l8) I]() I 418 Applied l)leritloloey ('l'heory): Credit: 4
l 9) l)( ) l 4 l 9 PrirrciPlcs of z\ lsal S),slerrralics ( l heor-v): (.retlil : 4
20) I]O'l 420 Applicd asl)ccls ol-,\lgal Syslerrratics ( l hcory,). ( rcdil: il
I l) I]O I 4l I (ierrctics nrrrl ('rop lrrrprorcrncrrt I ( l-hcorr ): ( redit: 4
ll) I]() [ 422 (icrrelics arrrl ('rrrp lrnprovcrncnl Il ('l hcorr,): ('r'ctlit: .l
ll) ll()l 4ll ,,\urobiolc('hr1()l()g), l( llteorr,): (-rcdit: 4
24) BOT.ll.l ,\erobiotcchrrolouy' 2 (l heory): (-redit2-5)
BOl'425 Bioprocess
Techrrolog_y (-l'heory):
4
('rcdit:
4
26) BO I- 426 Ilrrzl rrre [rrrqirreer irrg and Techttoloqr, (Theorv): ('redit,
4
l-here shall be provision lor additions or deletions ol elective papers to be ol'f'erc(|. il'
ltecessar'\'. in the ensuing vears of adntissit)n sub.iect to ap;'rroval b), d"ror,'.r.,ental courrcil
altd othet'boclies concer-ned.'l-here shall be for-rr elective (1heory,) papers in the 4tlt
'l-lrere
sentcster.
shall be no practical exarnination in the 4th senrester in lieu ol- rvhich
eaclt studcttt has to sublrrit a dissertation irr orre of the areas ol-elective papcrs chosen h1
lrim/her.
Exa ln in ers
['here shall be one interrral cxanliner-ancl orre extenral exarniner lor all thc corrlses
(irtcltrding dissertatit-rn) in each senrester'. Chairrnarr rvill he tlre serrior nrosl olthe irrtcrnal
-lhe irtternal
exatritters.
exarriners o1- each senrester shall be the selrior teachers u,ho
actttallv irrparted instruction irr that particular senrester..l-lre exterrral exarrirrers shall bc
selected fi'otr a parrel oI exterrral exanrirrers approved bv the L)epartrlental ('otrncil lbr
each sentestcr'.
Recortl of Pr':rctical Work
A certifiecl record of practical rvork dorrc b),tlre student shoultl be subrritted al thc tilne
ol- each praclical exatnittatiort. I},aluation ol'Practical Iiecorcls u,ill be part ol'irrtcrnal
assessnrent. but its srrtrntissiolt is rrandator'), Ibr adntittalrcc to the practical cxanrilratiolts.
Dissertation
'l'opic
oItlissertatiott
nra1, lre chosen fi'orn arr area t-r['rrne
ol'tlrc electivc pal]cls optecl in
the 4th scntester.
Evaluation (lnternal
& External) anrl (Jrading
Calictrt I jrriversit),Regulations for ('hoice-based C'rcdit Sentester Sl,stenr (('('SS) is to lrc
lollorved lbr interrral and exterrral evalLration arrd gracling.
l)larr of Qucstiorr l)apers frrr t xternal lixanrilrations
Tlreory:
Core & Mective I)apers:
[)art A:'l'rvo cssat,-tl'pe questiolr of l0 rnarks out ol'tlrree cluestiorrs
(2x l0 : 20 rnarks).
Part B: I:ight slror( answer qucslions of 5 ntarks eaclr out of tcrr questions
(8x5 : 40 rlarks).
'['ett
Pat't (':
short altswer cluestions o[-2 nrarks each out o1'twelve tlucsLions
( I 0x2 - 20 nrarks).
4
Practicals:
l-he Board ol[,:.xanrirrers fbl praclical exarlinations
plan ol questiotr papcrs.
ol'l to Ill serlcsters slrall dcciclc thc
f)u ration of exa m inations
-l'he
duratiolr for eaclr theory and practical exanrinatiorr shall he three hout's.
_5
Syllabi of Core and Elective Courses
Core Courses
l'r
Sernester'
BOT.l0l. Algae and Ilryophytes (Theor1,)
Creclit: 3
Course oflered hy: Dr I). V. Madhusoodanan and Dr M. Sabu
Algae:
l . l l i stor'1, o{' Phyco log;- :- con tri hutiorts of l rrd iarr Phyco logists.
2. ('lassiflcation ol-Algae: ('ornparison ol's1,51sv11s of classilrcation
ll
ol'l:.lr
l'r'itsch and
o Lrncl.
3 Phllogcnctic consideratiorr: IlvolLrtion o{'thallus in green algae
evolutiorr origin o['lrigher plant groups fl'olr algae.
-
parcllclism
rn
4. Morpholout': Rarrge ol'thaIIus slrurcture.
5. Rcproduction rrrd lil'e histort'.
(r ('r'tologt
rrl'algae
.
7. I-.cologl: lrcologv ol'll'eslr u'ater and ntarine algae.
8. (icrrcral account ol'tlre stnrcttrle. reprodtrctiorr ancl relatiorrshi;ls in tlrc [irllorving
groul)s: ('r,arroph1,1n: ('hlorophvta: Xarrtho;'rlryla: L-uglettt-rpltyta : Phaeophvta
l{hoclopln'ta
9. [:cononric aspects: []eneflcial arrd hartnlirI aspects.
I 0. Iiossil algae - a gcrreral accourrt.
Bry'oph1'tes:
l. (icncral characters ancl systcrns ol-classillcation of bry'oplr14cs
2. (icncral nccourrt of the anatcrly. rept'oducLion. lif'e histot't,. attd ph),loscnv ol'
Marcharrt ia les. .l un gcrnrann iales. [:trrraria les. and Polytriclra les.
3. Origirr arrcl evolutit-rrr of hryophl,tes.
4. (jetrclal irccount ol'lossil hr'l,ophytes arrd (lreir alllrrities.
Ilcfercnccs:
('hapnrart. V. .1. 1941. An Introductiorr to the
[)
StLr111,
ol' Algae. ('arrbriclge Urrivclsit-r
ress.
('ha;rnan. V..1. & ('haprrarr. t)..1. 1971.'l'hc Algae. Macnrillarr.
'l-.
I)csil<achar'),.
V. 1959. ('r,anoplryta. lrrdian ('ouncil of'Agricultural Rcscarclr.
l'ritsclr. Ii. Ir. l96l 'l'hc StrLrcture arrd Rcpr.oclLtction ol- Algae. Vol. 2. ('arnbriclgc
I lnivcrsitr' [)re ss.
lrvittc. t). Ir. & [). M..lohrr. 1984. $1,51etnatics ol'tlre (ireerr Algac. Acaclelnic l)t'css
Stcvcrrscrr. .1. e t ol 1996. Algal Ircologl'. I;r'esh rvater' [Jenthic ecosvstcrrrs. Acadcnric
I)r'css.
Krishrrarnurtlrv. V. 1998. Algae ol'India ancl Neighborirrg ('ountries. l. ('hlornphycota.
Oxlirrcl & lllll publishirrg ('o. Pvt. Ltd.
Kunrar'. ll. l). 1990. lntrocluctor'1,phycology. [-,rst West Press l)vt. [-td.
l)r'cscott. (i. W.l9(r9.'l'hc Algae. A licvicu,.'l'lronras Nelsorr and Sons L(d
Ilottttcl. lr. I:. 1975. l'lrc lliology oIAlgae. l:drvarcl Arrrolcl.
()
Snrith. (i l\4. 1978. i\4arrual o{-[)ltvcologt'. I hc Ilonald l)t'css C'oltr;rattY.
l'r'ainor'. lr. R. 1978. lntroductolv Phvcology. .lohn Will' artd Sons.
Van l)cn llock. Manrr. [).(i. and .lahus. II.N4. Algae: Arr introduction to I'hycologv
('arlbritlge I Irriversity press.
Venl<atararnarr. G. S. lr972. Algal Iliol'crtiliz-ers ancl Ilice C'ultivation.'l'odal and
-I't'llnorror''
s pu b I i shers.
Venkatararnan. (.i. S.. (ioyal. S. K.. Kauslrik B. D.. arrcl R.oyclrauclltat'\'. P. lr974. Algae
'T'oday
tonn ancl lirrtctiolr.
arrd Torrorrorv's prttrtet's.
Vi.lavaraghavan. M. tl. & tlhatia. U. I 997. I{cd A lgac: Strurcture. IJltraslructure atrcl
Re;rrodLrct ion. A Pl I ['uhl ish ing Corporatiorr.
Srrith. A | [: (ed.). l9S2.Rryoplryte Fcologv t-iraPnran & llall.
Sharr,.4..1.& Colfinet. B. (eds.).2000. I]ryophyte Biolouy. ('anrbridgc tlrrivcrsitv Prcss.
(llirnc. .1. M. & Saxcna. D.l99l. Llses ol-[]r1,1rpl11,tes. l-oda), ancl 'l-onrorrou,s l)rirrters &
PLrblishcrs.
Scholle lcl. W.
t]. 200l. Inlroduction to
[]r'1,o11191'.
'['he
Blacl<burrr Press.
BOT.l02. Algae antl llr.r,ophvtes (Practica!)
Credit: I
Course o[[ered b1,: Dr P. V. Madhusoorlanan:uttl I)r M. Sabu
Algae:
I
('ollectitlrt. preparalion ancl prescrrtzrtion ol-algal hertrariurrr (rrrirrirnunr 5 hertraritrrrr slreets).
2. ('ollcctiorr and study'ot'the tvpes rnentioned below'ancl their classiflcation rrp to gcrrc.r'ic level.
('rattolrltlla: (),stillLtlot'iu. l\to.slrtt',,,lrtuhtrctttt,,\t'.:'ltttettttr, AfiLrrtt'rtlt,tr, Il't,.slillir4t.sis.
(-lrloro;rlrrta: Iirlr'o.i-, Hulrrrlit'lt'orr I)t'ditr.slrtrtrr. lirrlcrotrror'1t114. (llothri.r, l. llvt. ('ltrthtpltrn'tr.
l'illrt4tlrrtt Lr lJtrlhot'lrrtalL'. ()adogttttiturt. ('t'lthtrlt,trr-o,r, ,1t'cltrhtrlot itr. llrvoltsis. ('orlirrtrr,
IIttlirrrt'tltr. [)esrnids (('ostrrtrrirttrt, ('loslt,t'itrm). A'lttrrgartlitr. lt{itallrt, Z.t'gtrcurtrXarrthtrplrvla . lJt tl rttli trrrt, |:trrrt'hcriu.
[]ac i I ari olrh\ ( a : ('o.sr'iorli,s r' t,s, I' i rt tt I u r i u.
[)hacoplrlta: l'-t'tot'or'1trrs, l)it'l.t,oltt, Podirttt,,\'ra'grr,r.vln, l'rrrhittrrr itr.
I
R
r
(
lrodol'rlrr lit'.
i t' Lt
t' i
Ir
r
r
i
o,
Bu
r r
!
ro
c'
I
rr
t.t
ltc
rrtt t
rtr t
.
Brvophvtes:
Mrlr';lh<llogical arrd strrrctrrral sludv of tlre lirllorvltg gcllera:
Aslcrella. liinthr iut iu, ('t'trlltodirutr. Ilict'unlitr, l:tt,r.sotnl'trrtritt, ,lrtlhtx aro,s, ,\pltrt,qtrtttrt. lJt.t'rrnr,
tttt d l' t.qr ttt ttl t ttt
I{cfcre rr ces:
('haprrratr. V. .1. 1941. Arr Itttroductiorr to lhc Studv
r
t
of Algac. C'anrhriclsc Illtivcrsitv
l)rcss.
('hapnran. V..1. & ('lraprnan. I)..1. 197-1. lhc Algac. Macrnillarr.
l)csikitchtrr'1'. I V. l9-59. ('yanophr,'ta. lndiarr ('orrrrcil ol'Agricultural Ilcscarch.
['r'itsch. I;. I:. l9(rl 'T'lrc Structurc arrrl Reprocluctiorr of'Algac. Vol. 2. ('arrrbriclgc
Inivcrsit) I)r'css.
It'r'ittc. I). lr. & D. M..lohlr. 1984. Sy,sterratics ol'the (irccrr Algae. Acadentic l)rcss.
Stcvcttsctt. .1. cl ttl 199(r. Algal Ircology. I:rcsh rvalcr llcrrthic ccosvstcrns. AcatJcnric
I
I)rcss.
Krisltttatttttt'tltr,. V. 1998. Algae ol Inclia arrcl Ncighboring ('ountries.
Oxfirrcl & llll l pLrblishing ('o. [)vr. [.ld.
Ktttnar. Il. I). 1990 Introcluctory phvcologr,. I:ast west I)rcss l)vl. Ltcl.
\
l.
('hlorrrplrvcota.
7
(i. \ i.19(r9. I'lrc Algae. A Ilevierr,.'l-holnas Nelson
t- I-.. 1975. 'l-hc Iliologt' ol'Algac. l:clu'arcl Arnold.
[)rescott.
lLouncl.
and Sorrs l,tcl.
o1'Ph),colog1,.'lhe [].onalcl Press ('ornpanl'.
[]. R. 1978. lrrtrorlLrctor'\ I)hvcology,. .lohlr Wilev and Solts.
Vart [)crr Hock. i\4arrrr. [).Ci. and.lahus. I'1.M. Algae. Arr inl.rodr:ction to I)hl,cologr
('arrbriclge [J n i versitv l]t'ess.
Vcnkatat'antatt. (i. S. lL)12. Algal Biol'ertilizers arrd [(icc ('Lrltivatiorr. l'otluv antl
Tornorrorr's prrbI ishers.
Venl<ataran-rtrrr. (1. S.. (io1'al. S. K.. Kaushil< Il. I).. arrd [{o),chauclhary. P. l9]4. Algac
lirrnr ancl hrnctiorr 'loday and 'folnorr'o\\, s prltters.
Vi.jat'araglravan. M ll. & Bhatia. tl. 1997. Red Algae: StrurctLrlc. Iiltrastnrcturc arrrl
Reprocluction. API I I'}ublishing ('or'poraLit'rn.
Snrith. A..1. [.. (ed.). 1982.[]ri,splrl'te [:cology. ('ha;trnarr cL llall.
Sltau. n. I & (iofllrrct. B. (eds.) 2000. []rt'oplrtte []iologr. ('arntrriclgc llrrivcrsit), ['r'ess.
Clirne. .1. N4. & Saxetta. I).1991. Uses ol'Br'1,ophi,tes.'['odav and-l-onrorrorvs l)r'inters &
Publishcrs.
'l-he
Sclrollcld. W. I]. 200 I . lrrtrocluction to Brvolog\ .
[]lackburn [)rcss.
Snrith. C.
'l-rainor'.
N,1. 1978. N,lantral
lX)T.103 Fungi, Ilacteria antl Viruses (Tlreory)
Cretlil:3
(--ourse offere<l lrr':
l)r
P. Nfanimohan
l. Ccncral clraracteristics oI lurrgi: thalltrs orgarrization.
nr()clcs
ol'nutrition. ccll-u'all
arrcl
hvphal tip grorvth. fiurgal orgarrelles. reproduction and sporcs. r,egetativc incollpatibilitr
ancl sex ua I corn patib i I i tr,. parascx tra I i t1,.
2. ('lassification ol turrgi: traditiorral ancl nroderrr systenrs ol'fungal classillcatit)ns: Ir'uc
lir rr gi and ;rseudo fr"r rr gi : characters uscd i rr lun ga l c lassi fi cat ion.
3. l\4oclet'rr vicrvs on pht logen,r, of lirrrgi basecl orl ultrastltrctrrral ancl rnolc:cular'
characlcrs.
4. (jettct'al cltaracteristics and classillcatiorr ol' thc follorving ;rlrr la: [\4\,x,',',,r'.n,r.
Oonry'cota. Chvtridiolrt'cota. Zy'gonr1,cota. Asc:or.t.t),cota arrd lJasidionrvcota.
5. Ascxual lirrrgi ([)eutcronrycctcs): (iencral clraracteristics. habit artrl irrporlancc ol'
ascxttal Iurrgi. sorlatic structures. struclrrres associatecl rvitlr asexual re;-rlocluction.
conidurrata. cotridia arrd coniditrrn trrtogcny. other asextral propautrles. tclcorlorphananrorph corrrrcctiorrs. nonterrclature and classi f rcation.
8. l.iclrcrrs. thalltrs stt'ucturc. nrrtri(iorr. t'c1-lt'ttcluctiott. rnutualistic intcractiolt. ccological
arrtl ccorrorrr ic sigrri llcarrcc.
9. IJactcria: ntorphologv ancl trllra-strrrcttrrc. rrutri(iorr. ctr ltivatiorr. grorrth. gcrrctics.
;tlasrnids altd thcir cltaraclerislics. hactct'ial classillcation arrd u.encral charactcrs ol'N4aior
qror.rps: e.e rre ral accor,urts ol'actilrontl cetcs and nrycoltlasllas.
10. Viruses: classificatiorr o1'r,inrses. cletailcd study of plant viruscs includilrg thcir
ntor;lhology. slructut'e. isolatiorr. put'i[lcation. assL'rv. irrlectiorr. rcplicatiorr arrrl
tt-attsnrissiort: gcneral accorrrrt ol'arrinral l'iruses. [racteriophages. viroids ancl priorrs
I l. l\4ctlrocis irr rlicrobiology': culturc rrcclia and theil preparation. uretlrods ol'
sLcrilization. isolation ol';rrrrc cultrrres. ctrltivtrtion t>l'anaerotric hactclia. rnairrtenaltcc ol'
nticro[rial cttltttrcs. cstinraLiorr o['nricrt'rbial rrurrbcr alrcl [rionrass. bacterial stainirrs
tJ
12. Arr overvierv of'plant discases czrtrscd hr lirngi. [ractet'ia. r,irttses and viroicls rr'itlt
spccial rel-ercnce to s1'ntptonrs ancl corrtrol treasut'es ol-nta.iot'ct'o;-r diseascs ol'Kct'allt.
Ilefcrences:
Agrios Ci N. 2005. Plant pathologl'. 5th cd. Acaclerrtic l)ress
AlexopoLrlos. C..1. e(. al. 199(r. lntroduclory M1'cology. 4th Frclitiorr. Wiley.
l.ucas..l. A. 1998. I'}lanl l)athologv and Plant Patltogens.3rcl cd. []lackrvell.
N4acligarr. M.-l'. et al.200tt. Brocl< Biologv ol'Microorganisnrs. []enlarlin ('unrnrirtgs
Naslr.-I. Il. 199(r. I ichcrr []iologr,. C'ambriclgc Universit)' Prcss.
I)r'cscott. 1.. M. e1 a1.200-s. Microhiologv. Mc(irarv l'lill
Sirrgleton. P.2004. [Jac(eria in I]iolog1,. Biotcchnologl,ancl Mcdicine. Wile1,.
Rarrgasrvalli (j. l9t)t) l)iseases ol crol-r plirrrt oi-Irrrlia.4rl' erl. Pt'ctttice llall oi'inclia.
Wchster'..1. arrcl Webcr. I1.2007. lntroducliorr to l;urrgi. ('arnhridge IJrrivcrsitv l)r'css.
I)OT.l04 Furrgi, Bac(eria antl Viruses (l'ractical)
Credit: 1
('ourse offeretl hv: I)r I'. Manimohan
I Prcparatiorr of culture nredia
2. Isolation o{'haclcria and lungi ll'orn soilbl'dilutiorr-plate rnetlrocl.
-1. lsolation ol'bactcrial pure cultulc by streak-plate rncthrld.
.1. Staining ol-hrcteriir :sirrrplc staininq. (irarn stairrilrg. spolc staining. rrcgativc
sta rn rrr g.
-5 [)crrorrstratit-rrr of-bacterial rnotilitv hy hangilrg <1ro1t rnethod.
oI Rhiz.ohirrrn ll-unr rotll nrrclulcs tll'legrrrlcs.
7. I)cnrottstration ol-gclatirr liquelhctiolr arrtl starch lrl,clrolysis [r-r, 1-,n.,"'''".
8. Sttrdy ol'llorphology 31.,.1 analr)r.r.t1, o['thc reproclr.rctivc s(rltctures o1'tlre firllrrrviltg
gcrrcl-a ol'lirngi '.,\lutrortila.s. ,S'r'nr'/r.r'/r'irtrrt.,\ultrolc,qttiu. I'.t'lltirrttt. ,4lhrrgo, I'ilttholtr.s
(r. Isolatiorr
,\lrtcrtr', ,\rtt'cltrrrrtnt'L't',t. 7-ulthritrtr ,l.tt'rtltoltr.s, .\'t'lut'itr. (icoclo.t.strrrt. I'ltorrtt,1t.ti,:.
l)r'cL'lt.tlc't'tr. ,'1,s1tt'r'uilltr.s. ,'lllcrrtrrritr. ('t'r'L'o.t1tttt'rr. I'-tr,ttrrittrtr, 7i'<,rntlltr. .,ltrrit'rrloritt.
I)rrc't'irtitr, ( l:liltt,qt. l)tlolortttt, (itrttrttlct'uttr. L1,t.rt1'serdrttt. (ictr,s,lr.ttttt. I)it'lt'ttltltttt.tr,
('tt I lt t,s. l' trrnrc I io arrcl I lvrcrr.
9. Sttrcll ol'tlrc svnr;-rtorns and sigrrs ol'thc lirllorvirrg plarrl discascs irr tlrc laboratorv antl
r
t
ilr the lleld and iclcrrtiflcation of tlre pathogcns: col't'ee rust. hlister'-blight ol'tea. qtricl< u,ill
crl'peppe l'. rvhitc rttsl ttf atlat'antl1. ('t'r't'tt,s:1tru'rr leal'-spot ol ol<r'a. pon,clcrv nrilclerv ol-arry
Itlcallv availablc crop. s,lti;l-snrut oI strgar carre. sotL rot o1'calrol. cassava rrrosuicscsanr.r r.r1 phl,llod t,.
ll.efcrcn ces:
Alcxtll-rottlos. ('. .1. l9(r2 Laboralorr nrarrtral lirr lrrtrorltrctolr l\4r cologt,. Iltrrgcss I)trh.
('o.
llcck..l. V. ct al. l9(r8. Labut'atot'\ Marrual firr (ierrcral Microbiologt,. []urgcss [)uh. ('o.
Kor.rcnran .l:. w. 1985. ['ractical Latroratorv Mvcologl,. willianrs & Wilkins.
[)ollack. I(. A. ct a1.2004. Laboratory Irxercises in Microbiologl,. wiley.
I(attgastvattri (i. lt)<)t). I)iscascs o['cro;-r plant o1'Irrcl ia. 4tl' ecl . [)rcnticc I lall oI trrcl iir.
I(ohcrls . (;. 1979. N41,c1rls91, Laltoratgl'\, p16cccjtrle Martual. Mayg (-lilric.
llOT. I05 l'lcritlopht
('r'ctlit: 3
les antl (J1,ntnosperms (Theorr')
9
Course offererl
llr: l)r
P. V. Marlhusoo(lanan antl Dr NI. Sivarlasarr
Pteritlo;lhl,tcs:
l. Divcrsitv ol- lirrnrs anrong pteridophytes: club n.l()sses. qLrill rvorts. llosrlrrito lcrns.
bracl<crt l'erns. hird's ncst lcrrrs. rnaiderr lrair lern. filnrt'lerns arrd trec lenrs-Cerreral
lnot'plrolour rvitlr special reference to Sor-rth lncliarr specics. ['ossil I'tcridophvtesI)silophvtales. Lepiclodendrales. C'alanritales. and Prirrrofllicales -ntorpho-altatornical
f'eat u
res.
2.
IJabitat diversitl'o['Pteridophl,lgs'epiphytes. lithophytes, clinrtrers. halophy,tes.
saprophltcs. sc i oph r (cs. reroplr ltcs. lnesoph ytes. h vcl roph_r,tes.
3. llistoloul irr relation to ecology of pteridoplrytes: Stelar evolutiorr: ltrotostele.
siphortostcle. solcnostele. Dictvostele and special stellar ty,pes. Vessels in [)tericlo;-rhvtcs.
4.'flre f'ertt ganrctopltvtcs: pattenr ol'developnrerrt. ntorltltology cllrlnttu'c gantetoplrl,tcs.
biochclttical antl pltvsiolog'cal aspects ol'ganretoplrr,lc devcloprnerrtpltototnor;'rhogenesis. I)eveloprncnt ol sex organs-arrtheridia, galletangirlr ancl
hvbriclizat iorr.
C)'tolog),: ('hronrosonre nullbcr and morphologr,: polyploid),. ur.igilr el'pelt,plgicls.
gcograplrical distributiorr of polyploids. Apospory. apoganrv. agantoslror\'-vegelatrvc
-5.
re;rrod trct iorr ancj hvbricJ izat iorr.
6. Applied Pteridology: []io-[ertilizer prodLrction fl'orr ,,lzollti .,1:olltr
-,,lrrohrrctrtr
,\ulriniu (aciuatic) ancl Ptaritlitrrrr (lerrcstrial) rveccl
pt'obletns'rveed cotttt'ol-irnpacts arrd managenrent: biological colrtrol, ornarnerrtal arrtl
nted ic i nal ptcridophytes. Pteridol'rhvtcs as ecologica l i nd icators.
s,r'tttlriosis: Ptericlopltvtes as tveed s.
(i1,nr
I
n
ospernrs:
. (ieneral clraracters. classillcatiorr
2. (ieological ltorizott. distributiorr. general nccount irrcluding rnorphologr,. alrat()nrv.
phYlogcrrt' attcl ittterrclatiorrshi;-r o['the lollorvirrg orders rvitlr special ernphasis on thc
gcncra s;tccifiecl
:
a) l'}tcridospcrtttales:
l,.t'gitrolttcri,s. l{ctaruncitrrtr,,\phano1tlu.i,s..,\pltut,t.rt,slsrtttt.
l.ttgt'tttt,slrtrrrrt A4edullo.so,'l-r'icottr)('et'lnt,\, I)ut'h-t'la.sltr, ('rttfttrtttlltat'tr.
h
)
(i
I
ossopteritJa les : ( i I rt.s,t. r
t
1
tI
a t.
i.t
c) ('a)'toniales : ('u.t'lorriu
rl) ('vcacleoidalcs: ('vt.udaoitleu
c) I)etltttxYlales: /'c,n/rtr.t'lrtrt.
l) ('l catlales . Zonriu
g) (iinkgoalcs . (iinfrgo
lr) ('trrri['crales: ('t'rh'tr.t. ('r'.t'ltlrtntt'r'itr.
('tt1tt't,.s,str.s.
/uullti,s. Prttktt.trt.ltrrs.
axalcs.
I:pheclralcs '. liltlredr.u
l<) \!'clrvitsclrialcs: ll'cly,it.schiu
l) ( inctales: (irrt,ttrrtt.
l. [:r,olutiorr ol' gvrrrrrosllct.nts
4. I)ist'ibutiorr ol'livirrg arrcl fossil gyrrnospe.rrs irr rrdia.
-5. Ircorrorlic irnporlancc oI gyrrnospcr-nrs.
Refercrrccs:
[]icrlrost. D. w. 1971. Molphologl, of Vascular- I)lants. Macnrillan ('o.
I)-r'cr'. A. ('. 1979.'l'hc cxpcrinrcntal Biology ol'fierns. Acaclenric [)r.ess.
i)
il
'l
'lit.t'tr,t
I0
\Ilalleecl.
('. 4.. Ra.iesh. K. P. and Madhusoodanan. I). V. 2003. I'ilrtly
Inclia. Pcnta Ilook Puhlislters
&
Iret.tts ol'Sotrth
Distribr-rtols.
A. C. l97l (lrd.) l'he Pht,logeny and ('lassiflcatiorr oIFerns. Acadenric Press.
Krartrer. K. t I. & (lrcen. P. S. l99l . fhe lanrilics ancl gcnera ol'Vascrrlat- l)lants. Narosa.
Narnpy. S. arrcl Madhusoodatlan. P. V. 1998. Fern Flora of'Sotrtlt lrrclia-'T'axottotrtic
Revision of Polypodioid ['-ertts. Daya Ptrblishing llotrse.
Alrdrervs .1r.. ll. N. l9(rl. ,\trrdic.s in Pulctthrtlttrr.t, .lohn Wiley. Netv York
.lerrn1,.
Arrrold. C'.
Beck. ('.
n. I 953. Origin
I].
and relatiorrships ol'the cvcacls. Plt.1,lq1ur,,,',rlntlttg.t'3: 5 l-65
198-5. Cvntrrospernr plrylogcrr-y:
/r crlrtttlrititiil y otl the'uiervs ot'S.\/.ltnlc)'cn.
[]ot. Rev. 5l'.273-294
[]ierlrorst. D.W. 1971. A,futt'lthttlrtg.t'ttf l"rr.rcttltrr I'lunl.s. Macrnillarr. Ncrv York
(llranrhcrlairr'
('' 'l' l9l9 ' Tlrc Livitrg ("1'c'trtl's ('lricago I lrrivcrsit)'
Press' ('lric:ago'
('henrber.lain. C..1. 1935. (iy,nlt()spenrs: Structure and [:voltrtiorr.Chicagtt []ltiversi(r
Press.
('h icago
('r.epet. W.
rlcchan istls
t-
1q72. lrrvestigatiorrs
oI North Atlericatt
in ('vcadeoidea. ,4nter'
.l Bot
cycacleoids: I)ollinatiotr
59'- 1048- 1056
[)allirrrore. W. &.lackson. A. B. l9(t6. A I]rtndbook ol ('oinfbrtL.. 4'l'ecltr. l:..Arrrolcl.
l.ondon.
[)clevor1,as.
l.
1962. Ahnltltrtlout'ttntl ct'rtlttlittn rtf fit.s.sil ltluttl,s. Nc'uv York.
Iravrc-[)trchartre. M. l9-58. (iirrkgo. an ovipart.rus Plattt. I'lt.t,lorrtorltlutlo,ql, It: 377-390
f;reedntan. W.11. 1992a. Double fertiliza(iorr
irr non florverirrg seed plarrts altd
rclevancc to
the origin o1' florryct'irtg plarrts.
its
ltrll. llav ('r'lrtl. 140' 3 I 9-]5-5.
I;rceclrlarr. W. I:.992b. I:vitlencc of a pre-artgittspernt origitt ol'cttdospet'ttt: Itttplicatiotts
lirr the cvolttti<ln ol'flor.r'crittg plarrts. ,\t'iettce 23-5: 3l(.l-33t;
(ircgrrss. P. 195-5. Intlcrtlifit'ulion of l.ivittg (i.t'nrrto:pernt.\' ()tt llte
Akad Kiado.
lludapcst.
I
Iarris.
IJu,ti,s'
rtf .\'.t'lttlrtrttt'.
'l'. M. l9-51. I'lrc relatiolrslrips ol-tlte ('aytorriales. ['h.t,lotnor'ltltttlog.r' l: 29-]9
Mehra. P. N. I 988. Irrdiarr ('onil'ers: (irretoplrvtcs arrd Phylogctty ol'(iynrnospet'nts.
lt
Prarnoclh P. Kapur. [(a-i Bandhu lrrd. ('orrr;:rlex. Ncw [)elhi
Mcvctt. S. V.
1984. Basic fleatures
ol
gl,nrrrosPerrn: Systerratics and phvlogcn)/ A\
cvidenced
Ily the lbssil
record. Bol. Rcr, 50:
I-l
I
I
Mcycn. S. V. l()8(r. Cyrnnospelx systerrra(ics ancl plrylogerrr,: A l'epl1, 1e con-rrnerrtarics
b1,
('B
Millal'.
/?c
N4.
A..
l
&
Becl<. CIN
-laylor'.
Miller.
1. N.
arrd CiW f{otlrrvell. L}ot. Rer,.52: 300-320
197(r. Evolutionarv tlerrds irr I'ossil gvlnrlospernr grollerr.
I'ulrrcobttl I'ulynttl 2l:
65-9lt
.
Miller.lr'.. C'.N. 1977. Mesozoic corrlers. Bol. Ret,. 43.211-2BO
[). I). 1975.'flrc classificatiorr of gynrnosl)et'nloLts plants. Poluchttt. (r: (r5-70
Parrt.
I)ears(rrr I II lW (1929) Gltelales. Cartrbridge
[]rriv I)ress. L,orrdolr
MadlrLrlata. Sattrval. lt962. Morphology and ernbryologt'
I'
I r.t' I
r
t
rrt r t r'1t I t t t I r t,qt, I 2'.
of
(inattrrrr .qrrantrtrr
1,.
243-264
Scott. [).
'\t'ott,
ll.
D ll.
1909. ,\]ltrdie.s irt Fit,ssil Bttlur.l.,.2'"leclrr.
1923 ,\rtrclie.s'in
l'1t.s.sil
Vol I A
Botuttr,. Vol 2. A arrcl
c
and C Ulacl<. Lonclorr
Black. l-ondorr.
Shat'rna. t]. I). 1994. Q1,11111ospenls : Morpholog)/. Systenratics, llepr.ocluctiv,c Iliologv.
/rr: .lohri. I).M. (ecl.). Botartl,in lndia.llistory ancl Pregress. Vol.2.
Oxlbrd & Itlll.
Nerv [)elhi. pp t-23.
Singlr. I l. l97tl. limhr.trtlog)' of (i.ttnrtro.\:l)crutl,\. (ieb Borrrtrager. Berlirr.
Slewat't. W-N .
Stcrvat'l
.
l9lll. Thc Progynrrospen'nospsida :l'he
('urt ,1. lktt. 59 L539- I 542.
corrstrr.rctiorr ol'a conccpt.
W. N. lt983. I'oluarthtttttrtl, trntl llrc ct,ttltttirtrr ttf plorrt.s. ('allhriclge Ilrrivcr.sitt,
I)ress. ('arrbridge ( Irrrgland ).
ROT.I 0(r l)teritlophvtes and (Jymnosper-rns (practical)
Crerlil:
I
(lourse oflcretl bv: Dr I'. v. Matlhusootlanan and Dr-M.
Sivatlasan
Ptcritlophvtes:
t2
I Morlrhological
and Arralontical l-eatttrcs ctl'l.t't'ttltotliturr. ()lthirtglrts.ttrrtt.,'ltt,qittltlt'r'ir.
(),:rrtttntltr. l,.t'grtrlittrtt. ('t,r'ttloltlt,t'i.s. I'lt't'i.s, ..ltliurtltrrtt. lJlet'ltrttrrtr.
,'1:1tlt'ttitrttt.
Plaridirtrn.,4tt'rt.slit'lttrrtr.,\ulvittitr ttrtd,'1:rtllo.
2. l-'ossils: Illt.t'rtitr. Laltidotlcnrh'on, ('rrlorrtilL',t ttt'ttl lJrtlr'.t'rtltlt'r'i,s.
-1. lrr vitro sporc arrcl ltrothallial developnrettl itt Ktt<tp's Agar rneclitttrl tlf'('u'trlttltlt'r'i*.
(' h r i,s t a I I u and Al i c rtt.s(, t't t ttt.
4. Ilabitat strrcly ol' l-.t't,l1trtditrrrt, Allt),r'irtnt. (ilai<'lrcnio. Aclittittltlcris. I'.t'r'r'o.sitr, I)r'.t rrtrt'i,r.
7'r'iclrttrrtttrtc.s.
. I t' r't t.t I i <' ht
rnr and,Srr/r'irrirt.
5. Subllissiorr ol-a lleld stud-r rcport and l0lterbaria ol'cott.tt't.totl. local pteridolrhltcs.
(ivnrnosperms:
l. l{errti{lcatiorr ol' ltetriIhctions. cottrpt'cssiotts. itttprcssitltls. slides ol' lirssil it lrcs
irrcItrded irt gyntttosltcrtrt gt'()ttl)s tttettIiottecl ahovc
2. ('rtlt;larative sturlv ol'r'cgelative antl rcproclttctivc strttctttrcs ol'all lir irrg s.\'lllllospcl'll1
gcnera trctttioned above.
3. Morphological arrcl anatorrrical stuclies ol-aho'u'e tnetttiotlctl taxa
Rcfercnces:
[]ierhosl. l). W. l97l . Morpltologv ol'Vascttlat' I)lalrts. Macrlrillarr ('o.
I)1,er. A. ('. 1979. 1'hc expcrirnental []iologt,' ol-lrcrns. Acaderrric I't'css.
llaltccd. ('. 4.. I{alcslr. K. P. arrcl Madlrttsooclanan. I). V 2003. I:ilrrtv Ircrtls o['Sottllt
Indiir. l)cnta Book ['Lthlisltcrs & Distl'ihtrlors.
.lc;lrtr. A. ('. 1973 (trd.) Thc I'hvlogcrrl and ('lassillcatiort ol'licrtrs. Acaclettlic ['rcss
'l'he {-arrilics and gcnera ol Vascttlat' Plaltls. Nat-osit.
Kr.anrer. K. t I. & (jrecrr. P. S. 1991.
Nallpr,. S. arrd Madhtrsooclarran. l). V. 1998. Irerrt l;lol'a ol- Sotrtlr lttclia-'l axortttlltic
R.cv ision o f' I'ol vpotl i<tid Fertt s. l)al'a I'trbl ish i rl g I lottse.
llOT.l07 Anatomv o[ Angioslternrs & Nlicrotechnitlrre (Theorl')
('r'etlit: 3
('ourse oflcretl br': l)r K. M.,la1'al'tlrt alltl l)r Nabecsa Salim
tonrl':
l\4cristclns: Slroot apical lncrislcrr ancl littrctiorral zotres. axillar',t' lloral ittlcl
inl'lorcsccltce rleristcnrs - s(ructural divcrsit)'ol-tlrc \/cBetativc lllcl'istcll.ls
2. ('cll clif'lcrcntiatiorr: traclreary elcnrenl dil'l-crcntiatiolr. scctrnclat'v rvall lirt'tttatiolt.
Arr:r
l.
vuscular clifl-crcntiation. clevcloprrettt ol'aerencltyttta. clevelclptrretlt of'laticil-crs.
3. Origin ancl s(nrctrrrc o['secon113;1, plarrl bod\,: vascular calttbittttt litrtrtatitltt-stl'ttctttrc
arrcl lbrrnalion oI r,asculal' carnbiunt. arrornalotts sccondary gron'th-classillcatiorr.oriqirt.
tuncl lirrrction. 1-lrintart'thickenirrg nrcrislcrrr irt tttotrocrlts. sccotttlarl gt'or'r'th itt at'bttt'csccttl
Liliaccac.
4. Slructulc ancl lirnctittrr ol'vasctrlar tissrrcs: xYlct.n- strttctttt'c ancl u'atct'ttlttvcltlcllt.
phlocnt- struclut'c arrd nrctlrbolitc trarrslocittiott. tt'ans['et'cclls. lthlocrrr loaclittg arril
rrrr
load ing.
5.
Sccondarv carnhiurl: classillcatiorr. origin artcl cottslitutiotr ol'catnbittttt. carttbial
acti'n,itr,. carrrbiulr in rr,orrrrrl hcaliug arrcl graliirrg. cork-canr[ritttr. origin attcl litttctiott.
6. Iloot: clcvclo;lrrrclrl. strtrclural urganization ol'root altical ntcristcttt. tlcvclopttlctttal
activitics. clcvclopnrcntal ,/oncs. lorrgiltrclirral lllcs ol' cclls. Q. ('. conccl-ll atttl
1-llonrcrislcnr concc;rt. I'-clivisiorr.
I3
7. [.cal': clcvclopnterrt. structural diversitl,. zutatoll\/ ol-('-] and C'4 plants. [:cological lcal'
attatotttv. sttn ancl shade leav'es. xcrornorplric leaves. succtr lerrl leaves. halolthl,(ic lcavcs
and h1'drornorphic leaves.
8. Stress altal()nt-\: anatotny arrd pollutit'lrr. anator.trical res;-lonse Io r,r,alcr strcss altcl
ntineral clellcienct'. e ll'ccts of pollutiorr. insecticides and lrerbicides.
M icrotechn ique:
l. Microscttpes: Light nticroscope. Pltase contrast and electron nricroscopc. N4icrolrrctlic
nreasut'enterrts arrd caltlera lucida.
2. Microtorles: Rotarr,. Sleclge. atrd Cryostat.
-1. [)rocessing proccdrrr-e for ltricro1-.rep-raration:
(i) Killirrg arrd [ixirrg: Principlc attd pulpose. Conrrnon clrenrical llxatives. thcir'
prcpat'ation altcl specific uses: FAA. Carnoy's fluid. acetic alcohol. ('RAtr. Nau,ashils
fluid. and Zirclc's ['luid.
(ii) Dchvdratiorr: Prirtciple attd pt'ocedure. Dehvdratirrg agents I:llrr I alcolrol. rr[]u(vl alcolrol. 'l-ertiary bLrtl,l n;.,,1.ro1. Isopropvl alcolrol and Clrlorolorrn. Difl'er-errt
dehyclratirrg sct'ies. Alcohol-Xylerre rnethod. Alcohol-'fllA lrethocl & Alcolrol
('lr lorolorrrr nretlrtrd.
(iii) [)aral'fin inllltratiolr - usc ol-enrbedclirrg overr
(iv) [rnrbedcling: I)r'cparation o1-blocks.'1,' block and papcr boat.
(r') Sectiorrirlg ol'parallirr hlocks usittg rotarv nricrotonre: 'l'r'inrnring irrclivicltral hlgcl<s
ancl sectiolt cLrttirrg.
(i,i) Adlresives altd tlreir' ;trepar-ations.
(vii) MoLrntirrg ancl sprcadirrg ol'paraflirr ribborrs orr rlicro sliclcs.
4. Stainirrg: Stairrs used irr nticrotechrrique:
('lassificati., -- N.tural - I-lenratoxylene. carr,irre. orccirr.
S),rrtlretic (coal tar) llasic: Sall'zrnirr. crystal violet. Basic lirchsi,. cotto, blLrc
Acidic: l;ast green. Orange (j. I-_r-ytltrosinc. Eosin. altcl 'l-olueclin hlLrc.
Stairring procedure: Single. doLrble arrd triple stairrirrg
Staillirlg ctlnthittatiotr: safl-arrirr and last green /cotton blue crystal violct apcl
orarr ge-( i/erythrosi ne. I Ienratoxl,| | ne. arrd sall-an i lr.
-5. I cclrrlicltres of'clearittg. nrot-rnting. labcling ancl storirrg o['pcrnrarrent slidcs.
6. Wlrole nrotrrrts. Vein clcaring. and tissue ntacera(rorr.
7. I Iistochernical stailting: Localization ol proteins. rrucleic acids. ipsoluhle
cat'hohvclrates. & lipids.trlrzyrne histochcnristry Ccrrer.al accourrl.
8. Vital staining: I)r'irrciple. procedure. ancl applicarions.
Ile[crrnccs:
[]cck. (-. Il (1005) Art Irrtrodtrctiott to [)larrt strLrctrrre arrcl [)cveloprrrent. ('arrrbr-iclge t lrri,",crsity
[)t css.
Irsarr. K. (19111Arralonry ol'Scccl I)larrls.2'"1 edition..lolrn Wilcr,& Sons
[:alrrr. A ( 1990) l)lartt Arratorny. 4'l'eclititlrr. []ul(eru,ortlr-l leirrerrrarrrr l.tcl:
Matrsetlt. I. I). (1988) t)larrl Anatorrr\,.'l.he Belriarrritr ('urrrntirrrrs trrrtrlishirrg Co.
liagha'arr v. ( 1999) [)eveloprnerrtal Biorog_v ol-[rlor'erirg plants Spr irrger..
[)ickis.n. w ('. (2000) Integlative plarrt Analorrrv. Acaclenric [)r.ess.
Miksclrc..l. l'} (197(;). tlotarrical Microteclrnirltrc ancl (.ytochernistr.1,. Iorva Sttrte Ilrriver.sity Irrcss.
(ialrarr.
.lcrtselr.
I'
tl. ( 1984) [rlant Ilistochertristl-y. Acaclerrric press
( 1962) llolanical llistocherrrislrv Wl I Itreerrrarr & ('qrrr;ra11,.
WA
l4
.loltansetr. D.
A
( 1940) l']larrt N{icrotechrricltre.
Mc(irair llill'
(-apital Ptrblishirrg
I<hasilt. S M. (1002)llotarrical Microtcchniqtre: ['r'inciples attcl [)ractit:e.
Cornpanl,.
Krishuarl6orthr
l( V. (1999)
Methods in
('ell
('.R.C.
11r2ll (-vtocherrlistrY-
[)ress.
I)earse. A G. Ir (1980) []istclrernistr'1,. 1-lreoretical and Applied.4'r' F.ditiorl. Vol. I
Chulclrhi II l.ivingstorre
Sarrcler.sgp. .1. tl. ( 1994).
&
2.
tliological Micrntcclrniquc. []ios Scienlific PLrblishers.
BOT.l08 Anatomv of Angiosperms & N'Iicrotechnique (Practical)
C-rctlit: I
Course offeretl hr': Dr K. M.,lavaranl and Dr Nabeesa Salim
Alratonry:
l. Arrornalgtrs sccorrdar\ grrtrvth: l)r'uc'oartu. Bigrtortitr. ,4mrtrtrnlltrr's. l\i.t't'lttrrllrt:t,
A.l i rtr h i I i,s'. B ot gtr i ttr i I I e u,,\l r't't' h r?().1 alld lle a I ru t rt I
). [,eaf arratorry: ('3 arrd C4 plalrts. succulents. xerotttorplric leaves. halophl'tes arrd
.
r
lrydrophytes.
3. Stonrata: typcs. sttltnatal irrdex.
4. Slroot apical ntet'istcttl of dicots attd tnot.tocots.
M icrotech
tr
ique:
Prepat'atiott o1-stairred pertlrallettt slides oltlre Iollou'irrg:
\\rholc ntoLurts- ll-ec lrarrd sectiorrs. ntaceratiott artd set'ial
l.
dgublc. triplc. arrd lristoclrerlical stainirtg procedttres.
tllicrototllc sectiolts ttsiltg
least trventl'llcrtllatletlt
nt
rricropreparations rcpreserrtirrg u,ltole ntottttts. fl-ce hand sectiotts and serial sectiotts
slroulcl be subtnittecl lirr evalttatiotr.
References:
Ileck. C. 3. (2005)A1 lltroductiop to Plant structtrle atrcl Developtttetrt. ('arlrbridge IltrivcrsitY
[)res
s
.
K. (1977)Alatonry ol'Seed Plarrts. 2'"1 editi()n..loftn wilel'& Sotts
Irahn. A. ( 1990) I)lant Arratorrr_r,. 4'l' edition. []r:tterrvot'tlr-l leittcrltatttl l.td:
'l-he []err.iarrrirl ('lrrntrtirtgs I'trhlishirrg Co'
Mar,rsctlr. .1. t). ( l98tt) I)larrl Atlalotlll'.
Raghavarr V. ( 1999) l)eveloprrrental ISiology ol-Flor.verittg Plattts. Springer.
(2000) lrttegr-a(ive Platll Attatottlv. Acacletnic I)ress
I)ickisorr. W.
(
N4iksche. .1. lr. 197(r). l)otanical Microtechrriqtre and ('yttlchenristrv. lorva Slate I lrliversit-v l)r'ess.
[:.sarr.
('
(ialrarr. I'> tl. (1984) I'larrt Ilistocltentistry. Acadettlic [)ress.
.lenserr. W A. (19(r2) tlotarrical llistocherlistry. Wll [rreernarr & Corlrparly.
.lolrarrsen. t). A. ( 1940) l']lant Microtechrriqtre- Mc(irarv I lill.
l(lrasir1. S. M (20()2) Ilotarrical Microtechriquc: ['rilrciples atrd Practice. Capital l)trhlislrirrg
('ottt pa ttr'.
l(rishltarnoortlry l<
Pearsc.
A (;. lr
('htrrchhi
V
( 19991 N4ctlrocls irr
(1980) Ilislclrcnrislr-v.
('ell Wall ('-vtoclrcrrristry ('.11..('. [)r'ess.
ancl Appliccl. 4'r' Ilclitiorr. Vol I &
-l'heorctical
ll Livi rrgstortc
Sarrclc;se1. .1. Il ( | 994).
tliological Mict'otechttiqtrc. Ilios Sciertti[lc l)trblishers.
2'"1 Sernester
lX)T.201 Plant l)lr],siolog1' (Theory)
Cretlit: 3
Course offeretl lrr': I)r Nabeesa Salim
2
.5
l. Watcr uncl plant cells: Watcr irr plarrt's li[b. properlics. [)iflirsion lrrcl lhcilitatcrl
dil-ltrsiorr. Absorption and short distarrce trausltort. pressure clriven bulk l'lon,arrd lonc
clistance trarrs;-lort. Osnrosis clrivcn bv rvatcr potcntial gracl ient. Water absorption [r1'roots
via apoplastic. svnr;rlastic ancl trarrsrnerlbrane pathu,ays. Rolc ol' aqtraporins. Water
ntovcnrenl through x),lcnr. Mechanisrl and thcories o{- transport. Cavitatittn arrcl
ctlbolisnt. Soil-plarrt-atnrosplrcre-corrtirruulr: phvsiologv ol-stunrotal lirrrction- hluc light
ll'cct
2. I)lants attd ittorganic lrutlition: Nutrierrt elenrents: Classificatiorr basecl orr [riochenrical
lirnctions. Phtsiological roles. Nrrtlient uptal<e: inleractiorr belueerr roots ancl nricrohes.
lon u1-rtakc b1, r,',n,., dil'lirsion. lircilitated clif'lusiorr and apparent lice space. Apoplastic
attd svtlplastic patltwavs. N4enrbrane potential. I)assive and actir.'c transl-rort. 1'r'arrspurt
;'rrotcilts: cat't'icrs. - lVlichaelis-Mentcn Kirretics. ('harurels: Voltagc clcpenclcnt K+
cltattncls. r,oltage gatcd charrncls. Calciunr channcls. Vactrolar rnalate chanltels. A-[Pasc
itctivitt, ltttd electrogettic punrps. Patch clanrp stuclies. Applicatiorr ol- Nernst er;uation.
Activc trarrsport and electrochcnt ical potential gl'ad ients.
.l. Assinrilatiorr o['nrincral rrtrtrierrts; Nitrogen alrd bio-gcr)c1,gl. nitrirte assirlilatiorr.
reclttction. biological nitrogen fixatiorr. Syrnbiosis: rriLrogenasc aclivit_r. assinrilatiorr o['
atnnronia: patlttval,s antl enzl'nrcs - (lS. C;O(;nT and (lDll. Transport ol'antidcs irrrcl
turcides. Strl;thtrr assirnilaliorr. bio-gcoc),clc. l'cdrrction ol srrlphatc-s. Ilnportarrcc o[phospltortts. irolt. ntagltcsiutn. calciurl arrd potassirrnr assinrilation. [;nelge tics o1'nrrtricrrt
assi nr i lat ion. lnolccu lar phl,sio logy, o [' nr icronutrierrt acq u i sitiorr.
4. Phtltosvtrllrcsis: Light a[rsorption and encrgt,ct'rnversiolr. clcctron transl-cr S),stern irr
chloroplast nrcnrbt'anes. Al'l's1'lrthesis in chloroplast. Photosynthetic carbort recluction.
carbon oxidatiorr ancl photorcspiratol'v cycles. ('4 ancl CAM ntctabolisnt Ph1,s1ul,',*1.0'
arrd envirorrntcntal corrsideration o['photosl,nthesis. Distribtrtion oI photoassintilatescxll()rt. Starch atrcl sttct'ose svntltcsis. Allo-'cation ancl parlitir''rring: l)hloertr loading and
ttttloadittg. ('oltccl-ll ol- osnroticalll, gcncrated pressrlre l'lou,. llrrltortancc ol'
pI asrrroclcrnrata i n sl,nt 1tI ast ic trarrspol't.
5. R.cspiratiott: (ilt,colt'tic rcactiorrs: [)1,1'11y3tc crrtrf irrto nritochoncl ria ancl citl'ic acid
cvcle. Illcctrrlrr transl'er systcnr arrd A'['P s),nthcsis.'l'ransporters involvcrl in excharrgc ol'
sttbstrates attcl proclttcts. A'l P svrrthesis, turirlLre electrorr transpurt ct.lz\'ntes o[' plaltt
nritochonclr-ia: cxterrral NAI)(P)ll dchydrogcnase. rotenonc ancl c)/uniclc inscrrsitivc
ct'tttchrttltte (' ()xiclases. Itttcractiorr betu,eerr rnitochorrdrial arrd other ccllrrlar'
conrporrcrrts. Metabolitcs ancl spccific trarrsporters. l.ipid nretabolisrr.
(r.( jt'ou,tlt. clifl'crcnliation ancl devcloprnent: Anall'sis ol plant grou,tlr: procluctiorr
ol'cclls.
grott'llt vclocit,t prolilc. ('rtological lrnd [riochcnrical evcnts. [)it'lcrerrtiation. sccontlarr
ccll rvall lirrntations. nrLtltinct glorvtlr hvpothcsis ot'cell rvall. [)cvclol-rrnerrt: irritiation
attcl t'cgtrlation ol'clcr,'clopnrent. gcnes involvcrl irr the colrtl'ol ol'der,cloltnterrt. role ol'
-l'1,pcs
ol'clcvelt'rltrncrrt: llotverirrg-lloral inducticln. cvocatiolr ancl
;lrotcitt l<inascs.
tttot'pltogcttcsis. Irloral ot'gan iclcntity gcnes. []ioclrernical signaling: I'heories ol'
llorvclirtg. ('ontrol ol'l'lorvering-phvtoclrrorrre. cryptoclrronre alrcl [riological clock.
[actors al'l'ccting llou,cring: I)hoto;lcriodisnr arrcl therrrroperiodisrn.
7 ljl'tr it clcvclolrtrcttl itttcl rilrenirrg: physiology o['r'ipening- cell rvall arclritcctrrrc arrrl
solicnirru. cnz)/nt<:s irrvolvccl in biochcntical clranges
c
.
.
l6
tl. Sectl dcvelopntent: clcposition o[- rcserves dtrrirrg seecl cleve lo;ltnettt. desiccatiorr ol'
sceds: horntones involverl. dcsiccation tolct'arrce. Classificatitltl tll seecls. scctl
clornran cY
9. (ierrrirratiorr physiologl,: lnrbibition. gertritratiott and rcservc tttobilizatiorr.metatrolism of carbohydrates. lipicls. prtlteirts and phy'tins. physiology'of'scecl clortlratrcr'.
10. trlant growth regulators: auxins- biosl,rrthesis. trattsport. phl,siological roles. Role irl
signal transduction paths,ays. Gibbcrellin- [riosvtrthesis. phl'siological roles. sigrral
transduction. Amylase activity in gernrinatirrg seeds. C'ytokinin- biosvrtlltcsis. biological
rolc. rrorphogenesis irr cultured tissrres. rnodc ol' actiotr. F-tht'lerrc - biosvttlhesis.
ph-r,siolog'cal role. cor.nntercial uses. and ntode ol action. Abscisic acicl: hriosyrlthcsis attcl
rnetabolisnt. plrysiological eff-ects. r'oic in seecl dornrattcy'itnti scttescetrce. Flttt'lttottai
['lalance corrcept.
I l. Photoreceptors: Plr),1ochrt'rrles
-
pltotochentical attd biocltetttical prtrltert
ics.
localisatiorr irr cclls and tissucs. phvtochronre induced rvhole plarrt resporrses. [-,cological
lirnctions. Mechanisms of phytoclrronre resLrlated differentiation. Sigrtal trattsdttctit'rlt
patlrw'ays. role irr gene expressiorr. C11'ptocltrotnes: blue light horntotres pltotopltl'siolttgt'.
cfl'ect
on sterl
elongation. gene expression. storratal opettitrg. pt'otott
pLutlps.
plrototropisn.r. r'ole ol cat'otettoids.
12. Senescence and progratrnred cell cleath: Apoptosis and ttecrosis. Progt'atttrtted cell
death irr rclatiorr to rcproductive clevelol'rrnent. altd stress respotlse. (icncs associalcd rvith
sencscence. tnetat'rolisnr durittg sencscencc.
13. Stress physiologv: Water deficit and clrought resistance. lteat stress and lteat shocl<.
chilling arrd liost, salirritl, stress. ox)/gen deficiency stress and heavy-n1s12l polltrtion
StreSS,
14. Signal trarrsductiorr. Classcs ol-signals: receptors. signal perception. sigrral
artrplification and trarrsductiorr rcactiorrs. role of ('a++ as second tnessengers. r'olc oI
('alnrodLrlirr
.
Ileferences:
Andcrsorr..l. W. and []oarclall..l. (1991) Molecular Activatiun o['l)larrt cclls- An
Introduction to Plarrt Biochernistry. 13lack'ut,elI Scierrtific Ptrblislrers.
lleck. ('. ll. (2005) An Irrtroductiorr to l)larrt Structure and L)eveloptnerrt. ('arntrridgc
I Irrivcrsitl, [)rcss.
Ilervlcy. .1. D. and Black tr. (1994) Seeds: ['h.v,siology ol'Developnrent and (]et'nrirtal.iotr.
2'"1 Llcln. Plenurl Publishing Corporatiorr.
Ilidrvell. R.C. S. (1979) Plarrt Physiology. 2'"r[--cln. Macnrillan Pr.rblishing Colporation.
[]uclrarrarr. tl. ll.. (iruisscnr. W. arrd.lorrcs. I{. 1.. (2000). 13ioclrernistry artd Molecular
Iliologl, of'Plants. Arlerican Society oI I)larrt []iologists.
[)evlin. It. M. ancl Withanr. [. ll. (198(r). I)larrt I)lr1,siology. IV'r'[--clrr. ('l]S t'ublislrers &
l)istributcrs.
llopkins. W. G. (2004). Irrtroduclion to Plant Phvsiology..lohrr Wilcy & Sons lnc.
Karp (i. (199(r). Ce ll arrd Molecular tliology - ('oncepts and [:xperirnents..lohrr Wilet, &
Sons. lnc.
Mal'cr arrcl I)ol.iakol'f'- Maybcr. ( 1989). The (lcrrnination o['Secds. lV'l' l:dtr. I)crgntorr
[)ress.
Moorc.'l'.
(' (l9tll)
Springer Vcrlag.
Itcscarch l:xpericnce in Plant Physiology.
A
[.abrtlratory Manual.
l7
Nrrgglc- (i. lL. arrtl lritz (;. .1. (lr992). lntrocluctorl' I)lant I)hysiologr. [)rcnticc llall ol'
lrrdia I)r'1. l.tcl.
Salisbur'1,. t". I]. artcl I(oss Cl. W. (lL)92) Plant I'lrvsiolog\,.4t|'I;clrr. Worclsrvorllr
I'trhlislring
('trr';.t111,11,,,,.
-
A'l'r'eatisc. Vol. lto X. Acaclcntic. [)r'ess.
Ir (1980). T'hc []iochcnristry ol' I)lants: A C'onr;-rrchelr:;ive
Stcrvarcl. I:. C. l'larrt [)hysiology
Sttrlnltl. P. K. alrrl Cortn. lr.
l't'cat isc. Acadcrrr ic [)r'css.
I'aiz. I . arrcl 7.cigcr. l:.. (2002). I)lant ['h1'siologl'.'['hc []crr.larnin Ctrnrnrings I'ublislrirrc
('orporation lnc.
\\'ill<ins. N,1. ll. (1984). Aclvances irr I)larrt I'}hy,siologl. [-onsnrirrr Scicrrtillc & I'cclrnical.
ll()T.202 I)la nt l'hvsiolog'r' (l'ractical)
Crerlit: I
('ourse ofi'eretl lx: l)r Nahecsa Salim
I
2.
.
4.
-1
Prcpat'alion ol'tttolal. trolar. rtolnral. and percerrtagc soltrtiorrs ancl their
Detcrnriltatiolr ol'nroisture contcnt of plant nratelials.
N4casurcrnerrI ol osrr.rotic potential [r1, tissue rveight clranqc nrethoil.
cl
iltr(ions.
tcrnrinatiorr ol osrnotic ;totcrrtial by plasnrolytic nre tlrocl.
-5. Ostnotic potctttral cletcntr irration by therrrrocor.r;lle l)s)/chlonretr'),.
6. [)crnonslration ol- nrenrhranc lternteabilit_y b), dial-vsis bags.
L [)clttottstratiott o['tlrc effect ol'terrperature ancl solutes on nrerrtrrnrre penrrea[rilit-1,.
8. Dctcrnrittatiorr ol- solute poterrtial ol sap b1, dcnsi11, graclient plasllolt,sis dcplasrlolvsis
De
nrcthocl
.
10. llistoclrcntical localizatiorr ol-potassittnr in tlte gLrard cclls trnder cliil'crcltt coltditiolrs
I tra n spirat iorr
I I [)crrronstlation ol-pcltassir-rnt uptake hy excised roots
l2 Scltat'atiott ol' plant pigttrcnts b1 pape r chronratographr,/ thin lal,cr chrornatogra;thv
ancl al'rsor'ption spcctra ol' pigntcrrts separatccl
l-j. (Jtrarrtitativc cstinratiorr ol-chlorophy ll corrtcnl rrsin-u spectrophotolnctrr'.
o
14. Light conrpcnsation ;'roirrts pcr'(aining to photosynthesis-arratontical studr'.
15. [)crronstratiorr ol'pll changcs in root strrlaccs.
I 6 I)ctronstt'atiolr ol- rolc ttf'ph1,t,',.1.r,-,,'.,re in thc gcntrirrtrtion ol'light scnsitivc scccls.
I 7. Mcasurcnrcrrt ol- grorvtlr rate using various pararleLers
lli. I)clrtolrstt'atiort o[-Atnylasc activity antl gibherellic acid cl'fcct irr gcrrrirraling ccrcal
sccd s.
19. [)r'otcirr cstinration h1 d1,c bincling ntclhocl.
Ilefcre lr ccs:
Attclcrson. .1. \\'. itttcl lJoarclall. .1. ( l99l ) l\4olecrrlar Activatiolt ol' [)lnrrt cclls- z\rr
I ntrrrcl uctiott to [) lant l] iochclr i stry'. [] lacl<rvcl l sc ient i flc [)Lrbl ishers.
tleck. ('. I]. (200-5) An Itttroductiott to l)lant Strurcture and [)evelopnrcnt. ('anrtrridgc
I irrive rsitr, [)rcss.
llctvley. .1. [). ancl l]lack L. (1994) Seeds. l'hysiology o[- l)cvclo;rr.rcnt arrcl (ierrrrina(iorr.
2"'r I:cln. I)lcntrrn I'ublishirrg (ior';-rolation.
Iliclrvcll. ll.(i. S. ( 1979) I'lant I)hvsiology. 2"'rl'.drr. Macrnillan I)ublislrirrg ('or'poratiorr.
[]ttcltattatr. t]. Il.. (it'ttissettt. W. attd.loncs. lt. L. (2000). IJiochenristry ancl Melcctrlar
lliology ol- I)larrts. Ante licalr Societl, ol'l)lant tliologists.
lll
I)evli1. l{. M. a6rl Witharl. I'. Il. (198(r). l)lant l)lttsiolost,. l\i'r' lrtllt. ('tlS I'trblishcls &
[)is1r'ibtrtcrs.
ll6pkirrs. W. (i. (2(X)4). lrrtl'oduction to Platrt l'hrsiologl'..lohn \\'ilc) & Sotrs lttc.
Karp O. (199(r). ('cll and Molecular Iliologi ('onccpts alrcl [',xpcrirtretlts. .lohrr \\/ilcr'&
Sons. lrrc.
l\4a1,er arrcl Pol.iakol'll)rcss.
Ma)ber. (19U9). l'hc (ienrittatiott ol-Seecls. IV'l'
I-.clrr. I)ergtttotr
l\4oore. I ('. (1981) ILescarch [:xpcrietrcc in Plarrt I)h1'siologt'. A l.trboratot'-t'l\'latrttal.
Springcr Vcrlag.
Ngggie. (i. ll ancl I.l'itz (i. .l (l9g)). lrrtloclrrctor'1 Plant I'ltr,'siologr. Prcttticc llall ol'
lndia Pvt. Ltcl.
Salisbtrrr. Ir. t]. ancl Ross ('. \\'. ( I 992) [)lattt Phvsiologr'. 4'l' [:c1rr. \\'ot'tlsrt ot'tlr
l'rrhl ish iltg ('ot'1'rtrt'itI itrtt.
Steu,ard. Ir. C'. [)larrt Phi'siology
- A'l'r'eatisc. Vol. I to X. Acttcletlic. I)t'ess.
(-orrn.
li. tr ( 1980). llrc Ilirtchcntistrr ol'Plattts: A ('otllprchctrsivc
Stulnpt. P. K. and
'T'r'eatisc.
Acade nric I)t'css.
'l'aiz. 1.. alrd Zeigcr. t:. (2002). Plant ['h1'siolo91,.-l'he Bert.iartrin ('tttrtltrirrgs I)trblishirrg
('orporatiott lnc.
Wilkils. M. U. (1984). Advarrces in Plarrt I)lrvsiologr,. I-ottsttran Scierrtillc & l'cclrrrical.
llOT.203 Biochenristry. Iliophl'sics :t ntl Irlt rrtu nologt' (Thcoll')
Cretlit: J
Course olfcrerl llr': Dr Sailas l]en.jamilt
lliochenr istrl':
l. pl{
bull'crs
properties of rvttter'. acicls. bases and buffers. Ilerrdcrsotl-llassclbalch
ecluation. pll, pKa. Kn,. proton hopping. bul'f'ers in living syslettt. c()ttttttott btrf'lcrs.
2. Carbohl,drate: irrtroductiolt [o nron()-. di-. oligo- atrd polvsaccharicles. litrcar attcl t'ittg
structrrrcs. hortro- and heteroglycatts. tritior reactittns ol- t'eclttcing attcl trotl t'ccltlcittg
sugars. artillcial su,ecterrers. structrrrc and lttttctiott ol- ttta.ior ltotlrtl- lttlcl
hcteropolysacclraridcs. ntctabolisrrr ol' starclt. cellttlose ancl glt,cogcrt. Cy'colvsis. t('A
c),clc. tcl'lrrinal oxidation. gltrconcogcttcsis. gll'oxylatc pathtval'. J)l)J) ltathtval'.
glycoprotcirrs arrrl protcoglycans. biosy'rrthesis o['peptidoglycatt. tttetal-rttlic rrtill.
3. Antirro acicls arrcl protcins: anrino acids - classillcatiott. ltropct'tics. tlpticitl actir.it-r.
trrrrrsual anrirroacicls. rrinlrvclrirr rcaction. biosynthcsis artd hrcakclou,lt ol-alttitto acids.
classiticaliorr ancl colr litrrrration proteins. I{anrachattclratt plot. strttclttrc. [irttctiott.
rncchanisnr arrd allostcric rcgulation ol- lracrnoglobitt. abnornral hacntoglobin. strttctttt'c
arrd lirrrctiorr ol' lcghacrtrohlotrirr. [Jriel'ztccotrttI otr thc biosvnthcsis o['pl'otcitt.
4. [:ltzt,rnologY structtrre. lilrction arrcl classification ol ettzt'tnes. c()cnzvntcs. stths(t'atc
spccificitl,. rcgulatiorr ol' crr/-\,r.r.rc activity. activc sitcs. inhi[ritors. ullostcric cttzr ttrcs.
kinctics. ncgativc arrd positive co-()periltivitl,, ntttltiettzytne. isoeltzyntcs. ribozl'tttc.
abzynrc. detailcrl stLrdl,ol [rAS arrcl ILubisco. penicillin and nragic [rullct. srriciclal
i nact i vators. elrz),nrc i n c uri n g'['t'ypatrosotrt iast s.
-5. l,ipids - classil'ictrtiolt. briel'accourrt orr courpouttd and clcrivecl lipids rvith exatlltlcs.
classillcation o['lattv acicls. [riosyrrthesis ol'Iatty acicls (nricrobes. plarrts ancl attitttals).
alplra. bcta arrd onrcga oxidation ol'firttl acicls. onrega lirttl'acicl ancl lirttctional [irotl.
trarrs-[htty acids ancl thcir ditngers. clctailcrl sttttly ol'cocotrttt oil.
arrcl
t9
(r. Nrrclcic acitl: biosl,thesis ancl [-rreak dou,lr ol'purirrcs arrd pyrirlidincs. l]ricl'accoLrrt on
thc t1,1-res anrl conftr'nraLion ol- DNA and RNA.
7. Vitarnirrs arrcl honr.rclrres: classificatiorr. strr-rcttrrc. lirnction alrcl sotrrcc ol- vitarnins.
vitarrins as cocnz)/n')es. phvtohonnones classilrcation, strtrcturc. lirnctit'ltr arttl
biosytt the s is.
Biophysics:
l. [-.nergv nrctalrolisnrs - conccl)t of'Iiee energy. etltrol]\/. enthalpr,. chenrical cqrrilibria.
prirrci;llcs ol' thertnod-\,rrirnrics. thernrodynanrics of phosphatc corrrpoulrrls.
thenlcldvnarnics oi lil'e. therrrodynanrics. kirretics and rlechanisrrs ol' lrrerntlrture
tt'anspot't. enct'gY riclt bonds. r'cdox reactiorrs. sl,rrthesis ol'A'l-P. srrbstrale level-.
ox i d at i r.'c- arrcl photo-phosltlr o r-v at i orr s.
2. Instt'trnretrtation. principles arrd hrnctioning tr['. colorirrctry arrcl spectrophotornetlr'.
ce rrtrilirgation. ultt'acentrilirgatiorr. elcc(rophorcsis. isoelectric fircusing. chrornaLouralrhr
(1-1.('. gcl liltration. iror.r exc-harrge. affirritv. CC. CC-MS. llPLC. I;Pt.('). NMII. X-rav
crr"stallographr,. lr.4lll. tools in nanotechrrologl'(Atontic ljorce N'licroscol])/. Scanrrirrg
'l'tlrteling Mict'oscope. Scanniug Plobe Microscope). Irluorcscent I\'licrosco1t1,. l'loivc)/torretr')'. I iqLr id scinti llatiorr.
3. llaclio isotopes. radioactivc cleca\'. radiations and their applications in biolo91,.
Imnrurrologl,:
Ilrutrtutc svstcr.n - atttigetts. antiboclies. structrrre arrd lirrrction ol'di1l'cr-cnt classes ol'
ittult-tnoglobtr lins. pt'ittrarl, arrd sccorrdary inrnrurre response, lyrnlthocvtes arrd acccssor'\
cclls. lyntl-rlrokirrcs- antibodv cliversity. hurroral and cell-rnediated irnllurritvr N,lll('.
atttigett prescntatiolt. cotnplerrrent llxatiorr. lryperscnsitivity arrd allelgr,. ollsonisati()n.
ttteclranistrt ol'itttn.rurre resp()nsc and gerreration oI inrrlurrological diversitl', genctic
colttrol ol- inrnrutte rcsporlse. su1'rcrantigerrs. applications ol irrrrrrrological Ieclrnirltres trl.lSA. inrnrt-tnodil'lLrsiorr. irrnrurroelectroplroresis. Monoclonal and polyclonal
arrtibod ies. I I Al' nrecliurn.
l{efercnces:
Alberghirta. ('. 2000. [)t'otcitt ['.ngirreeritrg in lltclustrial 1]iotechnology. Ilanvootl
Acadenr ic [)rr[rl icat itlrrs.
[]crg..l. N4..'l'yrlocz-l<o..1. 1,.. & Strycr l-.2006. []iochcnristry (6th l:rlrr). Wll l;recnrarr &
I
C'o.
[)arricl. N,l. l9tl9. I]asic []iophysics
fbl
Biologists. Aglo-Botarrica Publishcrs
and
[) istrihtrtors.
[)elves. I).. Marlirr. S.. []Lrrtorr. l). & I{oitt. 1.200ti. Roitt's lrsscntials ol'Irnnrunologv
(l lth l:cln). lllackrvcll Putrlishing.
Voet. l). .1. & Voct..l..l. 200-5. llioclrcrlistry (-5th l:cln)..lohrr Wilcr & Sons
(ilascr. Il. 2(X)l . lliophysics (-5th I:drr). Springcr.
Ilatttlttes. (i. C;.2005.-l'hcnnodt,rrirrnics arrcl Kinetics Ibr lliological Scierrccs..lolrrr Wilc_r'
& Sons Iltc.
.lairl..l. L.. Saniay..l. & Nithirr..l. S. 2006. l"undarnental ol'[]iochern1.11'1, ((rth Irdrr). S.
('hancl & ('o. l.td.
Kilrdt..l'..1.. (ioldsb1,. R. A. & Osborrrc. ll. A.200t1. Kuby lnllurrulogl,((rtlr trdn). Wll
Irrcenran arrcl ('o.
l.cu,irr Il. 200t{. (icncs IX. I)earrson l..clr.rcational lnternational.
20
Nels66. I). L. & C'6x. M. I\{.2008. t,ehnirrger Principles ol'[]ioclrellistrr'(4th l:.c1rr).
\\/.l l Irrccrratt attd ('o.
[)arrclev. A.. Webtr. ('.. Soccol. ('. & l.arnclte. C.2007. I'-rtzyrne'[-cchnologl'. Spt'irrger.
I(ao. C. V.200-5. lt-tttlttttology: A 1'ext Book. Nat'osa I'trblishirrg Hottse.
Sarrt'rrook..l. & llussel, D.W.2008. Molecular ('lttrrittg A labol'atorv trlatrttal (-5th F.drr).
Cold Sprirrger IJarbor [,aboratory Press.
IJpadlrar,. A.. tJpadhay.K.& Nath. N' 20()8. t}itl1llt1,sig,l1 Cllertlistrr,-. I,rirlciples ancl
'fechtt
iques. 1-l i rnalaya I'trbl ish ing I Iotrse.
BOT.204 Iliochenristry, Biophysics and Inrnrun()l0g1, (PrlcticaI)
(lretlit:
I
('oursc offerctl [r1': Dr Sailas Ben.iarrrin
ol ttolt-reclttcittg sugat' irl tlre pl'csellcc tll'rerittcittg stlgar'
(lualttitative
estirnatiolr ol'redLrcirrg sugitr fi'ctnt plarrt tissue by arly suit-ablc
2.
rlcthod.
3. [:xtractiol arrd estillation of starclr li-orl plant tissue by a suitahle ltretltod.
4. (-olorinretlic estitttatiott of proteirt by Bitrret tttetltocl.
5. ('olorirletric estirnation 6l'protein [ry l-orvry et al. tnethocl.
6. N4easLrlcltc6t gl'antylasc/invertase/pt'otease liottt artl' str itable platttirrricl'ohial soLll'cc
tusi ng suitahle trcthod.
7. [)cternrination oI Substratc saLtrration and Miclraelis-Mellten cttrvc of an-]- ellzYlllc'
8. l)rcparation ol btrlfers and nteitsurentent of pl I tlsirrg pll nleter.
9. Deterrttination ol isoelectric pll ol proteirrs.
10. Papcr chronratogt-aplric scpatration ol strgars.
I l.'l hirr la1,e'' .1't,'n'',ratography ol'atrino acids.
I 2. [:lcctroplroretic separatiott o1' DNA alld protcitls.
l-i. Separatisn of subcellular particlcs h1, sucrosc derrsitr, gradicrrl cetttrilLlgatiorr.
14. I ltrnran llloorl tr'prng
I 5. Irrururrodi llusiorr
I
. Dctectiort
I
(r. I rnnrrrnolrt'ecipilal iott
I{efcrcrt ccs:
Albcrglrila.
C. 2000. Proteirr
lrngineerirrg
irr
lrrdLrs(rial []iotcclrnologv. Ilarrvttocl
Acaderric I)ubl ications.
Ilerg..l. M..-l'1,rnoczko..l. L.. & Stryer 1,.200(r. []ioclrcrlistry ((rilr I:drr). Wll lircenratt &
('o.
l)anicl. N,1 1989. []asic t]ioplrl sics firr l]iologisls. Agro-[]otarrica ['trblishers atrcl
[) ist ribu tors.
[)clvcs. I).. Martirr. S.. l]urton. l). & lLoitt. l. 2008. lloitt's Ilssentials ol-lttttrrttttologt'
( I lth I:rln). lllackrvcll ['utrlishirrg.
Voct. t). .1. & Vect..l..l. 2005. Iliochcrristry (5th lrclrr)..lohn Wiley & Sotrs
(ilaser'. I{. 2001 . []iophysics (5(lr Iidrr). Sprirrgcr.
llarlrlcs. (;. (;.2005.'l'hernroclynanrics ancl Kirtetics lirr lliological Sciettces..lolrtr Wilel'
&
Sons lnc.
.lairr. .1. L.. Saniay.
C'hancl
& ('o. Ltd.
.1.
& Nithirr..l.
S. 2006. ['utrdattrctrtal o['[]ioclretnistrl'((rth I:drr).
S.
21
Kindt. l'.
.1..
Goldsby,
Il. A. & osborne, B. A. 200g. Kuby Imnrunology (6th Edn). wH
Preeman and Co.
Lervin B. 2008. Genes IX. Pearson Educational International.
'Nelsott. D. I-. & Cox. M. M. 2008. I.ehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th Edn).
W.H. F-reentan and Co.
Parrdey, A.. webb, c., Soccol, c. & I-arrrche, c. 2007. Enzyme l-echnology. Springer.
I{ao. C. V. 2005. Inrnrunolog),: A Text Book. Narosa publishing House.
Sambrool<. .1. & Russel. D.W. 2008. Molecular Cloning A laboratory manual (5th Edn).
Cold Springer l{arbor l,aboratorv press.
tJpadhay. A., lJpadhay, K.& Nath, N.2008. Biophysical Chernistry- Principles and
'fechniques.
Hinralaya PLrblishing House.
Bor.205 Plant Morphogenesis, Embryogenesis, & Tissue culture (Theory)
Credit: 3
'Course offered by: Dr P.
v. Madhusoodanan and Dr Sailas Benjamin
Plant Morphogenesis:
Basic cotlcepts of plalrt morphogenesis and its importance: cell size ald fornr.
totipotency, synrmetry, polarity, differentiation, l'actors influencing morphogenesis.
., Contparative rnorphology and plant nrorplrogenesis.
Embryogenesis:
Microsporogenesis. pollen morphology, pollen-pistil interaction, female gametophyte i1
arr giosperms, ferti l ization, endospenn. em bryo, polyem bryony,
apom ix is.
Tissue Culture:
.Plant cell and tissue culture: introductiorr, history, scope. Basic aspects of plant tissue
culture, Ditferent culture media; components; grorvth regulatorsj growth retardants;
Undefined supplenrents; Explants; Sterilization; Inoculation; Subculturing, etc. Various
media and their cornposisition.
Different types of cultures: Callus- different types; Cell culture; Suspension culturedifferent types; culture methods of single cells; Testing of viability of cells; Application
of cell and callus culture with special reference to rnedicinal and aromatic plants. In vitro
m
orplrogenesi
s
;d
i
ffererrti atio n.
Organogenesis- different types; factors effecting; problems related
to micropropagation
of woody (Medicinal) plants. Different stages of micropropagation, Sonraclonal variation
and its importance with special reference to medicinal and aromatic plants.
'Somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect; Factors effecting;
embryo maturation;
application. Synseeds and its significance.
Production of pathogen-free plants: Different methods; Meristem culture and
its
importance in comnrercialization especially of Medicinal and Aromatic plants.
Protoplast: Isolation and culture methods; Factors effecting; Somaiic hybridizatiol:
Different types; Fusion methods. Application with special reierence to Medicinal
and
Aromatic plants.
Haploids: Different types: Androgenesis and gynogenesis, Advantages; Significance
in
crop improvement with special emphasis on Medicinal and aromatic plants. Ovary, ovule, endosperm and embryo culture; importance . In vin.o fertilization (recent
. advances) and its significance.
2
Secondary rnetabolites: Different classes; methods of production- factors effecting yieta.
Biotransformation; Different types with examples. Imrrobilization: Different approaches:
Advantages.
Tissue culture in lndia with special reference to Kerala. Exptoitation of rrredicinal plarrts
of Kerala by Tissue culture.
Application o1'Plant Tissue Culture: Clonal propagatiorr, artificial seed production oI
hybrids and somaclones, drugs, products, cryopreservation and germplasm storage.
Modern trends in plant tissue culture.
References:
Bhojwani, S. S. and Razdan, M. K. 1983. Plant Tissue culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier.
Doods, J. H. and Roberts, L. W. 1985. Experiments irr Plant Tissue culture, Cambridge
University Press.
George, E. F. 1993-96. Plant propagation by Tissue culture-2 vols. Exegetics Ltd.
Narayanaswamy, S. 1994. Plant cell and Tissue culture. Tata McGraw Hill Ltd.
De, K. K. 1995. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency.
Razdan, M. K. 1995: An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & tBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
B0T.206 Plant Morphogenesis, Embryogenesis, & Tissue culture (practical)
Credit: I
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan and Dr Sailas Benjamin
Preparation of stock solutions: different media Preparation of solid and liquid media.
Inoculation techrrique: Culture of different
lntroduction of callus and organogenesis.
Anther, ovary, embryo culture; Meristem culture.
explants.
Cryopreservation
Production ofsynseed.
In vitro fertilization
References:
Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1983. Plant Tissue culture: Theory atrd practice.
Elsevier.
Doods, J.H. and Roberts, L.W. 1985. Experiments in Plant Tissue culture, Cambridge
University Press.
George, E.F. 1993-96. Plant propagation by Tissue culture-2 vols, Exegetics Ltd.
Narayanaswamy, S. 1994. Plant cell and Tissue culture. Tata McGraw Hill Ltd.
De, K.K. 1995. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency.
Razdan, M.K. 1995. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
BOT.207 Environmental Biology (Theory)
Credit: 3
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan
,,
23
l' Ecosystenl-structural and firnctional components, trophic structure, major bionres
.vegetation and soil types of the world.
2. Productivity and energy flow-concepts, limits and processes of primary prodr-rctign;
nretlrods of productivity measurement.
3. Biogeochemical cycling- basic types; the global water, Carbon and Nitrogen cycles.
4. Sttccession, clintax and stability- concepts, characteristics of pionei and climax
speci es.
5. Populatiotr characteristics- density, frequency, donrinance, IV[, alpha, beta arrd gamma
diversity, natality, mortality, age distribution, biotic potential, carryirrg capacity,
aggregatiorr. dispersal, ecotone and edge effect.
6.
Environmetrtal pollutiorr-types: Land, air and water; Minamata and Love Canal
.episode; pesticides, radiation, noise ancl automobile pollution; effect on plants; control
rvitlr emphasis olt biological methods, Bioremecliaiion, Green house eff'ect, Ozone
depletion. Ozone day.
7' Biodiversity: concepts, types of diversity, centers of cliversity, phytogeographic 206es.
vegetation types of India a,d Kerala, endemism, agrobiodiversity.
8' Conservation: In situ and ex sltu conservation, protected area concepts, Wildlife
Sanctuaries' National Parks and Biosplrere Reserves. Afforestation-Soclal
Forestry,
Agroforestry, E,nvironmental Impact Assessment, Participatory Management,
Wildlife
Preservation Act (1972), Irrdian Forest Act (1980). Iliodiveisity aci.
Organizatiols:
IUCN, WWF. CITES, TRAFFIC, Species Survival commission, conservation
" prograrnmes- LINEP' MAIf, Ramsar convention, Convention on Biodiversity, Rio + 5.
'Eco-development Programnre, Environment day, Conservation movements in India
and
Kerala. Hotspots, Red list Categories, Red Data Book, Threatened plants and
alimals of
lndia and Kerala. Intellectual property Rights (lpR) and patenting.
9. Gaia Hypothesis, System philosophy.
References:
Misra. R. 1968. Ecology worl<book, oxford & IBH publishing co.
Nayar' M.P. arrd Sastry. A.R.K. 1987,1989,1990. Red Data Bool<of Inclian plants.3
vols.
Odum, 8..P.1976. [iundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Sanders Co.
Puri. G. Irrdian Forest Ecology, oxford Book & Statiorrery co.
Macl<ertzie. A. ball, A.S. and Virdee, S.R. 2002. Ecologyizno
eoition). viva Books Ltd.
.1"1ln:,o.t^and Srnirh,T.M. t998. Erements of ecotogy (4rh Edition). The g..ir.lri.
('urnnrings Publishing Co.
C)Lrnnirrghatn, W'P. and Saigo, B.W. 1999. Errvironmental
Science (5th Eclitiorr) McGraw
FIiII.
Chaprnan, J'L. and Reiss, M.J. 1992. Ecology-Principle and Applicatiorr,
Ciaprbridge
University Press.
Park, c. 1997 . The Environmerrt-principles and Apll ications,
Routledge.
Snril, V. 1997.C.ycles of Life. Civilization and Biosphere W.H. Freenran
and Co. N.y.
Srnith, R.L' and Srrrith, T.M. 1998. Elements of Ecology (4th Edition).
The Benjarnin
Cunrnrirrgs Publ ishing Co.
.8OT.208 Environmentat Biology (practical)
Credit: I
Course offered by: Dr p. V. Maclhusoodanan
24
l.
Evaluation of biotic and abiotic components of any two important ecosystems.
2. Evaluation of food chain in the ecosystems mentioned in 1.
3. Determination of the Importance Value Index (lVI) of plant species in the conrmunity
by quadrat, line and belt transect methods.
4. Preparation of ombrothermic diagram of different sites on the basis of given data set
for comparison of climate.
5. Study of the Relationship between two ecological variables using correlation and
regression analysis.
6. Determination of the minimum size and number of quadrats required for analysis of
vegetation using species-area curve method.
7. Study of the association between important grassland species using Chi-square test.
8. Comparison of protected and unprotected grassland stands using community
coeffi cients (simi larity indices).
9, Determination of gross and net phytoplanktorr productivity by light and dark bottle
method.
10. Determination of moisture content, porosity and bulk density of soils collected from
varying depths at different locations.
I l. Determination of percent organic carbon and organic matter in the soils of croplands.
grasslands and forests.
12. Estimation of the dissolved oxygen content in eutrophic and oligotrophic water
samples by azide modification of Winkler's metlrod.
13. Estirnation of the rate of carbon dioxide evolution from different soils using soda lime
or alkali absorption method.
14. Study of the environmental impact of a given developmental activity ursing EIA
method.
15. comparative study of polluted and non-polluted aquatic ecosystems .
,
16. Visit to a meteorological station, Wildlife Sanctuary, National Parks, s"*ug. t'
treatment unit and major construction areas and preparation of a report.
17. Determination of density of species of an area.
18. Determination of frequency and heterogeneity of species of vegetation.
'
References:
Misra, R. 1968. Ecology workbook, Oxford & IBH publishing Co.
Nayar, M'P. and Sastry, A.R.K. 1987,1989,1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. 3 vols.
Odum, 8 .P. 1976, Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Sanders Co.
Puri, G. [ndian Forest Ecology, Oxford Book & Stationery Co.
Mackenzie, A. ball, A.S. and Virdee, S.R. 2002. Ecology (2nd Edition). Viva Books Ltd.
Smith, R.L. and Smith,T.M. 1998. Elements of Ecology (4th Edition). The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Co.
Cunningham, W.P. and Saigo, B.W. 1999. Environmental Science (5th Edition) McGraw
Hilt.
Chapman, J,L. and Reiss, M.J. 1992. Ecology-Principle and Application, Cambridge
University Press.
Park, c. 1997. The Environment-principles and Apllications, Routledge.
Smil, V. 1997 - Cycles of Life. Civilization and Biosphere W.H. Freeman and Co. N.y.
Smith, R'L. and Smith, T.M. 1998.'Elernents of Ecology (4tlr Edition). The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Co.
25
3'''l Setnester
BOT.30l Angiosperm Taxonomy and Phytogeography (Theory)
Credit: 3
Conrse offered b1,: Dr M. Sabu
Angiosperm Taxononty:
I . Taxotronry: Defi nitions, Ob.iectives, Importance, Scope.
2. Historical development oi theories arrd concepts of plant classification and
cl assifi catory systems.
4. Corrceptual bases of the classifications of the following: Bentham & lJooker, Engler,
Hutchinson, Cronquist, Takhtajan.
supraspecific and
.5. Taxonomic structure, taxonon'lic hierarchy, taxonomic categories infraspecific categories; Concept of species, genus and family.
6. Taxonomic characters: Concept of character, character variations and their taxonomic
implicatiorrs.
7. Sources of taxonomic characters: Morphology, Anatomy, Embryology, Cytology,
Palynology, Plrytocher"n istry.
, 8. Modern trends in Plant Taxonomy: Biosystematics, Numerical Taxonomy
' (Taxirnetrics), Cladistics, Molecular Taxonomy.
Evolutionary taxonomy: Concept of prirnitive and advanced
clraracters/groups, rnonophyly and polyphyly, parallelism and convergence, homology
9.
Problems
in
and arralogy.
.10. Practical identitication of plar.rts: Different kinds of Identification keys, Constructiort
of dichotomous keys - Irrdented and bracketed keys.
I l. Various kinds of Taxornonic literature: Floras, Revisions, Manuals, Monographs,
Period icals and Journals.
12. Plant Nomenclature:
Brief History on the origin and developnrent of notttenclature;
detailed study of the ma.lor provisions of the International Code of Botarrical
Nomenclature ([CBN) - Effective and Valid Publication, Rule of Priority and its
limitations, Typification, Different kinds of types, Author citation, Rejection and
retention of uames, Conserved names; Nomenclature of hybrids; Nomecnlature of
cultivated plants. Common technical terms used in Plant nomenclature.
13. Methods of plant exploration; Management of Herbaria; Major Herbaria irr India
'and the World; Role of Herbaria in taxonomy. Floristic studies in India; Major centers of
taxonomic and floristic studies in lndia; Organization and functions of the Botanical
Survey of India.
14. Botanical Gardens: Role in taxonomy and biodiversity conservation.
Phytogeography:
Objectives of Phytogeography.
Descriptive Phytogeopgraplry: Types of plant distribution: Continuous distribution;
cosmopolitan, circunrpolar, circumboreal or circum-austral, and pantropical;
Discontinuous distribution; Tlreory of land- bridge, theory of cor.rtinental drift, theory of
polar oscillations or Shifting of poles, glaciations. Centers of origirr and diversity of
. plarrts; Methods of dispersal, migrations and isolation; Theory of area and theory of
26
I
tolerance. Factors influencing plant distribution; Migration of floras, and Evolution of
floras. Floristic regions of the world: Vegetation Zones in relation to latitudes and
altitudes; a brief account of the phytochoria of the Indian subcontinent; Endemics: Neo
and relics.
Geographical Information Systems: definition, fundamental concepts and components of
GIS; developments and future trends in GIS.
References:
Cronquist, A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York
Botanical Garden Press.
Dahlgren, R. M. T,, Clifford, H.T.& Yeol P. F. 1985. The Families of Monocotyledons.
Springer-Verlag.
Davis, P. H. & Heywood, v. H. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Robert R
Krieger Publishing Co.
Douglas, E. & Soltis et al. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinau'er
Associates Inc.
Harris J. G. & M. W.- Harris. 2007. Plant ldentification Terminology. Spring Lake
Publishing.
:
Hutchins<in, J. 1959. The Famities of Flowering plants. Oxford.
Mc Neill, J' et al. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Vienna
Code). A.R.G. Gautner Verlag K.G.
Janick,
J. et al. 2002. International Code of
Nomenclature
of Cultivated
plants.
Internati onal Soci ety for Ho rticulture Sc ience.
Judith, E. w. 2002. Describing Plant Species. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh.
Kitching, l. J.et al. 1998. Cladistics - the theory and practice of Parsimony Analysis.
Oxford University Press.
Naqshi, A. R. 1993. An introduction to BotanicalNomenclature. Scientific Publishers.
Radford, E. A. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row Publishers.
Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier.
Sivarajan, V. V. lggl.lntroductionto the Principles of PlantTaxonomy. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Smeath, P. H. A. & Sokal, R. R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. wH Freeman & co.
Stace, c. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnold.
Avise, J' C. (2000). Phylogeography. The History and Formation of Species. Harvard
University Press.
Brown, J. H. & M. V. Lomolino (1998). Biogeography. 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associat6s,
Inc.
cox, c. B., Healey, I. N. & Moore, p. D. (1976). Biogeography. An Ecological and
Evolutionary Approach. 2nd Edition. B lackwel I Scientifi c publ ications.
MacDonald, G. (2003). Biogeography: Introduction to Space, Time and Life. John Wiley
& Sons, [nc.
Simmons, I. G. (1979). Biogeography: Naturaland cultural. Edward Arnold Ltd.
Whittaker, R. H. (Ed.) (1973). Ordination and Classification of Communities. In R.
Tiixen (Ed. in chief), Handbook of vegetation Science. part v. Dr. w. Junk b.v.
Publishers.
Angiosperm Taxonomy and phytogeography (practicar)
1oT.30:
Credit: I
-
r?
27
Course offered by: Dr M. Sabu
.
.'
'
l. Dr.rring the course of this study, the student shall get farniliar with the local flora.
2. The students should get familiar witlr the method of dissecting and studying plants irr
the laboratory. describing them in technical terms, preparing scientific illustrations,
constructing artificial keys and identify thern based on Bentham and Hooker's system of
classification. For this purpose, each student shall work out at least 2 members of each of
tlre follorving families of angiosperms available in the area: Menispermaceae,
Arrnonaceae, Polygalaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Tiliaceae, Rutaceae, Rhizophoraceae,
Melastorlataceae, Aizoaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Oleaceae, Apocynaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Gentianaceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lentibulariaceae,
Pedaliaceae, Acartthaceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Urticaceae,
Conrnrelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Araceae, and Poaceae.
3. Dr.rrirrg the course of this study, each student shall underlake a field study tour for at
least 3 clays. under the guidance and supervision of a teacher, at a place ecologically and
floristically dil'ferent fi'om their place of regular study. Each one shall also collect plant
specimens for herbarium preparation and shall subnrit at least fifty, rvell preserved,
correctly identified and labeled herbarium specinrens along with the field bool< and report
for evalr-ration during the course of their practical examination.
4. Irrterpretation oI n]aps, charts, landsat inrageries, etc. pertaining to tlre vegetatiorr
distribution, continental dril't etc.
Raf"a"na"r,
Cronquist, A. 1988. 'fhe evolution and classification of flowering plants. New Yorl<
.
'
Botanical Garden Press.
Dahlgren, R. M. T., Clifford, H.T.& Yeo, P. F. 1985. The Farnilies of Monocotyledorrs.
Sprin ger-Verlag.
Davis, P. H. & Heywood, V. H. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Robert R
Krieger Publishing Co.
Douglas, E. & Soltis et al. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer
Associates Inc.
Harris .1. C. & M. W. I-larris. 2007. Plant Identification Tern-rinology. Spring Lal<e
Publishing.
Hutchinson, J. 1959. T[re Families of Flowering plants. Oxford.
Mc Neill, .1. et al. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Vierrna
Code). A.R.G, Gautner Verlag K.G.
.lanick. J. et al. 2002. Interrrational Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants.
I rr ternation al Society for Horticulture Science.
.h,rdith, E. W.2002. Describing Plant Species. Bislrerr Singh Mahendrapal Singh.
Kitclring. I. .l.et al. 1998. Cladistics - the theory and practice of Parsinrony Analysis.
Oxford University Press.
Naqshi, A. R. 1993. An introduction to BotanicalNomenclature. Scientific I']ublishers.
Radford, E. A. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row Publishers.
Sirnpson. M. C, 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier.
Sivarajan, V. V. 1991. Introduction to the Prirrciples of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Smeath, P. H. A. & Sokal, R. R. 1973. Nurnerical Taxonorny. WH Freeman & Co.
Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. E,dward Arnold.
28
Avise, J. C. (2000). Phylogeography. The History and Formation of Species. Harvard
University Press.
Brown, J. H. & M. V. Lomolino (1998). Biogeography. 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates,
Inc.
cox, c. B., Healey, I. N. & Moore, P. D. (1976). Biogeography. An Ecological
and
Evolutionary Approach. 2nd Ed itiorr. B lackwell sci enti fi c pu blications.
MacDonald, G. (2003). Biogeography: Introduction to Space, Time and Life. John Wiley
&
Sons, Inc.
Simmons, I. G. (1979). Biogeography: Natural and cultural. Edward Arnold Ltd.
Whittaker, R. H. (Ed.) (1973). Ordination and Classification of Communities. In R.
Ttixen (Ed. in chief), Handbook of vegetation Science. part v. Dr. w. Junk b.v.
Publishers.
BOT.303 Genetics, Plant Breeding, and Biostatistics (Theory)
Credit: 3
Course offered by: Dr K: V. Mohanan
Genetics:
l.
Mendelism- Mendelian factors- segregation
of
mendelian factors- dominance,
codominance and incomplete dominance of mendelian factors.
2. Independent assortment- interaction of genes- multipre a[erism.
3. Linkage and joint segregation- Linkage analysis- mapping of genes- linkage and
recombination in eukaryotes and prokaryotes- Mapping by different mlthods.
4. Quantitative genetics- Multiple factors- continuous variation- continuous and threshold
traits- QTL- Heritability- transgressive variation.
,
5. Plasmagenes- cytoplasmic inheritance- chloroplast genes and mitochontrial g.n.r-t'
maternal inheritance- informosomes- Applications of extranuclear inheritance.
6. Genetics of sex determination- sex linkage- sex linked, sex influenced and sex limited
characters- sex linked lethal mutations.
7. Genetics of photosynthesis
8. Genetics of Nitrogen fixation
9. Biometrical genetics- probability and genetics- prediction of genetic behaviourstatistical tools in genetic analysis.
10. Genetics of prokaryotes- genetic organization of bacteria and viruses- bacteiial
mutants- transformation, conjugation and transduction.
ll- Developmental genetics- genetic control of development in plants- genetic control of
cell lineages.
12. Behavioural genetics- Genetics of biorhythms- genetics of mammalian clockgenetics of behaviour.
13. Applied genetics- Eugenics, euphenics and euthenics. Immunogenetics.
14. Regulation of gene action in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Plant Breeding:
l.
Introduction- History-Biological foundations
techniques- advanced techniques- special methods.
of plant breeding-
conventional
2. Biological foundations of Plant breeding- Role of heredity and environment in
character expression- Systems of reproduction in plants- Mating systems
in sexually
reproduced plants.
29
3. Plant propagation- sexual, pseudosexual and asexual rnethods- special rnethods of
propagation- m icropropagation.
4. Conventional methods of plant breeding- plant domestication, plant introduction,
'selectiorr and hybridization.
5. Moderrr methods of plant breeding- mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding and distant
hybridization. Biotechnological approaches irr plant breeding.
6. Breeding for special purposes- breeding for pest, disease and stress resistance. Quality
breeding- Heterosis breeding. Breedirrg syrrthetic varieties. Breeding composite
varieties.
Biostatistics:
1. Quantitative methods in biology- introdtrction
2. Methods of data collection- prirnary and secondary data- census and sampling
pl ant
methods.
.3.
Tabulation and presentation
of
numerical data- diagrammatic and graphical
presentation.
4. Measures of centraltendencies- mean, median and mode. Skewness and curtosis.
Measures of variations- range, quartile deviation, mean deviation- variance and
standard deviation. Standard error and Coefficient of variation.
6. Tests of significance- z) t and 12 tests.
.r 7. Analysis of variance.
8. Correlation and regression analysis.
9. Factor and cluster analysis.
I 0 Experimental designs.
References:
' Kowles R. Solving Problems in Genetics. Springer.
Sambarnurthy A. V. S. S. Genetics. Narosa Publishing House.
Brool<er R. .1. Genetics: Analysis and Principles Addison Wesley Longman Inc.
Hedrick P. W. Genetics of Populations. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Griffiths A. J. F., Gelbbart W. M., Lewontin R. C., Miller J. H. Modern Genetic
Analysis. WH Freeman & Cornpany.
Dabholl<ar A. R. Elements of Bionretrical Genetics. Concept Publishing Conrparry.
Franl<el O. H. and Bennet E. Genetic Resources in Plants. Blackwell.
Hotter P. T'ext book of Genetics. Ivy Publishing House.
Satpathy G. C. Genetics. Kalpaz Publications.
. Sadhu M. K. Plant Propagation. New Age International Publishers.
Allard IL. W. - Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons.
.Iain H. K. and Kharkwal M. C. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.
Chahal G. S. and Gosal S. S. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding. Narosa
Publishing House.
Roy D, Plarrt Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.
Hayward M. D., Bosemark N. O. and Romagosa l. Plant Breeding- Principles and
prospects, Chapman and Hall.
Gupta S.K. Plant Breeding. Agrobios.
Khan M. A. Plant Breeding. Biotech Books.
Shanna.l. R. Plant Breeding. Tata McCraw FIill.
' Joshi R. M. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books.
5.
30
M. and Gauvreau K. Principles of Biostatistics' Duxbury.
Sharma J. R. Statistical and biometrical techniques in Plant Breeding. New Age
Pagano
lnternational Publ ishers.
V. G. and Sukhatme, P. V. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR.
Rangaswamy R. A Text Book of Agricultural Statistics. New Age lnternational
Publishers.
Jasra P. K. Biostatistics. Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
Panse
BOT.304 Genetics, Plant Breeding, and Biostatistics (Practical)
Credit: I
Course offered by: Dr K. V. Mohanan
Genetics:
l. Problems based on independent assortment, gene interaction and multiple allelism.
2. Problems based on linkage and chromosome mapping.
3. Problems based on quantitative genetics
4. Problems based onpopulation genetics
Plant Brdeding:
l. Floral biology of rice, legumes, cashew, Capsicum and Solanum.
2. Emasculation and hybridization in plants like rice, legumes, cashew, Capsicum and
Solanum.
3. Special methods of plant propagation- budding, layering and grafting.
Biostatistics:
l. Diagramatic and graphic representation of data using programmes like MS Excel,
Open office Calc or Statistica.
2. Analysis of numerical data for mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, ,,
standard error and coefficient of variation.
3. Anatysis of variance between data from different samples using MS Excel.
4. Calculation of correlation coefficient between groups of data and calculation of critical
difference.
References:
Kowles R. Solving Problems in Genetics. Springer.
Sambamurthy A. V. S. S. Genetics. Narosa Publishing House.
Brooker R. J. Genetics: Analysis and Principles. Addison Wesley Longman Inc.
Hedrick P. W.- Genetics of Populations. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Griffiths A. J. F., Gelbbart W. M., Lewontin R. C., Miller J. H.- Modern Genetic
Analysis. W.H,Freeman & Company.
Dabholkar A. R. Elements of Biometrical Genetics. Concept Publishing Company.
Frankel O. H, and Bennet E. Genetic Resources in Plants. Blackwell.
Hotter P. Text book of Genetics. Ivy Publishing House.
Satpathy G. C. Genetics. Kalpaz Publications.
Sadhu M. K. Plant Propagation. New Age International Publishers.
Allard R. W. - Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons.
Jain H. K. and Kharkwal M. C. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.
Chahal G. S. and Gosal S. S. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding. Narosa
Publishing House.
Roy D. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.
3l
Flayward M. D., Bosemark N. O. and Ronragosa l. Plant Breeding- Principles arrd
prospects. Chapmarr and Hall.
Gupta S.l(. Plant Breeding. Agrobios.
Khan M. A. Plant Breeding. Biotech Books.
Sharma .1. R. Plant Breeding.'fata McGraw Hill.
'.loshi R. M. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books.
Pagano M. and Gauvreau K. Principles of Biostatistics. Duxbury.
Sharma .1. R. Statistical and biometrical techniques in Plant Breeding. New Age
International Publ ishers.
Panse V. C. and Sukhatme, P, V. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR.
Rangasr,vamy R. A Text Book of Agricultural Statistics. New Age Ittternational
Publishers.
.lasra P. K. Biostatistics. Krishrra Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
BOT.305 Cell & Molecular Biology (Theory)
.Credit: 3
Course offered by: Dr John E. Thoppil
l. Cells & fheir Environment: Ultra structure, composition & functions of cellular
junctions, cell wall, cell rnernbrane, detailed study of membrane-spanning helices,
. membrane fluidity, membrane potential & membrane transport. plastids,
CERL conrplex;
' 2. [Jltra structure, compositiorr & functions of mitochondria,
detailed study of rnitochondrial Import, Structure of ATP Synthase, Chaperorres &
Chaperonins, Kinetoplast; Mitochondrial Heterosis, Mitochondrial Abnormalities of
Plants & Mitochondrial Diseases. Organisation of Thylakoids & chloroplast Membranes,
Chloroplast lmport, Photosynthetic Domains, Chlorophyll Binding Proteins;
Chlorosomes & Chromatophores, Cell Vacr,roles, Endocytosis & Exocytosis.
.3. Microbodies: Glyoxisomes, Peroxisomes, Oxalosomes, Glycosomes,
Hydrogenosomes, Ribosomes: Different Types (Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Cytoplasmic,
Organellar, e/c.), Structure, Conrponents & Ribosomal Active Sites; Ribosonral Dimers,
Polysornes.
4. Nucleus: [,Jltra Structure, Nuclear Mernbrane, Nuclear Pore Complex, Euchromatin,
Heterochromatin, Prochromatin, Antichromatin, Nucleolus, Nuclear Matrix, Nuclear
Lamina & Chromatin Assembly Factor (CAF).
5. Chromosomes: Structure, Chemistry and Organization, Kinetochore, Satellites,
Chromonreres, Chromosome Knobs, Chromosome Coiling, Chromosome Compaction,
Chromosonre Core & Chromosorne Scaffold; Special types of Chromosomes: Polytene
Chromosomes & Lamp Brush Chromosomes, Structure &. Significance of Giarrt
' Chromosomes in Plants, B-Chron,osomes, Micro & Mega Chromosomes, Neocentric &
Hol ocentric Chromosomes.
6. Cytoskeleton, Cell Motility & Cell Cycle - Molecular Motors, Microfilarnents &
Microtubules, Actins & Tubulins, Microtubule Associated proteins (MAP) - Dynein,
Dynactin, Kinesin, Kinectin; Intra-ce[[ular & Inter-cellular Kinetics. Progression &
Regulation, Mitosis & Meiosis - Chromosome Mechanisms and Events, Ultra Structure
of Synaptonemal Complex & Spindle Apparatus, Centrosome & Spind[e Pole Body.
7. Molecular Structure of DNA: Topology of DNA, Forms & types of DNA (Super
I-lelical- Circular, Nicked-Circular, Linear, Satellite, selfish, ), Types of DNA - A, B, C,
I), E, H, Z, RL Helix & Triple Helix; Organellar DNA (ct DNA & mt DNA); DNA
32
Bending & Binding, DNA Binding Protein Domains; Replication of DNA: DNA
Replication In Vivo, Types of DNA Replication (Conservative, Semiconservative &
Dispersive), Replication Apparatus, Mechanism of Replication, Concurrent &
Simultaneous Replication, Bidirectional Replication, Rolling Circle Model of DNA
Replication; DNA Synthesis In Vitro,
8. Gene Expression & Gene Regulation: Transcription in Prokaryotes, Transcription'&
RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, RNA Splicing & Spliceosomes, Introns, Intron Homing,
Exons, Exon Shuffling, RNA Editing; Structure & composition of RNA - rRNA, mRNA,
tRNA (Clover Leaf Model & 'L'- Shaped Tertiary Conformation) & snRNA; Genetic
Code & Exceptional Codon Meanings; Protein Synthesis & Protein Synthesis Inhibitors;
Genetic regulation in Prokaryotes, operon Concept (lac operon, trp operon, ara operon,
his Operon, etc.), Gene Expression in Eukaryotes, Coordinate & Environmental
Regulation of Gene Expression.
9. Mutation & DNA Repair Mechanisms: Somatic & Germinal Mutations, Spontaneous
& Induced Mutations, Environmental Mutagens, Molecular Basis of Mutation, DNA
Repair Mechanisms (Light-Dependant-, Excision-, Mismatch-, Post Replication- & SgS
Repair).
10. DNA Recombihation: Molecular Mechanism of Recombination in Prokaryotes &
Eukaryotls, Illegitimate Recombination, Holliday/Holliday-Radcliffe Model of
Recombination, Holliday Juncture, cruciform DNA, whitehouse Model of
Recombination, Recombination by Replication, Gene Conversion, Hetero-Duplexes &
Recombinational Probes.
References:
l. Pon, L. A. & Schon, E. A. 2001. Mitochondria. Academic press.
2. scicchitano, D. 1998. Molecular cellBiology w. H. Freeman & co.
3. Karp, G. 2004. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. Fourth
Edition. Wiley.
r?
4. Alberts, B. et a\.2007. Molecular Biology of the cell. Taylor & Francis Inc.
5. Morris, K. V' 2008. RNA and the regulation of gene expression: A hidden layer of
complexity. Caister Academic press.
6. De Robertis, E. D. P. & De Robertis, E. M. F. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology.
Lea
& Febiger.
7. Turner, B. M. 2002. Chromatin and Gene Regulation. Blackwell publishing
Co.
8. Allison, L,2007. Fundamental Molecular Biology. Blackwell publishing
co.
9. carroll, s. 2004. From DNA to Diversity. Blackwell publishing co.
l0' Glick, B. R. & Thompson, J. E. 1993. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and
B iotechno Iogy, Promega.
80T.306 Cell & Motecular Biology (practical)
Credit:
I
Course offered by: Dr John E. Thoppil
l. Study of pollen mitosis using aceto-carmine smear techniques in the pollen grains of
Impatiens balsamina.
2' Chromosome counting & study of the meiotic chromosomes in the pMC ol
Tt"adescantia using aceto-carmine smear techniques.
JJ
3. Study of reciprocal translocations in the translocation heterozygote, Rhoeo spalhacea
using aceto-orcein smear techniques.
4. Studl' of nritotic waves arrd synchronized cell division in TephrosialCrolalaria using
Aceto-carnr ine squash techn iques.
5' Study of induced chromosorrte aberrations (clastogenic & non-clastogenic) in Alliunt
.s'
a I i v u nt
I
L'i c i o
6' StLrdy of
./ ab a.
induced chromosome breakages in Allium cepo var. aggregotum
usir"tg
hydroxyqu inoline-orcein technique.
7' Study of induced polyploidy in Allitun cepa yar. cepal Hippeas'trum using colchicineorcein technique.
8.
Study of the spiral coiling of rnacrornolecules in the clrromosonles of flaemanthu,r
nitric acid vapour technique.
9. Chrontosonre image analysis of l<aryotype front the specimen supplied using CHIAS
technique.
10. Study of polytene chromosomes in the 4thin star larvae of the fruit fly Drosophilcr
ntelanogasler.
References:
Celis, J. E' 1994' Cell Biology :A Laboratory Hand Book. Vol. l-3 Academic press, Irrc.
Barclr, M. .1. et ol, 1997. The AGT cytogenetics Laboratory Manual
i3rd .dn;,
Lippencott-Raven Pu blishers.
Jahier, J. 1996. Techniques of Plant Cytogenetics.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Singh R. J. 1997. Plant Cytogenetics. CRC press.
Sharma, A. K. & Sharma A. 1990. Chronrosome Techniques
- Theory & practice.
Butterwortlts & Co.
Rickwood, D. & Harris, J.R. I996. Essential Techniques: cell Biology. promega.
Sltarnra. A. K. & Sharnta A.2001. Chromosonre Painting Principles, Str"ategies &
Scope. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Taylor G. R. I997. Laboratory Methods for tlre Detection of Mutations & polymorphisrns
in DNA. CRC Press.
Bonifacino, .1. s. 2003. Short protocols in celr Biology. John wiley & Sons Inc.
Lloyd, R. V. 2004. Morphology Methods: Cell and Molecular Biology Techniques.
Humana Press.
r"rsing
BOT.307 Genetic Engineering & Bioinformatics (Theory)
Credit: 3
Course offered by: Dr John E. Thoppil
l.
Genetic Characterization: DNA Markers & DNA Probes, DNA Sequencing Methods
& Gilbert, Sanger et ar., shot Gun & Automation), RNA SJquencing,
Sequanator,In situ Hybridisation (DIRVISH & FISH), PRINS, colony Hybridisation
&
Dot Blots; Blotting (Southern, Northern, Western, South-Western & Nlrth-Western),
RFLP, RAPD, STS & PCR (Inverse PCR, RT-PCR, In Situ PCR &
Recursive PCR),
&
RNA
Fingerprinting,
Genomic
Library,
.DNA
Library
& Gen Bank.
?NA2. Recombinant DNA Technotogy: Genetic vectors (Shuttle-, Expression-,
Dominant
Selectable-, Amplifiable-, Integrating-, Single Stranded Plasmid-, Agrobacterium
MiniPlasnrid-, Artificial Mini-chromosome- & Broad Host Range vlctors),
pBR 322,
(Maxam
34
)
Genetic Vehicles, Curing
of
Plasmids, Enzymes involved, Gene Cloning
&
Gerre
Farming.
3. Gene Transfer into Prokaryotes: Parasexual Methods -Transformation, Transduction.
Transfection, Conj u gation & Transposition.
4. Gene Transfer into Eukaryotes: Recombinant Viral Method, DNA-Mediated Gene
Transfer, Protoplast Fusion, Micro-Cell Fusion, Metaphase Chromosome Transfer,
Liposome Mediated Gene transfer, Microinjection & Electroporation, Biolistics &
Organel le Engineering.
5. Transgenesis in Plants: Somaclones, Plant Cell
-
Bacterium Hybrids, Biocidets,
Biological Control, Pathogen Resistance, Herbicide Resistance, Stress Resistance,
Homozygous Cultivars, Enrichment of Storage Proteins, Improvement of Photosynthesis,
Post Harvest Preservation, Selection of Auxotrophs & Secondary Metabolite Production.
6. Genetic Engineering - Merits &. Demerits: Production of Biopharmaceuticals,
Commodity & Industrial Chemicals, Food & Beverages; Protein Engineering, Fusion
Proteins & Designer Enzymes, Metabolite Engineering & nif-Engineering; Anti-Sense
Technology; IPR & P.atenting; Biological Risks, Biosafety & Biohazards, Physical &
Biological Contair,iment; Genetic Screening & Privacy; Ethical, Economic&.Legal Issues.
7. Bioinformatics: Use in sequencing DNA, RNA & proteins; lmpact on Genomics,
Proteomics & Transcriptomics; Techniques for determination of proteins; Principles.of
genome annotation.
8. Internet &. Web services for Bioinformatics: Languages of bioinformatics;
Bioinformatics database & database searching; Biological database, Annotated sequence
database, Genome & organism specific database, Miscellaneous database, GENET,
MGRS.
9. Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence Data Banks; Nucleic acid sequence data banks:
,
Genbank, EMBL nucleotide sequence data bank, DDBJ, rRNA data bank, Protein t'
sequence data banks: NBRF-PIR, SwISSPROT, Signal peptide data bank; Database
Similarity Searches: BLAST and its variants, FASTA; tools and software packages used
in bioinformatics research.
10. Applications of Bioinformatics: DNA microarray technology & bioinformatibs;
protein microarray technology
&
bioinformatics; Bioinformatics
in study of
phylogenetics: Multiple sequence alignment, MP, ML, Bootstrap, Bioinformatics in drug
discovery & drug designing; Pharmainformatics, cheminformatics & protein interaction
informatics; Economic impact
of
Bioinformatics; Ethical and moral issues of
bioinformatics.
References:
1. Lipps, G. (2008). Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Acadenric
Press.
2.Torr, J. D. (2006). Genetic Engineering-Current Controversies. Greenhaven
Press.
3. Engdahl, S. (2006). Genetic Engineering-Contemporary Issues. Greenhaven Press, San
Diego, USA.
4. Magnien,E. & De Nettancourt, D. (1985). Genetic Engineering of Plants and MicroOrganisms Important for Agriculture. Springer Verlag.
5. Fox, M. W. (2000). Beyond Evolution: The Cenetically Altered Future of Plants,
Animals, the Earth ... and Humans. Lyons Press.
35
6. Ho, R. .1. Y. & Gibaldi. M. (2003) Biotechnology and B iopharrnaceuticals:
Transfornring Proteins and Genes into Drugs. Wiley-VCH.
7. Chakraborty, C. (2005). Bioinforrrratics-Approaches & Applications. Biotech Books.
8. Mount, D. W. (2001). Bioinformatics: SeqLrence and Genome Arralysis. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press.
9. Barnes, M. R. & Gray, l. C. (2003). Bioinfornratics for Geneticists. .lohn Wiley &
Sons.
10. Carnpbell,
A. M. & Heyer, L..1. (2003). Gerromics, Proteonrics, and Bioinformatics.
Benjamin Cuntntings.
BOT.308 Genetic Engineering & Bioinformatics (Practical)
Credit: I
Course offered by: Dr John E. Thoppil
l.
Extraction and isolation of DNA from plant tissues.
2. Extraction and isolation of RNA from plant tissues.
3. Agarose gel electrophoresis - Fractionation and staining of DNA
4. Colorimetric estimation of DNA by Diphenylamine method.
5. Colorimetric estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.
6. Blotting techniques for detection of nucleic acids.
Exercises on Windows, Linux, UNIX, Networking, Internet search & Graphics.
8. Usage o1'Software for identification - Accessing existing databases on the World-wide
Web; Softrvare for identification of species;
9. Usage of softwares to elucidate structure of biorrrolecules. dockirrg of molecules &
molecular designing/modelling; Analytical software related to Cenomics and proteomics.
10. Usage of similarity, homology and alignment softwares; Software of Microarray
analysis - desiglr, processing and arralysis.
References:
l. Ausubel, F. M. et al, (2002) Short protocols in Molecular Biology. Vol. l,2.lohn
Wiley & Sons.
Wilson, J. & Hunt, T. (2007) Molecular Biology of the Cell - Problems Book: 5tr'
-2.
'
Edition. Garland Science.
3. Lodish, H. (2007). Students Solutions Manual for Molecular Cell Biology. W. H.
Freeman Co.
4. lnnis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H. & Sninsky, J. J. (1999). PCR Applications: Protocols for
Functional Genomics. Academic Press.
5. Mitra, S. (1996) Genetic Engineering. Macrnillan India Ltd.
..'7.
6.
Krawetz, S.
A. &
Womble,
D. D. (2003). Introduction to
Bioinformatics: A
Theoretical and Practical Approach. Humana press.
7. Reed, R. et al.. (2007) Practical Skills in Biorrolecular Sciences. Benjamin Cumnrings.
8. Baxevanis, A. D. (2002). Current Protocols In Bioinformatics. Unlinrited Learning
. Resources.
9' Keedwell, E. & Narayanan, A. (2006). lntelligent Bioinformatics. John Wiley & Sons,
10. .lones, N. C. & Pevzner, P. A. (2004). An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algoritftms.
The MIT Press.
36
4th Semester
Elective Courses
BOT.401 Theoretical Aspects of Angiosperm Taxonomy (Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr M. Sabu
l. Taxonomy-objectives and scope.
2. Comparative analysis of the theories and concepts of Angiosperm classifications.
3. Evaluation of Dalhgren's system of classification.
4. Units of classification:
Concepts
of various units;
supraspecific and infraspecific
categories.
5.
Taxonomic characters: good and bad characters, qualitative and quantitative
characters, anal ytical an d synthetic characters, character we i ghting.
6. Structural and chemical data in Taxonomy: Reproductive and vegetative characters and
their variations; Chemical compounds useful in taxonomy: Secondary metabolites,
Semantides.
i
7. Role of secondary metabolites in the delimitation of categories.
8. Origin of species: Ideal species, Isolation and speciation.
9. Phytgeographic and Ecological data in Taxonomy; Patterns of distribution, Vicariance
biogeography.
10. Critical study on the curent views on the origin of Angiosperms.
Evolution of Angiosperm Flower.
12. Evolutionary taxonomy: Concepts
11.
of
plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters
/groups.
References!
Agashe, S. N. 2006. Palynology and its applications. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
Cronquist, A. 1978. The evolution and classification of flolvering plants. New York
Botanical Garden Press.
Dahlgren, R. H. T., Clifford, & P. F. Yeo. 1985. The Families of Monocotyledons.
Springer-Verlag.
Davis, P.H. & V.H. Heywood. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Robert R
Krieger Publishing Co.
Douglas, E. & Soltis et al. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer
Associates Inc.
Hanis J.G.
&
M.W. Harris. 2007. Plant Identification Terminology. Spring Lake
Publishing.
Heywood, v.H. & D.M. Moore. 1984. The current concepts in plant Taxonomy.
Hutchinson, J. 1959. The Families of Flowering plants. Oxford.
Mc Neill, J. et al. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Vienna
Code). A.R.G. Gautner Verlag K.G.
Janick, J. et al. 2002. International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated plants.
International Society for Horticulture Science,
Judd, Campbell, Kellogy & Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics A phylogenic approach.
Judith, E.w. 2002. Describing Plant Species. Bishen Singh Mahendrapaisingtr. '
,?
a-
)t
Kitcliing, l. .1. et al. 1998. Cladistics - the theory and practice of Parsimony Arralysis.
Oxford tJrriversity Press.
Lawrence. G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Oxford & IBH Publishing
House.
'Manilal, K.S. & A.K. Pandey.1996. Taxonomy and Plant Conservation. CBS Publishers
and Distributors.
Marrilal, K.S. & M.S, Muktlresh Kumar. 1998. A handbook of taxotromy Trairring. Dept.
of Science & Technology.
Nair, P.K.K . lg7 L Pollen Morphology of Arrgiosperms. Vikas Publications
Naqshi. A.R. I993. An introduction to BotanicalNomettclature. Scientific Publishers.
Radford, E.A. 1986. Fundanrentals of Plant Systernatics. Harper & Row Publishers.
Sasidharan, N. 2004. Flowering Plants. Kerala Forest Research lnstitute.
Simpson, M.G. 2006. Plant Systenratics. Elsevier Academic Press.
Sivara.ian, V.V. 1991. Introduction to the Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH
. Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Smeath, P.H.A. & Sokal, R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. WH Freematr & Co.
Sporne, K.R. 1974. Morphology of Angiosperms. New Delhi. Cambridge Urriversity
Press.
C.A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnold.
Stebbirr, G.L. 1963. Variation and evolution in plants. Colurnbia University
Stace.
:
Press.
Steussey, T.F. 2002, Case str-rdies in Plant Taxonomy. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh.
Stuessy, T.D. 1990. Plant Taxonomy - The Systernatic evolution of Comparative data'
Columbia University Press.
BOT.402 Applied Aspects of Angiosperm Taxonomy (Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr M. Sabu
l.
Field study and collection of specimens: Ceneral collections, Special
collections; Recording of data in the field; Collection of special groups of plants: Aquatic
Plants, Succulents, Banana, Bamboos, Palms; Preparation and preservation of Specimens:
Herbarium, Pickled specimens. Wood samples. Pollen, Seeds; Major herbaria of the
world; Herbarium Ethics.
2. Identification of plants: Important vegetative and floral characters; Technical
description of plants; Preparation of analytical illustrations.
3. Construction of keys for identification of plants: Different kinds of keys,
4. Computer application in Taxonomy; data base development. Data analysis, Digitizing
herbaria.
5, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN): Articles governing Effective
and Valid Publication; Priority of names; Typificafion - Lectotypification,
Neotypification, Epitypification; Rejection and retention of names; Conservation of
names; Alternative names; Common technical terms in nomenclatural citationsbasionyms, Synonyms, Autonyms, Tautonyms, Homonyms'
6. Procedure involved in the recognition and publication of new plant.species.
7. Preparation of taxonomic research articles for publication:. format and major
components of the article. Publication ethics.
38
8. Preparation of Floras, Monographs and Revisions; common format of nomenclatural
citations.
9. Major sources of general Taxonomic references: Index Kewensis, Index Londinensis,
Taxlit. (Taxonomic Literature), Kew Record of taxonornic Literature, BPH- BotaniooPeriodicum Huntianum, 'Author's of Plant Names',
10. Botanical Latin, Index to American Botanical, Literature, Thesaurus Literature
Botanicae. Index Herbariorum.
I 1. Red List Categorization: Procedures of Evaluation and categorization
12. Establishment and Organization of a herbarium: Selection of site, Plan of the
bu i I ding, nature of construction, Administration.
13. Taxonomic Research projects: Plan and presentation of project proposals;
Imp lementati on of research proj ect.
References:
Agashe, S. N. 2006. Palynology and its applications. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
Cronquist, A. 1978. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York
Botanical Garden Press.
Dahlgren, R. H. T., Clifford, & P.F. Yeo. 1985. The Families of Monocotyledons.
Springer-Verlag.
Davis, P.H. & V.H. Heywood. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Robert R
Krieger Pubtishing Co.
Douglas, E. & Soltis et al. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer
Associates Inc.
Harris J.G.
&
M.W. Harris. 2007. Plant Identification Terminology. Spring Lakerr
Publishing.
& Moore, D.M. 1984. The Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy.
Academic Press.
Hutchinson, J. 1959. The Families of Flowering plants. Oxford.
Mc Neill, J. et al. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Vienna
Code). A.R.G. Gautner Verlag K.G.
Janick, J. et al. 2002. International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated plants.
International Soci ety for Horticulture Science.
Judd, Campbell, Kellogy & Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics A phylogenic approach.
Judith, E.w. 2002. Describing Plant species. Bishen singh Mahendrapafsingh. '
Kitching, I. J. et al. 1998. Cladistics - the theory and practice of Parsimony Analysis.
Oxford University Press.
Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Oxford & IBH publishing
Heywood, V'H.
House.
Manilal, K.S. & A.K. Pandey. 1996. Taxonomy and Plant Conservation. CBS publishers
and Distributors.
Manilal, K'S. & M.S. Mukthesh Kumar. 1998. A handbook of taxonomy Training. Dept.
of Science & Technology.
Nair, P.K.K. 1971. Pollen Morphotogy of Angiosperms. vikas publications.
Na{shi, A'R. 1993. An introduttion to Botuni"ul Nomenclature. Scientific publishers,
Radford,E.A. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row publishers.
sasidharan, N. 2004. Flowering Plants. Kerala Forest Research Institute.
39
'Sirnpson, M.C. 2006. PIarrt Systenratics. Elsevier Academic Press.
Sivara.ian, V.V. 1991. lntroductiorr to the Principles of Plant 1-axononty. Oxl'ord
Publishitrg Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Smeath, P.H.A, & Sokal, R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. WH Freeman & Co.
Sporne, K,R. 1974. Morphology
& IBH
of Angiosperms. New Delhi. Carnbridge University
Press.
C.A. 1989. Plant Taxonorny and Biosystematics. Edward Arrrold.
Stebbin, G.L. 1963. Variation and evolution in plants. Colurlbia University Press.
Steussey, T.F.2002. Case studies irr Plant 1-axonomy. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh.
Stuessy, T.D. 1990. Plant Taxonomy - The Systematic evolution of Cornparative data.
.Colurr, bia University Press.
Stace,
BOT.403 Fungal Biology and Technology (Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr P. Manimohan
l.
Fungal cell structure: cell wall, cell membranes, organelles, reserve materials.
2. Fungal growth and nutrition: growth of yeasts and mycelial fungi, nutrient
acquisition- extracellular digestion of nutrients, movement of nutrients into the cell,
enzyme induction and repression, nutritional requirements - essential macro- and
. microelements, vitamins, growth factors, environmental requirements - pH, moisture,
' 'temperature, light.
3. Fungal genetics: Heterokaryosis, sexual compatibility and mating types, parasexuality,
vegetative i ncompati bil ity.
4. Fungal spores: diversity, passive and active mechanisms of spore discharge, spore
dispersal.
5. Fungi as saprotrophs: role of fungi in the decomposition of cellulose and lignin, wooddecay fungi, soft rot, white rot, brown rot, dry rot, fungal succession.
6. Fungi in pathological relations of agricultural importance: fungi as parasites of plants,
fungi as parasites and predators of nematodes, fungi as parasites of arthropodes,
biological control utilising fungi.
. 7. Fungi of rnedical interest: mycoses, mycotoxins, and mycetism.
8. Fungi as mutualistic symbionts: lichens, mycorrhizae, endophytes, fungi as insect
symbionts, anaerobic chytrids in herbivores.
9. Fungal technology: fermentation technology - fermentor design and operation,
upstream and downstream processes, solid substrate fermentation; fungi and soybeans
products; role of fungi in cheese preparation; cultivation of fungi for food - mushrooms
and other macro fungi, edible biomass from yeasts and moulds - single cell proteins;
fungi and production of alcoholic beverages: wine, beer, distilled spirits; fungal enzymes
of commercial importance; production of primary metabolites of economic impoftance by
fungi - industrial ethanol, citric acid; production of secondary metabolites of economic
importance by fungi - antibiotics, ergot alkaloids; fungi and biotransformation of useful
. metabolites; applications of gene cloning in fungi.
References:
Anke, T, 1998. Fungal Biotechnology. Chapman & Hall.
Carlile, M. J. and Watkinson, S. C. 2001. The Fungi. Academic Press.
Deacon, J.W. 2006. Fungal Biology. Blackwell.
40
K. (Series Ed.). The Mycota. A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental
Systems for Basic and Applied Research. l3 Vols. Springer.
Gow, N.A. & Gadd, G. M. 1994. The Growing Fungus. Springer.
Jennings, D. H. and Lysek, G. 1999. Fungal Biology. Bios Scientific Publishers.
Kavanagh, K. (ed.) 2005. Fungi- Biology and Applications. Wiley.
Moore, D. & Novak-Frazier, L.2002. Essential Fungal Genetics. Springer.
Moore-Landecker, E. 1996. Fundamentals of Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
Webster, J. and Weber, R. 2007. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
Esser,
BOT.404 Fu ngal Systematics(Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr P. Manimohan
i. Diversity of fungi: magnitude, significance,
and conservation.
2. Taxonomic ranks: eukaryotic kingdoms - modern views, kingdom Chromista, kingdom
Fungi, and kingdomStramenopila. The concept of 'Domains' in biological classification.
ranks above fanrily, families, subfamilies and tribes, genera, species, subspecies,
varieties; form, special form, morphotype, chemotype, ecotype, strain and race,
teratological forms; concepts of anamorph, teleomorph and holomorph; sources .of
taxonomic characters.
3. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: detailed study of the rules and its
application; special provisions in the ICBN for fungi - naming of pleomorphic fungi.
4. Modern techniques available for fungal taxonomy: chemotaxonomy, cytogenetics,
electrophoresis, serology, ultra structure, nucleic acid analysis.
5. Principles of numerical taxonomy.
,
6. Cladistics and their application in fungal taxonomy: practical reasons for studyingt
phylogeny; the structure of phylogenetic relationships; species trees and gene trees;
making and testing phylogenetic trees, sequence characters as evidence for relationships;
methods of inferring trees
7. Phylogeny of fungi and pseudofungi based on ultra structure and nucleic acid analysis.
8. Collection, examination, and preservation of different groups of fungi, techniques
and methods used to maintain fungal herbaria and culture collections, major fungal
culture collections and herbaria of the world.
9. Naming, describing, illustrating, and publishing; monographs and revisions, keys,
floras, maps.
10. Fungal taxonomic literature, sources of references, catalogues of names, tracing
incomplete and incorrect references, dates of publication, major mycological libraries,
citation of literature.
I l. Traditional and modern systems of fungal classification; current trends in the
classification of different phyla of fungi and pseudofungi.
References:
Alexopoulose, C. J. et. al. 1996. Introductory Mycology, 4th Edition, Wiley.
Frisvad, J. C. (1998). Chemical FungalTaxonomy. CRC Press.
Hawksworth D.L. 1974. Mycologist's Handbook. CMI
Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F. & Stalpers, J. A. (eds.). 2008. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of
Fungi. CABI Publishing.
4l
Mc Neill,.l. et a1.2006. International Code of Botanical Nonrerrclature (ICBN) (Vienrra
Code). A.R.G. Gautner Verlag K.G.
Mueller, C.M. et al. 2004. Biodiversity o['Fungi: Inventory and Monitoririg Methods.
Acadenric Press.
OIiver, R.P. and Schweizer, M. 1999. Molecular Fungal Biology. Cambridge University
.Press.
Reynolds. D. R. & l'aylor,.l. W. 1996. The Fungal Holornorplr: Mitotic, Meiotic and
Pleorlorphic Speciation in Fungal Systernatics. CABI Publishing.
Sneath, P. H. A. & Sokal, R. R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. WH Freenran & Co.
Talbot , P. H. B.l97l. Principles of Furrgal T'axorromy. Macmillan.
tsOT.405 General Bryologv (Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan
L General morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of bryophytes.
.2. Methods of collection and sampling techniques of bryophytes.
3. Origin and evolution of bryophytes; antithetic and homologous theories; Evolution of
garnetophyte; evolution of sporophyte.
4. Classification of bryophytes; classification for hornworts, liverwofts, and mosses;
.r Historical account, recent trends.
5. Pliytogeography of bryophytes; major centres of distributiorr and diversity.
6. Fossil bryophytes; fossil Hepaticopsida, fossil Bryopsida, Naiadita.
7. Morphological and Anatomical studies on: Marchantiales (Aslerella, Reboulia,
Marcl.tantia, Dumortiera, Targionia, Cyathodium); Ricciales {fllccia); Fossombroniales
(Fos'sombronia); Metzgeriales (Pallavicinio, Riccardia, Metzgeria); .lungermarrniales
,(.lungerruania)'. Porellales (Porella, Frullania); Polyrichales (Pogonatunt); Bryales
(Brltum); Dicranales (Garckeet, ()ampylopus, Octoblephtuttnt); Funariales (Funu'ia);
Potti ales (l7yop11 i 1r1
8. Reproduction: Vegetative, Sexual; alternation of generations.
References:
Srnith, A..1. E. (ed.). 1982. Bryophyte Ecology. Chapman & Hall.
Shau,, A. .1.& Goffinet, B. (eds.). 2000. Bryophyte Biology, Cambridge University Press.
Glirne, J. M. & Saxena, D.1991. Uses of Bryophytes. Today and Tomorrows Printers &
Pu blishers.
Nair, M. C., Rajesh, K. P. & Madhusoodanatr P. V. 2005. Bryophytes of Wayarrad in
Western Clrats. Malabar Natural History Society.
.Schofield, W. 8.2001. [ntroduction to Bryology. The Blackburn Press.
80T.406 Applied Bryology (Theory)
Credit:
4
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan
l. Habitat studies: Aquatic (Ricciafluitans),Terrestrial (Hyophila, Rryum), Epiphytic
arunt) Epi phyl lous (Lej eu ne ct).
2. Ecology of bryophytes- habit. habitat, associated vegetation, and role of bryopliytes
in ecosystem dynamics.
(O cro b leph
.
4
3. lmportance of bryophyes- medicinal, horticultural, antimicrobial, antifungal, active
constituents, pollution monitoring (lAP), peat moss, etc,
4. Conservation of bryophytes- the need for conservation, IUCN & Red Data Book;
Bryophyte garden.
5. Recent advances in the field of bryology- molecular studies, chemical
constituents and physiological ecology,
6. Bryological Research Centres of the world; major Herbaria'
Z. Bryological literature and resources;- lndex Muscorum, Index Hepaticum, Floras,
Mohographs, Journals etc.
8. Bryologists-Historical account, their contributions.
9. Bryology in India-History, contribution by Indian bryologists such as Kashyap, Ram
Udar, Gangulee, Chopra, VirendraNath, and Srivastava'
10. South Indian bryophytes; diversity, distribution; Habit and microhabitat.
References:
Smith, A. J. E. (ed.). 1982. Bryophyte Ecology. Chapman & Hall.
Shaw, A. J.& Goffinet, B, (eds.). 2000. Bryophyte Biology, Cambridge University Press.
Glime, J. M. & Saxbna, D.l99l. Uses of Bryophytes. Today and Tomorrows Printers &
Publishers,
Nair, M. C., Rajesh, K. P. & Madhusoodanan P. V. 2005. Bryophytes of Wayanad in
Western Ghats. Malabar Natural History Society.
Schofield, W. B. 2001. tntroduction to Bryology. The Blackburn Press.
BOT.407 Cell Biology (Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr John E. Thoppil
l, Techniques for the Study of Cell & lsolation of Sub-Cellular Organelles, Cell-Sorters,
Cell-Culture, Cell-Disruption, Cell-Fractionation, Cell-Incubator, Digital Microscopy,
Cytophotometry & Micro-Densitometry.
Biomembranes & Cell Signaling: Structural Organization & Functions of
Biomembranes, Membrane Channels, Signal Transduction across Membranes, SRP,
Receptors, Messengers, & Plant Signals, Vesicular transport; protein sorting &.
2.
modifications in the secretory pathway.
3. Cell Cycle & Division: Events & Enzymology in Cell Cycle, Cyclosome, Regulation
of Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, Apoptosis in plants; Cellular Growth & GroWth
Retardation. Mechanism of Cellular Reproduction EL Significance, Microtubule
Dynamics & lntra Cellular Movements.
4. Karyotype & Karyomorphometry: Karyotype Concept, Chromosomes, Ultra Structure,
Techniques for Analysis, Arm Ratio, Disparity & Centromeric lndices, Karyotype
Evolution, Chromosome Banding, Types & Techniques - H, G, C, T, N, R, Pr, Q & F
Banding; Di gital Karyotyping
5. Numerical & Structural Variations in Chromosomes: Chromosome Elimination,
Chromosome Dirninution, Chromosome Doubling, Translocation Heterozygotes, Renner
Complex (o- & B Complex), Breakage-Fusion-Bridge Cycle; Genetic Consequences of
Cytotoxicity, Cytotoxic &. Cytostatic Agents; Genetic Time Bombs &. Cenqtic
Sterilization; Human Syndromes, Fragile Sites, Hot Spots & Cold Spots, Prenatal
Diagnosir. Amniocentesis & Chorionic Biopsy.
43
;
Radiation Cytology: lsotopes, Radioactive Labels, Radioactive Tracers & Their
Applications. Biological, Physiological & Chromosomal Effects of Radiations, Radiation
Chinteras. Radiation Ilazards, Radiation Flazard Assessment, Radiatiorr Protectiorr &
Radiation Therapy.
7. Cytology of Cancer: Benign & Malignant Tumours, Metastasis, Transformatiorr &
Diflferentiation: Characteristics, I'ypes o1'Cancers (Adenoma, Carcinoma, Lyrnphoma.
Sarcoma, Melanonra & Leukemia), Chrornosome Rearrangements & Cancer, Genetic
1'ulnors, Chenrical Carcinogenesis & Teratogenesis, Carcinogens & Teratogens, Tumor
Suppressor Genes, Radiation & DNA Repair in Carcinogenesis & Cancer Gene Therapy.
. 8. Modern Cytogenetic Characterization Techniques: Common Stains used for
Cytological Studies, Fluroclrromes, Cytological Markers, Cytological Maps, FISH,
Clrromosome Painting, Harlequin Staining & Spectral Karyotyping (SKY).
9. Recent Advances in Cell Biology: Image Cytometry, Chromosome Bands, Flow
Cytometry, Electrophoretic Karyotyping, Chromosome Engineering, Chromosome
Uptake, Chronrosome Library, Centromere Activation, Centromere Mapping in
Eu karyotes & M icro-cinemato graphy.
References
Heim, S. and Mitelman, F. 1995. Cancer Cytogenetics, Wiley-Liss.
Mitelman, F. lr994. Catalog of Chromosomal Aberrations in Cancer (5th edn), WileyLiss.
.'.Pollard,. T. D. & Earnshaw, W. C. 20OT.CellBiology. Elsevier.
Alberts, B. et a|.2003. Essential Cell Biology. Taylor & Francis Inc.
Becker. W. M. et a|.2008. World of the Cell. Benjamin-Cumnrings Publishing Company.
Surnner, A. T. 2003. Chromosomes. Blackwell Publishing Co.
Latchman, D. S. 1997. Basic Molecular Cell Biology. Blackwell Publishing Co.
Frattcis, D.2001. Plant Cell Cycle and its Interfaces. Blackwell Publishing Co.
Robinson. D.2003. The Golgi Apparatus and the Plarrt Secretory Patlrway. Blackwell
Publishing Co.
Robinson, .1. P. et aI.1997. Current Protocols in Cytometry. Unlimited Learning
Resources.
' BOT.408
Credit:
Molecular Biology (Theory)
4
Course offered by: Dr John E. Thoppil
1. Molecular Structure of
2.
.
3.
Chromosomes; Ultra Structure & Composition of
chromosomes, centromere (Point &. Regional), Telomere, Nucleosomes,
Chromatosonre, DNA Packaging & Packing Ratio, Chromosomal Proteins, Repeated
DNA Sequences (Highly Repetitive, Moderately Repetitive & Unique Sequences).
Cenetic Material: Structure & Biosynthesis of Nucleic acids; Nuclear Genes &
Plasnra Genes (Mitochorrdrial, Plasridic &. plasmid - pAC, BAC & yAC),
Organisation of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Genomes, C-value, C-value Paradox.
Different Classes of DNA & their Reassociation Kinetics & Cot-values.
Replication of Genes & Chromosomes: Mechanism of Replication o[ Genes &
Enzymes involved, Experiments of Messelson & Stah[, Cairns, Pulse Chase Analysis.
Clrronrosome Replication, Multiple Replicons in Chromosomes, Duplication of
Nucleosomes, Replication of Chromosome Termini, Telomere Length & Aging.
44
4'
Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis: Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Interactions
in Gene
Expression, Transcription in prokary
Transcription Factors, polycistronic
Translation in Bacteria, processing of E
& Editing), Structure & processing of
Sorting & Protein Targeting.
Repair & Recombination of Genes: Restriction, Modification &
Repair of DNA, Role
of Rec' A in Repair & Recombination of DNA, Recombinational Repair, Molecular
Models of Gene Recombination, Homologous Recombination &
Gene Silencing.
Mobile Genetic. Elements: Transposons (Replicative, Non-replicative & RNA
Mediated), Mechanism of Action; Bacterial Tiansposons (ls Elements,
Composite
Elements & Tn Elements) & Medical Significanc.j Erkuryotic
Transposons (Ac &
s, etc.); Retrotransposons (Ty Elements,
, Ll Elements, erc.); Transposons &
Mutation, Transposons & Evolution,
5'
6'
7.
lTHfft
onad Model), Eukaryotic cene
ic Protein Coding Genes, Transcription
Different Types, Constitutive Muiants,
8.
&
enes
of
Restriction Mapping, DN
Dis.ease Diagnosis, DNA
9'
RNA, Detection
+;lr$ffi;ins;
10.
&
Gene products: Extraction
of DNA
Sequences, DNA Renaturation Kinetics,
chromosome warking & Jumping; Genetic
DNA Miroarray, SHOM, protein & Amino
Reversed Geneiics; Human Gene rransfer,
Exon
Anti-Sense Therapeutics, Genoceuticals, Fusion
iotic.s & phytovaccines, Antiviral Compounds,
& Biopesticides.
Improvement of Organisms: Somatic Cell
Mitochondrial Genes, Gene Editing & Gene
&
Therapy, site Directed Mutagenesis, Gene Transfer
Techniques, organelle Sequence
Transfer, Bioluminescence, Sperm Typing, Transgenic pranis
t Rriimuir, Antisenr.
Technology & Applications.
References:
watson, J. D. et a\.2007. Molecular Biorogy
Publishing Company.
of the Gene. Benjamin_cummings
, W. H. Freeman
&
Co.
roblems Book and Study Cuide: Concepts
al.
Co.
enetic Analysis.
9rh
edn. W. H. Freeman
&
Primrose, S. & Twyman, R. 200g. principles
of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.
Blackwell Publishing Co.
Gerdes, L. 1.2004. Genetic Engineering. Gale
Group.
,,
45
Kreuzer, Fl. & Massey, A. 2008. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Blackwell
Publishing Co.
White, R. J.2001. Gene Transcription: Mechanisms and Conttol. Blackwell Publishing
Co.
Kreuzer, H. 2001. Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology. Blackwell Publishing Co.
Watson, J. D. et a|.2007 . Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes. W. H. Freeman Co
.
BOT.409 Ecological Aspects of Plant Functions
Credit: 4
.Course offered by: Dr Nabeesa Salim
I . Water relations - transpiration as an inevitable consequence of photosynthesis, water
availability and field capacity of different soils, water movement towards rooting profiles
as dependent on soil moisture content, roots sense moisture gradients and grow towards
moist patches, effect of soil and drying on leaf conductance, effect of vapour pressure
difference on transpiration rate of leaf, effect of irradiance and COz on leaf conductance,
cuticular conductance and the boundary layer conductance, compromise between carbon
gain and water loss, water storage in leaves of aquatic angiosperms, adaptations to
drought and dessication, avoidance - annuals and deciduous species, desiccation
tolerance-evergreen shrubs, resurrection plants, winter water relations and freezing
..'
tolerance, salt tolerance.
2. Mineral nutrition - nutrients in the soil, nutrient movement to the root surface, root
trails that determine nutrient acquisition, acclimation and adaptation of nutrient uptake
kinetics, response to nutrient supply, acquisition of phosphate solubilising compounds,
changes irr the chemistry and pH in the rhizosphere, exertion of organic chelates, root
proliferation in nutrient rich patches, biotic influences symbiotic association,
mycorrhiza and actinomycetes, mechanics of enhanced uptake of phosphorus, carbon cost
of micorrhizal symbiosis, agricultural and ecological perspectives, association with
rritrogen fixing organism, symbiotic, legume-rhizobium association, carbon costs of
legume-rhizobium symbiosis at low pH and in the presence of large supply of combined
. nitrogen, endosyrnbiosis, ecological effects of non symbiotic aisociation with nitrogen
fixing organisms.
3. Photosynthesis - carbon cycle and ecosystems, supply and demand of COz in the
photosynthetic process, stomatal and boundary layer conductance, the internal
conductance. Physiological and anatomical differences between sun and shade leaves,
light response curve of sun and shade leaves, environmental signal for shade acclimation
in chloroplasts, effect of excess irradiance, photo inhibition-protection by carotinoids of
xanthophylls, chloroplast movement in response to changes in irradiatiorr, photosynthesis
under high activation of rubisco, post illumination CO2 assimilation and sunfleck
utilization efficiency. Partitioning of photo assimilate, regulation of the rate of
photosynthesis by feed-back mechanism, glucose repression of genes encoding Calvin
'cycle enzymes, ecological impacts mediated by source sink interactions, effect of soil
nutrient supply on photosynthesis,'interaction of nitrogen with light and water, effect and
adaptations of high temperature on photosynthesis, heat shock protein mediated
thermoto Ierance.
4. Respiration: Role of respiration in plantcarbon balance, ecological aspect and concern
of plant respiration, ATP production in isolated mitochondria and in vivo oxidative
46
phosphorylation, regulation of electron transfer via cytochrome and alternative pathways,
ecological functions of alternative pathway, heat production.
5. Transport of assimilates: major transport compounds. Long distance transport of
assimilates: symplastic and apoplastic; ecological distribution of assimilates, phloem
structure, loading and unloading transport problems of climbers.
6. Ecology in relation to growth and development: Seed development- influences and
adaptations, seed germination and dormancy,-hard seed coat, ecological aspects of
dormancy and germination, seedling development-juvenile phase, delayed flowering,
delayed greening during leaf development in tropical trees, reproductive phase - timing
of development by sensing day length, short day and long day plants (photoperiodism) in
relation with flowering, spring and autumn timing of flowering by sensing temperatut'e
(vernalization), effect of temperature on pollination.
7. Ecological biochemistry: allelopathy and defense mechanism, defense against
herbivores, qualitative and quantitative defense compounds, mode of mechanism for
plants not being kilted by their own poisons, environmental effect on the production of
secondary plant metabolites, induced defense and communication between neighboring
plants, chernical defense and secondary metabolites.
8. Ecosystem global process: decomposition of litter, link between decomposition rate
and'nutrients mineralization, root exudation and rhizosphere effects, ecophysiological
controls, ecosystem and biomass productivity, scaling from plants to ecosystem,
physiological basis of productivity, net carbon balance of ecosystems, and global carbqn
cycle.
References:
Shaw, A'J. 1990. Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Evolutionary Aspects. CRC Press.
Chakraborty, U. and Chakraborty B. 2005. Stress Biology. Narosa Publishing House.
Orcutt, D.M. and Nilsen, E.T. 2000. Physiolrgy of Plants under Stress: Soil and Biotic ,'
Factors. John Wiley & Sons, lnc.
Prasad, M.N.V. 1997. Plant Ecophysiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prasad, M.N.V. and Strzalka, K. 2002. Physiology and Biochemistry of Heavy Metal
Detoxification and Tolerance in Plants. Kluwer Academic publishers.
Lecrec, J.C. 2003. Plant Ecophysiology. Science publishers Inc.
Prasad, M.N.V' 2004. Heavy Metal Stress in Plants: From Biomolecules to Ecosystem's.
II'd Ed. Springer-Verlag.
Kvesitadze, G., Khatisashvili, G., Sadunishvili, T. and Ramsden, J.J. 2006. Biochemical
Mechanisms of Detoxification in Higher Plants: Basis of Phytoremediation. SpringerVerlag.
Madhava Rao, K.v., Raghavendra, A.S. and Janardhan Reddy, K. 2006. physiology and
Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in plants. Springer.
BOT.410 Physiology of Plants Under Stress
Credit:4
Course offered by: Dr Nabeesa Salim
' Biological
stresses: Principal environmental stresses to which plants are subjected,
plant responses to stresses. Strategies: stress escapers, avoidance, tolerance,
adaptations,
acclimation, and hardening.
I
47
2. Water stress: Physiological effects - Reduction of leaf area, leaf abscission abscisic
acid formation and stomatal changes, photosynthesis limiting, Wax deposit ori leaf
surface, Energy dissipation from leaves, induction of CAM metabolism, loss of
membrane integrity, Osmotic adjustments and its role in tolerance to drought. Impact of
water deficit on aquaporins ion carriers channels and pumps. Induction of additional gene
action. Chilling and freezing stresses: Freezing tolerance due to membrane stabilization,
role of osmolites and antifreeze protein in promoting freezing tolerance. Ice crystal
formation and protoplast dehydration.
.3. Heat stress and heat shock: Inhibition of photosynthesis, synthesis of heat shock
protein, heat shock protein rnediated thermo tolerance.
4. Salinity stress: Effect on soil structure and plant function, depression in photosynthetic
rate and growth, Effect on osrnolality and resultant ion uptake. Plants strategies to avoid
salt irrjury: ion exclusion as adaptation. Importance of sodium transport across
membranes.
5. Flood and Oxygen deficiency stress: Active growth of aerobic soil microbes, damage
of roots. Intolerance of plant tissue towards anoxia, acclimation to oxygen deficit
involving synthesis of anaerobic stress proteins. Generation of ATP from glycolysis and
fermentation, which involves changes in gene expression. lncrease of ethylene
production and related anatomic changes in stem: aerenchyma formation and stenr
.elongation.
,. 6. Environmental pollutants: Air pollution: Effect of atmospheric sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, peroxyl nitrate, ozone and green house gases. Oxidative damage of
biomolecules by ozone, synthesis of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, induction of
tolerance to oxidative stress. Mechanism of detoxification in different plant parts.
Anthropogenic pollutants: Industrial and agricultural: Heavy metals: Metal accumulator
plants, avoidance and amelioration mechanisms. Synthesis of phyochilatins: biosynthesis
of glutathione, characterization. Pesticides: metabolic effect of xenobiotics, residual
effect on plant metabolism,
7. Nutrient deficiency stress: Soil characteristics and mineral stress: nutrient acquisition,
root modification and ion uptake, plant homoeostasis and ionic balance, ion
compartmentation and pH control. Nutrient deficiencies and giowth: root shoot ratio,
development of lateral shoots tillers and leaves, reproduction. Improving plant nutritiorr
defi ciency, genetic potential, morphological and biochemical changes.
8. Stress due to plant pathogen: Host parasite interaction: Growth requirements, plant
pathogen in host tissue, response of host metabolism to phytopathogens. Plant defense
against pathogen attack: Physical and chemical factors. Water relations, nutrient and
water flow in diseased plants, nutrition and plant diseases.
9. Allelochemistry as a stress: Presence of allelopathy, ecological significance of
allelopathy. Types of allelochemicals: nitrogen based and carbon based compounds:
Phenolics and terpenoids, Distribution, activity and mode of release of allelochemicals in
.different plant parts. Detoxification of allelochemicals. Abiotic and biotic stresses due to
allelopathy.
10. Stress due to weeds and other competitors: Resource characteristics, intra specific
and inter specific competitions; models of competitions, different theories. Competition
and other biotic influences: Mycorrhiza and l'rerbivory.
References:
r",)
48
Shaw, A.J. 1990. Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Evolutionary Aspects.
CRC press.
Chakraborty, U.
Chakraborty B. 2005. Stress Biology. Narosa publishing House.
1nd
Orcutt, D.M. and Nilsen, E.T. 2000. Physiology of Plants under Stress:
Soil and Biotic
Factors. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prasad, M N v l997.plant Ecophysiorogy. Jorrn wirey
& Sons, Inc.
Prasad, M.N.V. and Strzalka, K..2002. Physiology rrO Biochemistry
of Heavy Meral
Detoxification and Tolerance in Plants. Kluwer AJademic publishers.
Lecrec. J.c. 2003. plant Ecophysiorogy. science pubrishers Inc.
Prasad, M'N'V. 2004. Heavy Metal Stress in Plants: From
Biomolecules to Ecosystems.
II'd Ed. Springer-Verlag.
Kvesitadze, G', Khatisashvili, G., Sadunishvili, T. and Ramsden,
J.J. 2006, Biochemical
Mechanisms of Detoxification in Higher Plants: Basis of phyoremediation,
SpringerVerlag.
Madlrava Rao, K.V., Raghavendra, A.S. arrcl Janardhan Reddy,
K. 2006. physiology and
Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in plants. Springer.
BOT.41 1 Basic Environmental Science
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr p. V. Madhusootlanan
l.
E,nvironnrental Science_ Ecology_
Envi ronnrent- Defi n ition Scope, eppr
Introductiorr
i-atio,- E,nviron me
2. Ecosystems-concept-functional and structural
Biogeochemical cycles - C, N, p, H2O anl sedimentary
c
Producers, consu.mers and decomposers- Ecological
3.
pyra
ience_
flow_
web_ ,
r
6.
.
Ecosystem diversity- Terrestrial and uquiti. Biomes_
Forest, -Grassland, Desert,
Tundra Marine and Fresh water (lentic and lotic)
ecosystems- characteristic features,
ia. Kerala.
osystem diversity_ global, national arrd local
e and prodr-rctive use, social, ethical, aesthetic
s- Endangered and Endemic species of India.
tu and ex situ conservation_protected areas ol.
eserves-Gene bank, seed banl<, IBpGR,
sity conservation; IUCN categories, Red data
owth,
Popu Iation characteristics_ densitv_
ortality, f'ertility and fecundity; Reproductive
Misra, R. 1968- Ecorogy workbook, oxford & rBH pubrishing
co.
Nayar, M'P' and Sastry, A.R.K. 1987,1989,1990.
Red Data Bool< of Indian plants.3 vols.
Botanical Survey of India.
Cummings publishing Co.
y. W.B. Sanders Co.
ok & Stationery Co.
002. Ecology (2nd Edition). Viva Books Ltcl.
nts of Ecology (4th Edition). The Benjarmin
49
Cunningharn, W.P. and Saigo, B.W, 1999. Environmental Science (5th Edition) McGraw
Hilt.
Clrapnlan, .1.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1992. Ecology-Principle and Application, Cambridge
'Universiti,
Press.
c. 1997 . The Environment-principres and Apllications, Routledge.
Smil, v. 1997. cycles of Life. civitization and Biosphere w.H. Freeman &
co.
Park,
Smith, R.L. and Srnith, T.M. 1998. Elements of Ecology (4tlr Edition). The
Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Co.
BOT.412 Applied Environmental Science
Credit: 4
Course offered by:Dr p. V. Matlhusoodanan
.l'
Natural-Resources and associated problems; Forests
of
World/lndia/Keralal water
resources; Mineral resources; Food resources; Energy sources;
Land resources
2' Environmental pollutiorr-definition, causes, effecii and control,
measures of
pollution
b) water pollutiorr c) land pollution
d)rnarine pollution
e) noise pollution f) thennal pollution
g) Nuclear (Radio active) pollution; Case studies; Minamata, Love Canal,
Bhopal
a) air
;-
tragedy, Cherrrobyl. Tsurrami 3.
3' Solid waste management- urban and industrial wastes; Role
of individual- prevention
of pollution.
4. Disaster management.
5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
. 6. Bioremediation, Bioflocculation
7. Society and Environment- sustainabre deveropment
-concept.
8' Gia hypothesis- Water conservation- rain water harvestingwater shed management
9' Clirnatic change- global warming, ozone depletion. Green house
effect,
l0' Environment Protection Act- Air (Pollution and control) Act- waterGlaciatio,
lRoltutlon ano
control) Act- Earth summit (LINCED) Rio+5, Rio+10
I l' (Ramsar conservation, Ramsar sites of India- Kyoto
agreement.
12. IPH and Patents.
13. NGOs and conservation movements.
References:
Misra, R. 1968. Ecology workbook, Oxford & IBH publishing
Co.
'Nayar,
M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. 1g81,1989,1990. Red DataBookof
Indian plants.3 vols.
Botanical Survey of India.
Odum, E.P. 1976. Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Sanders
Co.
Puri, G. Indian Forest Ecology, Oxford gook A Stationery
Co.
Mackenzie, A' ball, A.S. and virdee, s.R. 2002. Ecologyizna
eaitlon). viva Books Ltd.
Smith, R'L' and Smith,T.M. 1998. Elements of p.oiogi (4th
Edition). The Be,jamin
Cummings Publishing Co.
Cunningham, w.P. and Saigo, B.w. 1999. Environmental
Science (5th Edition) McGraw
Hi[.
Chapman, J'L' and Reiss, M.J. 1992. Ecology-Principle
and Application, Cambridge
. University press.'
Park, c. I997. The Environment-principres ancl Apilications,
Routredge.
\
50
Smil, V. 1997 . Cycles of Life. Civilization and Biosphere W.H. Freeman & Co.
Smith, R.L. and Smith, T.M. 1998. Elements of Ecology (4th Edition). The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Co.
BOT.413 Principles of Ethnobotany
Credit:4
Course offered by: Dr M. Sivadasan
l. Ethnobotany: Definitions.
2. Scope and functions.
3. History and development of Ethnobotany: Development of Ethnobotany in Asia with
special reference to that in India, Ethnobotany outside Asia.
4. Traditional Scientific knowledge: Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK): Indigenous
Agricultural knowledge (IAK), Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), Rural people's
knowledge (RPK), Traditional botanical knowledge (TBK), Integrated knowledge system
(rKS).
5. Documentation and interpretation of Traditional Botanical Knowledge: Basic
approaches to the,.study of Traditional Botanical Knowledge - Utilitarian, Cognitive, and
Ecologieal.
6. . Scientific validation of traditional plant use: Nutritional quality, Pharmacological
properties. lnsect repellent activity.
7. Ecology of Culture and Cultural Ecology: Functional interpretations of culturally
determined behaviour - Human sacrifice. Male supremacy. Pollution taboos, In-law
avoidance. Evil spirit homes. Sacred groves. Drug preparation.
8. Collecting Ethnobotanical Evidence: The dynamics and distribution of traditional
botanical knowledge.
9. Sources of knowledge: The dissemination of traditional botanical knowledge,r?
differential distribution of traditional botanical knowledge: Socio-cultural influence on
knowledge distribution - Intercultural influences (Mode of production. Biological
environment. Level of external contact (acculturation), Ethnicity, Religion), Intracultural
influences - Gender, Age, Class, Place of birth, Literacy, Occupation, Migration for work
or marriage. Age at marriage. Kinship and marriage relations. Number of children,
Number of generations in the household. Language ability.
10. Dynamics of Knowledge: Observation, Experimentation and Adaptation.
ll. Traditional Botanical Knowledge in Rural Development: The origins of participatory
research. Partnership in practice.
12. Ethnobotany and sustainable utilization of plant resources.
13. Protection of Traditional Botanical Knowledge.
14. Major subdisciplines of Ethnobotany.
15. Major tribes of Kerala and their dependence on plants.
References:
Chaudhuri, Rai, H. N., Guha, A., Roychowdhury, E. & Pal, D. C. 1980. Ethnobotanical
uses of Herbaria-Il. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. l:163-168.
Chaudhuri, Rai, H. N., Banerjee, D. K. & Guha, A.1977. Ethnobotanical uses of
herbaria. Bull. Bot.Surv. Indial9 :256-261.
Faulks, P.J. 1958. An Introduction to Ethnobotany. Moredale Publications Ltd., London.
Ford, R. L(Ed.). 1978. The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany. Anthropological Paper
5l
r
no.67. Museunr of Anthrop., Univ.of Michigan.
llarshberger,.l. W. 1896. The Purpose of Ethnobotany. Bot. Cazette 3l :146-154,
.lain, S. K. & Rao, R. R. 1983. Ethnobotany in lndia-An Overview. Botanical Surveyof
.
India.
.lain, S. K. (Ed.). 1981. Glirnpsesof Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford & IBH PublishilgCo.
Jairr, S. K. I 964. The role of a Botanist in folklore Research. Folklore 5:145-150
.lairr. S. K. 1961a. Ethnobotany- Its scope and study. Indian Museum Bull.2:39-43.
Jain, S. K. 1995. A Manual of Ethnobotanv. Scientific pLrblishers,
Jain, S. K., MLrdgal, V., Banerjee, D, K., Guha, A., pal, D. C. & Das, D.l9g4.
Bibliography of Ethnobotany. Botanical Survey of India.
Ranfrew, Jane. 1 973. Paleoethnobotany. colurnbia Urriversity press.
BOT.414 Applied Ethnobotany
Crerlit: 4
Course offered by: Dr M. Sivadasan
' I' Methods in ethnobotanical
study: General ethnobotanical techrriques-Arrthropological
field rnethods. Quantitative approaclr (Open-ended and semi-structured ipierviews,
'Hands on' learning of traditional techniques) and Qualitative approach (Structured
,',
'
'
interviews and questionnaires, Free-listing, Pile sorting and preference ranking: triadic
and paired, Systematic surveys -e.g., of transects or hectare plots);
Quarrtification and
verification: Free-listing, Preference ranking. Direct matrix ranking. Utilization surveys.
2. Interview techniques and elicitation methods: Choosing participants. Linguistic and
other synlbolic analyses - Symbolic and Empirical analysis of Myths and Folklore; Plant
labels and cultural significance.
3. Plant collection and taxonomy: Nature and uses of voucher specinrens, plant
identifi cation. Classi fi cation.
4. Archaeobotanical data: Observation of archaeobotanical remains and collection of
data. Evidences fronr specialized archaeological contexts. Dating methods and data
presentation
5. Specialist ethnobotanical methods: Nature and applications of specialist rnethods Languages and linguistics. Art, history, Agricultural science. Ecology, Phytochemistry,
Pharmacognosy, Molecular biology, Applied anthropology, Environmental economiis.
Ethical analysis and law. Communication and education. Information systems.
6. Practical applications of Ethnobotanical data: External benefits - National and Global
interests in ethnobotany: Ethno-directed sampling in Biodiversity prospectirrg: plarrt
derived drugs used in ortliodox medical practice; Traditiorral Plant rnanagernent and
Environmental conservation ; Traditional germplasm management : in situ and ex situ
conservation; Local benefits: Cultural survival and community development:
Ethnorledicine and Primary health care; Renewable plant products: Sustainable source of
income; Protecting Iocal resources.
7. Conrmercialization and conservation: Sustainable development - Econonric growth and
resource corrservation.
8. Documentation and analysis of ethnobotanical data.
References:
chaudhuri, Rai, H. N., Guha, A., Roychowdhury, E. & pal, D. c. 19g0. Ethnobotanical
uses of Herbaria-ll. .1. Econ. Tax. Bot. l:163-16g.
:;)
52
chaudhuri, Ral, H. N., Baner.iee, D. K. & Guha, A. 1977. Ethnobotanicar
uses of
herbaria. Bull. Bot.Surv. Indial 9:256_261.
Faulks' P.J. 1958. An Introduction to Ethnobotany. Moredale publications
Ltd., London.
and Status of Ethnobotany. Anthropological paper
of Michigan.
ose of Ethnobotany. Bot. Gazette 3l : 146_t54.
obotany in India-An Overview. Botanical Sr-rrvey of
India.
S' 6
Jain'
Jain,
Jain,
Jain,
Jain,
(Ed
) 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. oxford & IBH publishing Co.
S' K' I964. The role of aBotanist ir folklore Research, Folklore
5:145-150
S' K.1967a. Ethnobotany- Its scope and study. Indian Museum
Bull.2:39-43.
s. K' r995. A Manuar of Ethnoboiany. scieniifi" prbrirh.rr.
S. K., Mudgal, V., Banerjee, D. K., Guha, A., pal,
D. C. & Das, D.l9g4.
Bibliography of Ethnobotany. Botanical Survey of India.
Rarrfrew, Jane. r973. paleoeth,obotany. columbia
universitv press.
BOT.415 Plant Tissue Culture
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan
l. Plant cell and tissue culture: introduction, history, scope.
2' Basic aspects of plant tissue culture; totipotency, mlrphogenesis,
differentiation and
polarity; different culture media; components; growih
regulators; growth retardants; undefined supplelnents;
explants; sterilization;
Inoculation; subculturing, etc.
3' Different types of cultures: callus- different types; cell
culture; suspension culture-,
different types; culture methods of single cells;
testing of viability of cells; application ofr'
eell and callus culture with special reierence
to medicinal and aromatic plants. In vitr,
morphogenesis; differentiation.
4' organogenesis- different types; factors effecting;
problems related to micropropagation
of woody (Medicinal) plants. bifferent stages
of micropropagation, Somaclonal variation
and its importance with special reference
to medicinal and aromatic plants.
5' Somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect; Factors
.ir".tirg;
embryo maturation;
,ra
-v""b' vrtrurJv
application. Synseeds and its significance
6' Production of Pathog.en free plants: Different methods;
Meristem culture and its
importance in commerciarization especiaily
of Medicin"iu;; Aromatic prants.
7' Protoplast: Isolation and culture methods;. Factors
.ri..ting; Somatic hybridization:
Different types; Fusion methods. Application
*i,r, rp".i"l',..f.r"n". to Medicinal and
Aromatic plants.
8. Haploids: Different.types: Androgenesis
and gynogenesis, Advantages; Significance
in
crop improvement with special emphasis
on MeJicinat ana Aromatic plants.
9' ovary' ovule, endosPerm and embryo culture;
importun." . In vitrofertilization (recent
advances) and its significance.
10. Secondary metabolites: Different classes;.methods
of production_ factors effecting
yield' Biotransformation; Different types with
examples. Immobilization: Different
appcoaches : Advantages.
\
a
J
ll.
Tissue culture in lndia with special reference to Kerala. Exploitation of medicinal
plants of Kerala by Tissue culture.
12. Application of Plant Tissue Culture: Clonal propagation, artificial seed production of
'hybrids and somaclones, drugs, products, cryopreservation and germplasm storage.
References:
Bhojwani, S. S. and Razdan, M. K. 1983. Plant Tissue culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier.
Doods, J. H. and Roberts, L. W. 1985. Experiments in Plant Tissue culture, Cambridge
University Press.
George, E. F. 1993-96. Plant propagation by Tissue culture-2 vols. Exegetics Ltd.
Narayanaswamy, S. 1994. Plant cell and Tissue culture. Tata McGraw Hill Ltd.
De, K. K. 1995. Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency.
Razdan, M. K. 1995. An lntroduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH Publishing
.Co. Pvt. Ltd.
BOT.4f 6 Plant Biotechnology
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr Sailas Benjamin
. 1 Plant gele structure and expression; Regulation of structure and expression,
" Regulation of plant gene expression, Protein coding genes, Translational control, RNAcoding genes.
2. Gene Transfer to plants; Target plant cells for
transformation, Transformation
approaches, Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of plants, Molecular
' mechanism of T-DNA transfer, Vector based the Ti plasmid, Protocol for Agrobacterium
mediated genetic transformation of plants.
3. Direct genetic transformation of DNA into protoplasts; Biolistic process (particle
Bombardment mediated), Transformation of protoplast by electroporation,
microinjection, macroinjection and microprojectiles; Virus vectors for gene transfer to
plants
4. Crop improvement through gene transfer technology; Projectiles of transformed plants;
Plant variety improvement: addition of usefultrait; Genetic mapping and gene cloning .
5. Developing resistance in ciops; Herbicide resistance, Insect r"iistan"e, Virus
resistance, Fungal pathogen resistance, Bacteria resistance, Nematode resistance, parasite
resistance.
'6' Improvement of crop quality;
Nutritional quality, Post harvest quality, Extension of
flower life, Pigmentation, Fragrance; Male sterility for hybrid seed pioduciion.
7. Engineering the plant cell factory for secondary metabolite production; Oligopeptides
and proteins, sugar polymers, alkaloides and phenolics, degradable polymers-.
Uses and applications of transgenic plants; New products, Pharmaoeuticals,
!Bioremediation,
Plant quality and protection, Edible vaccinei, Antiviral proteins (pAD;
Antigens antibodies
9. Biorisks of prod_ucing transgenic plant; Bio-safety and product labelling, Trade secrecy
and material transfer agreements patenting of plant varieties.
10' Environmental Biotechnology: Cleaner technologies- Fermentation, Paper and plastic
industries.
Bioremediation. Bioflocculation. Biosensors. Biochips. Biofertilizers'
54
transfer prospects'
significance. Biological Nitrogen Fixation- nif genes- structure,
N itrogenase biochem istry, fu nction'
References:
Purohit SS. Biotechnology: Fundamentals and application. Agrobios.
Philipose PM. Experimental Biotechnology. Dominant Publishers & Distributors.
Co. Pvt'
Razdan MK. Introduction to Plant Tissue culture. Oxford and IBH Publishing
& Co'
Chawla HS. Laboratory manual for Plant Biotechnology' Oxford WH Freeman
Press.
Sambrook J & Russel bW. Mol".ular Cloning. Cold Springer Harbor Lab
Sudhir M. Plant Biotechnology. Dominant Publishers & Distributors'
Press'
Smith RH. Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments. Academic
ii",., A, Scott N, Fowler M. Plant Biofechnotogy: The Genetic manipulation of Plants.
Oxford University Press.
(lndia)
Jha TB & Ghostr B. plant Tissue Culture: Basic and Applied. Universities Press
P.Ltd.
Karanth B. Selected Readings in Plant Genetics and Biotechnology. Book Enclave.
BOT.417 Basic PteridologY
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan
and Phylogeny of Pteridophytes; Homologous theory, antithetic theory, Phyton
concept, Telome theorY.
generations; apogamy, apospory,
Pteridophytes-alternation
Cycle
l. Origin
2. life
of
of
agamospory and parthenogenesis.
Uoritrologicai diversity-Rhizome, leaf, sporophylls (heterophylly)- soral evolutionphyletii slide, sporangial evolution-phyletic swing-primitive and advance.d
fl
morphological characters.
4. Anatomy- stele, structure, stelar evolution, protostele, siphonostele, solenostele,
Dictyostele. Special types of steles-Dictyoxylic (Osmunda), Dicyclic (Pteridiwn)Dicyclic siphonostele (Matonia) Tricyclic dictyostele (Stenochlena) anchor-shaped stele
(Isietes)_ Amphiphloic-siphonostele (Marsilea)- Dictyostele with accessory bundles
(Cy athe
a). Leaf trace-secondary
th i ckenin g-vessel s.
5. Spore morphology-Trilete and Tetrahedral spores-structure-ornamentation-heterospory
and seed habit, spore germination- in vitro spore culture.
6. Gametophyte-patterns of development-homosporous and heterosporous ferns-fern
al I ies-Morphology of mature gametophyte-ultrastructure-photoperiodism.
References:
Bierhost, D.W. 1971. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Macmillan Co.
Dyer, A.C. 1979. The experimental Biology of Ferns. Academic Press, London
Jermy, A.C. et at. (Ed.) 1973. The Phylogeny and Classification of Ferns. Academic
Press.
Kramer, K.U. & Green, P.S. l99l . The families and genera of Vascular Plants, Narosa.
Nampy, S. and Madhusoodanan, P.V. 1998. Fern Flora of South India-Taxonomic
Revision of Polypodioid Ferns. Daya Publishing House.
Hameed, C.A., Rajesh, K.P. and Madhusoodanan, P.V. 2003. Filmy Ferns of South India.
Penta Book Publishers & Distributors.
,?
55
BOT.4l8 Applied Pteridology
. Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr P. V. Madhusoodanan
l.
Habitat ecology-Hydrophytes, Halophytes, Rheophytes, Epiphytes, Xerophytes,
Scioplrytes, climbers, Filmy Ferns, Tree Ferns, Saprophytes - Adaptation of
Pteridophytes-RET Pteridophytes, Conservation.
2. Cytology of pteridophytes-polyploidy and high chromosome number-origin of
polyploids cytology and reproduction.
3. Fossil pteridophytes-Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales, Calamitales, Sphenophyllales,
Primofilicales-Fossil Marattiales and Osmundales. Evolution of plant body-lndian fossil
Pteridophytes.
4. Classification of pteridophytes by Foster and Glifford, Holttum, Pichi Sermolli, B.K.
.Nayar, and Kubitzki.
5. General characters of extant pteridophytes.
Psilopsida - Psilotales.
Lycopsida - I-ycopodiales, selagi ne I lales, Isoetales
Sphenopsida - Equisetales
Filicopsida - Ophioglossales, Marattiales, Osmundales,
Schizaeales, Cyatheales, Gleicheniales, Marsileales, Salviniales
6. Contribution by Indian Pteridologists - S.S. Bir, B. K. Nayar, Fr. V.S. Manickam, and
A. Abrahant.
'" 7. Applied Pteridology - horticulture - Food - Medicinal - Biofertilizer - Weeds (aquatic
and terrestrial) - Ecological Indicators - Pollution amelioration.
'8. Molecular Taxonomy
- Methodology, application
References:
Bierhost, D.w. l97l . Morphology of Vascular Plants. Macmillan co.
Dyer, A.c. 1979. The experimental Biology of Ferns. Academic press, London
Jermy, A.C. et al. (Ed.) I973. The Phylogeny and Classification of Ferns. Academic
Press.
Kramer,K.U.&Green,P.S. lggl.ThefarniliesandgeneraofVascularPlants,Narosa.
Narlpy. S. and Madlrr"rsoodanarr, P.V. 1998. Fern Flora of South lndia-Taxonomic
Revision of Polypodioid Ferns. Daya Publishing House.
Hameed, C.A., Rajesh, K.P. and Madhusoodanan, P.V.2003. Filmy Ferns of South India.
. Penta Book Publishers & Distributors.
BOT.419 Principles of Algal Systematics (Theory)
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr M. Sabu
1.
2.
J.
4
5
Diversity of algae.
Comparative analysis of various algal classification - G.M. Smith; G.E. Paerrfus;
G.W. Prescot; F.E. Fritsch; V.J. Chapman and F.E. Round.
History of Phycology: Priorto 1800; Early lgthcentury; late lgtl'century; foundation
of modern systematics, Modern trends in algal classification.
Algal habitats distribution, syrnbiosis and parasitism. Algae as ecological
indicators.
Algal literature; Monographs; Revisions; Floras, e/c.
i
56
6.
7.
Describing, illustrating, naming and publishing algal taxa.
Reproduction and evolution of algae Chloroplryceae, Phaeophyceae and
Rhodophyceae.
8. General account of the structure, reproduction and relationships of Dinophyta,
Chrysophyta and Bacillariophyta.
References:
Chapman, V.i. 1941. An introduction tothe Study of Algae. Cambridge
University pre,ss.
Chapman, V. J. & Chapman, D. J.1973. The Algae. MaJrnillan.
Desikachary, T.V. 1959. Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research.
Fritsch, F.E. 1961. The structure and reproduction oi Algu.. Vol, 2.
Cambridge
University Press.
Irvine, D.E. & D.M..lohn. 19g4. Systematics of the green algae.
Academic press,
Jan Stevensen et al. 1996. Algal ecology. Fresh water ge-nthic
ecosystems. Acadenric
Press.
Krislrnamurthy, V. 1998. Algae of India and neighboring countries.
l. Chlorophycota.
Oxford & IBH publishing Co. pvt. Ltd.
Kumar, H.D. 1990. Introductory phycology. East west press pvt.
Ltd..
Prescott, G.w. 1969. The Algae, A Review. Thomas Nelson
and Sons Ltd
ward Arnold.
e Ronald Press company.
ohn Wiley and Sons.
.M. Algae: An introduction to phycology.
Venkataraman, G.S. 1972, Algal Biofertilizers and rice
cultivation. Today and
Tomorrow's Printers & publishers.
venkataraman, G. S', Goyar, s. K., Kaushik, B.D.
& Roychaudhary, p. r974. Argae,t'
form and functior. Today and Tonrorrow's printers publishers.
&
vijayaraghavan' M'R' & Bhatia, B. 1997. Red algae:
Structure, ultrastructure and
reproduction. APH publishing corporation.
BOT.420 Applied Aspects of Algal Systematics
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr M. Sabu
l'
collectiori, iderrtification and preservation of different groLrps
of'algae. India, worl<
on algae.
ae.
eutrophication.
and fertilizer, phycocolloids, energy hnd
ation, sewage disposar, biofouring, toxicity.
5. International code of BotanicalNomenclature (ICBN)
6. Algal_. physiology: photosynthesis, respiraiion, chemotrophy,
N2 metabolisrn.
circadian rlrythm. phototropisrn.
Algal biogeography.
References:
chapman' v'J' I 941' An introduction to the Study
of Algae. cambridge University press.
_
7.
\
57
^l
Chapnran, V. J. & Chapman, D. J.1973. The Algae. Macmillan.
Desikachary, T.V. 1959. Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Fritsch, F,E. 1961. The structure and reproduction
of
Algae. Vol. 2. Cambridge
University Press.
.lrvine. D.E. & D,M, John. 1984. Systematics of the green algae. Acadenric Press.
.lan Stevensen et al. 1996. Algal ecology. Fresh water Benthic ecosystems. Academic
Press.
Krislrnamufthy, V. 1998. Algae of India and neighboring countries. l. Clilorophycota.
Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Kumar. H.D. 1990. Introductory phycology. East West Press Pvt. Ltd..
Prescott. G.W. 1969. The Algae, A Review. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd
Round, F. E, 1975, The Biology of Algae. Edward Arnold.
Smith, G.M. 1978. Manual of Phycology. The Ronald Press company.
Trainor, F.R. 1978. Introductory Phycology. John Wiley and Sons.
Van Den Hock, D.G. Mann and Jahus, H.M. Algae: An introduction to Phycology.
' Carnbrid ge University press.
Venkatarantan, G.S. 1972. Algal Biofertilizers and rice cultivation. Today and
Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers.
Venkatararnan, G. S., Goyal, S. K., Kaushik, B.D. & Roychaudhary, P. 1974. Algae,
, form arrd function. Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers.
' Vi.luyurughavan, M.R. & Bhatia, B. 1997. Red algae: Structure, ultrastructure and
reproduction. APH Publ ish ing corporation.
BOT.42l Genetics and Crop Improvement I
Credit:
4
.Course offered by: Dr K. V. Mohanan
l.
General account of origin, variability, floral biology, propagation, breeding techniques
and crop management in the case of the following crops.
a. rice; b. wheat; c. maize; d. jowat; e. tea; f. coffee; g. rubber; h. cardamorr; i. coconut;
j. arecanut; k. oil palm; l. cocoa; m. cashew; n, pepper; o. girrger; p. turmeric; q. vanilla.
2. Detailed account of crop research institutes under CGIAR, ICAR and Commodity
boards.
3. Thrust areas of crop research and major bottle necks in R
the above crops.
& D activities in the case of
References:
.Dabholkar A.R. Elements of Biometrical Genetics. Concept Publishing Cornpany.
Frankel O.H. and Bennet E. Genetic Resources in Plarrts. Black Well,
Sadhu M.K. Plant Propagation, New AZge International Publishers.
Allard R.W. - Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons.
Jain H.K. and Kharl<wal M.C. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House,
Chahal G.S. and Gosal S.S. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding. Narosa
Publishing House.
Roy D. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.
Hayward M.D., Bosenrark N.O. and Romagosa I. Plant Breeding- Principles and
prospects. Chapman and Hall.
Gupta S.K. Plant Breeding. Agrobios India.
.
58
\,
Khan M.A. Plant Breeding. Biotech Books.
Sharma J.R. Plant Breeding. Tata-McGraw Hi[.
Joshi R.M. Biosafety and Bioethics. lsha Books.
Pagano M. and Gauvreau K. Principles of Biostatistics. Duxbury.
Sharma J.R. Statistical and biometrical techniques in Planl Breeding. New Age
lnternational Publishers.
Panse V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. Statistical methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR.
Rangaswamy R. A Text Book of Agricultural Statistics. New Age lnternational
Publishers.
Jasra P.K. Biostatistics. Krishna prakashan Media (p) Ltd.
BOT.422 Genetics and Crop Improvement
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr I( V. Mohanan
II
l. Crop genetic resources- conservation and utilization. Centres of origin of cultivated
plants- primary and secondary centres of diversity, Gene banks- international
and
national networks.oi gene banks.
2. Systems of reproduction and mating systems in crop plants
3' Conventional methods of plant breeding- plant domestication, introduction, selection
and hybridization.
4' Modern methods of plant breeding- Mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding,
distant
hybridization and biotechnologicar approaches in crop impiovement.
5. Resistance breeding- breeding for pest, disease and stress resistance.
6. Cenetics of photosynthesis
7. Genetics of nitrogen fixation
8, Patenting of life forms- IpR, farmers'rights and plant
breeders,rights.
,7
9' Production of improved seeds- seed certification- procedure of
varlety release.
l0'Farming systems- intensive, organic, integrated- merits and demeritssustainable
agricu lture.
11' Genetically modified crops- major achievements- merits
and demerits- biosafety.
References:
Dabholkar A'R. Elenrents of Biometrical Genetics. Concept publishing
Cornpany.
Frankel o.H. and Bennet E. Genetic Resources i, plants.
Black well.
ternati onal Publishers.
hn Wiley & Sons.
. Narosa Publishing House.
d Procedures of plant Breeding. Narosa
Roy D. Plant Breeding. Narosa publishing House.
Hayward M'D', Bosemark N.o. and R.on-ragosa
I.
Plant Breeding- principles
prospects. Chaprnan and Hall.
Gupta S.K. Plant Breeding. Agrobios India.
Khan M.A. Plant Breeding. Biotech Books,
Sharma J.R. Plant Breeding. Tata-McGraw IJill.
.loshi R.M. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books.
Pagano M' and Gauvreau K. principles of Biostatistics.
Duxburv.
ancl
59
A
Sharnra .1.R. Statistical and biometrical techniques in Plant Breeding. New Age
I nternationaI Publ ishers.
Panse V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. Statistical methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR.
Rangaswamy R. A Text Book of Agricultural Statistics. New Age International
Publishers.
Jasra P.K. Biostatistics. Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
BOT.423 Agrobiotechnology I
Credit: 4
Course offered b),: Dr Sailas Benjamin
Plant gene structure and expression; Regulation of structure and expression, Regulation
of plant gene expression, Protein coding genes, Translational control, RNA-coding genes.
Direct genetic transformation of DNA into protoplasts; Biolistic process (particle
Bombardrnent mediated), transfornration of protoplast by electroporation, nricroiniection.
macro injection and rr icropro.lecti Ies.
Crop irnprovernent through gene transfer technology; projectiles of transformed plants;
Plant variety improvement: addition of useful trait; Genetic mapping and gene cloning.
Developing resistance in crops; Herbicide resistance, Insect resistance, Virus resistance,
Fungal pathogen resistance, Bacteria resistance, Nematode resistance, Parasite resistance.
'-. Improvement of crop quality; Nutritional quality, Post harvest quality, Extension of
flower life, Pigrnentation, Fragrance; Male sterility for hybrid seed production.
Engineering the plant cell factory for secondary metabolite production; Oligopeptides
.ar,d proteins, sugar polymers, alkaloides and phenolics, degradable polymers-.
Uses and applications of transgenic plants; new products, pharmaceuticals,
bioremediation, plant quality and protection, edible vaccines, antiviral proteins.
Biorisks of producing transgenic plant; Bio-safety and product labelling, Trade secrecy
and rnaterial transfer agreements. Patenting of plant varieties. Environmental
biotechnology
Environmental Biotechnology: Cleaner technologies- Fermentation, Paper and Plastic
industries. Bioremediation. Bioflocculation. Biosensors. Biochips.
References:
Sudhir
M. Applied Biotechnology and Plant Genetics. Dominant Publishers &
Distributors.
'Purohit S. S. Biotechnology: Fundamentals and application. Agrobios.
Lewin B. Genes. Pearson Educational International.
Peter KV. Horticulture Science Series. New lndia Publishing Agency.
Nelson DL & Cox MM.Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, WH Freeman
and
Company.
Channarayappa. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Practices. Universities Press
(lndia) P.Ltd.
Piramal V. Molecular Biotechnology. Dominant Publishers & Distributors.
Gilmartin PM & Bowler C. Molecular Plant Biology. Oxford University Press.
Sudhir M. Plant Biotechnology. Dominant Publishers & Distributors.
. Jha TB & Ghosh B. Plant Tissr"re Culture: Basic and Applied. Universities Press (lndia)
P.Ltd.
60
.t
Karanth B. Selected Readings in Plant Genetics and Biotechnology. Bool<
Enclave.
Das H. K. Text Book of Biotechnorgy,(ed). wiley Dreamtech
India p.Ltd
Ranjan R. Transgenic Plants. Agrobios.
BOT.424 Agrobiotech nology 2
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr Sailas Benjamin
Agrobacterium and Plant.Genetic Engineering: Agrobacterium mediated
gene transfer
and cloning. Types of plant vectors and their uie in gene rnanipulatioi.
Selectable
markers for plant transformation Agrobacteriunr medlated gene trasfer
Molecular
mechanism of T-DNA transfer - based on vector and Ti plasmid; protocor
for
Agrobacteriurn-mediated genetic transformation of plants; its success
in monocots hnd
dicots with specific examples
Plant Viruses: Classification, diagnosis, remedy, molecular mechanism
of multiplication.
viruses as a tool to deliver foreign DNA.
Molecular biologyt of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Developmental Aspects of Rhizobium: Biological Nitrogen
Fixation- nif genes- structLrre,
transfer prospects. Nitrogenase biochemistry, function" L.gr,r.
Symbiosis, Symbiotic
Nitrogen Fixation. Regulation of nif and nod genes, biochlmistry
of leg-haenioglobin.
Bioferti I izers- sign ifi cance.
Molecular Aspects of
Susceptibility and Resistance: Transposable elements irr
.Disease
plants, factors influencing disease resistance and susceptibility.
Bar-coding
Transgenics: Stress to
pests and insects
resist
fJi:,ilillilliil!:j,1,[:I,*firjl1Jf.;
t
introducing Bacillus th
otton.
,,
Crop lmprovement in
nology: Rice, wheat, oil seed crops, forage
crops, comnrercial crops, plantation crops, beverages
crops, spices and condinrents, tuber
crops, fruit crops.
Biodiesel and biofuel: potent crops for biofuel production,
mechanism, transesterification
reactton.
References:
Sudlrir M' Applied Biotechnology and Plant Genetics.
Dominant publishers
r qurrr
&
Distributors.
Purohit S. S. Biotecrirrology: Fundamentars and application.
Agrobios.
Lewin B. Genes. Pearson Educational Internationai.
Peter KV. Horticulture science Series. New India pubrishing
Agency.
Nelson DL & cox MM.Lehninger Principles of Biocliemistry,
wH
Company.
Freenra,
and
channarayappa' Molecular Biotechnology: Principles
and practices. Universities press
(lndia) P.Ltd.
Piramal v. Molecular Biotechnorogy. Domirrant pubrishers
& Distributors.
Gilmartin PM & Bowrer C. Morecurar prant Biorogy.
ornnra University press.
Sudhir M. Plant Biotechnorogy. Do,rinant publishers
& Distributors.
& Ghosh B' Plant Tissue cr-rlture: Basic and Applied. Universities press
(tndia)
i]l,l'
Karanth B' Selected Readings in Plarrt Genetics
and Biotechnology. Bool< Enclave,
61
Das I I. K. Text Book of Biotechnolgy. (ed). Wiley Dreamtech India P.Ltd'
Ranian R. 1'ransgetric Plants. Agrobios.
BOT.425 Bioprocess Technology
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr Sailas Benjamin
Introduction to Industrial Bioprocess: A historical overview of irrdustrial fermerttation
process - traditional and modern biotechnology. A brief survey of organisms, processes,
products relating to modern biotechnology. Process flow sheeting - block diagrams,
pictori al representation.
Overview
of
Fermentation Processes: Overview
of
fermerrtation industry, general
requirements of fernrentation processes, basic configuration of fermentor and ancillaries,
main paranteters to be monitored and controlled in fermentation processes. Processing
down and upstreanrs.
Raw Materials and Media Design for Fermentation Process: Criteria for good medium,
rnedium requirements for fermentation processes, carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins
-
and other complex nutrients, oxygen requirements, medium formr-rlation of optimal
.growth and product formation, examples of simple and complex media, design of various
r cornfllercial rnedia for industrial fermentations - medium optimization methods
' Production of Printary Metabolites: A brief outline of processes for the production of
sonle cornmercially important organic acids (e.g. citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid etc.,);
amino acids (glutamic acid, phenyalanine, aspaftic acid etc.,) arrd alcohols (ethanol,
butanol etc.).
Production of Secondary Metabolites: Study of production processes for various classes
of secondary metabolites: antibiotics: beta-[actams (penicillin, cephalosporin etc.),
anrinoglycosides (streptomycin etc.,) macrolides (erythromycin), vitamins and steroids.
Production of bioproducts: Production of biopesticides, biofertilisers, biopreservatives
(Nisin), cheese, biopolymers (xanthan gum, PHB etc.,), single cell protein.
.Production of Modern Biotechnology Products: Production .of recombinant proteins
having therapeutic and diagnostic applicatior-rs; production of vaccines and monoclonal
antibodies. Products of plant and animal cell cultr.rre.
References:
Ratledge C. & Kristiansen B. (eds). Basic Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press.
.losh R. M. Biosafetl'and Bioethics. Isha Books.
.losh R. M. Biosensors. Isha Bool<s.
Achrekar J. Concepts in Biotechnology. Donrinant Publishers and Distributors.
Vasliistlr P. Environmental Biotechnology. Dominant Publishers and Distributors.
Pandey A., Webb C., Soccol C. & Lamche C. Enzyrne Technology. Springer.
Klran I. A. & Khanum (eds). Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Genetic engineering
Biotechnology. Ukaaz Publ ications.
Lewin B. Genes. Pearson Educational International.
Nelson D. L. & Cox M. M.. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, WH Freeman and
Cor-npany.
& Russel D. W. Molecular Cloning. Cold Springer Harbor Lab Press NY.
Roussos S., Soccol C.R., Pandey A. & Angur C. New Horizons in Biotechnology.
Sambrook J.
Kluwer Academic Publications.
62
2
Alberghina C (ed). Protein Engineering in Industrial Biotechnology. Harwood
Academic
Pbublications.
Das H. K. Text Book of Biotechnology.
wiley Dreamtech India p.Ltd.
BOT.426 Enryme Engineering and Technology
Credit: 4
Course offered by: Dr Sailas Benjamin
to Enzymes: Classification of enzymes. Mechanisms
enzyme action;
concept of active site and energetics of enzyme substrate complex
formation; specificity
of enzyme action; principles of catalysis collision theory, transition
state theory; role of
entropy in catalysis.
lntroduction
of
Kinetics of Enzyme Action: Kinetics of single substrate reactions; Estimation
of Michelis
- Menten parameters, Lineweaver - Burk Plot, Multisubstrate reactions-introduction to
ism and compulsory order mechanisms;
s for substrate and product. Allosteric
yman model, pH and temperature effect on
ran plot and its application.
Enzyme Immobilization: Physical and chemical techniques for'enzyme
immobilization cross-linking, covalent binding etc., _
ilised enzyme bioreactors
from Natural Sources:
teases, amylases, lipases, cellulases etc.,and
of
olesterol synthesis. Production and purification
crude enzyme extracts from plant, ahimal and microbial sources;
methods of
characterization
of enzymes;development of enzymatic assays. Analysis of
firm;;;;";;r,
on kinetics of immobilizei enzyme reactions; formulation of
dimensionless groups and calculation of effectiveness
factors. Design of immobilized
enzyme reactors - packed bed, fluidized bed and nrembrane
reactors
in analysis; design of enzyme electrodes and
Ithcare, food and environment .
and appli
nhanoed
diffusion effects
fusion
lipases.
ing
sa
protein
niering.
References:
Ratledge c' & Kristiansen B. (eds). Basic Biotechnology.
cambridge University press.
Josh R. M. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books
Josh R. M. Biosensors. Isha Books.
Achrekar J. Concepts in Biot
s'
Vashisth P. EnvironmentalB
tors'
Pandey A., webb C., soccol
Khan I. A. & Khanum (eds). Fundamentals
. ,
englneerlng
Biotechnology. Ukaaz Publications.
Lewjn B. Genes. pearson Educational lnternational,
Nelson D' L' & cox M' M'. Lehninger Principles
of Biochemistry, wH Freeman and
Company-
I
{
,^,lL/
-1. & Russel D. W. Molecr-rlar Cloning. Cold Springer Harbor Lab press Ny.
Roussos S,, Soccol C.R., Pandey A. & Angur C. New Horizons in Biotechnology.
Kluwer Acadenr ic Publ ications.
Alberghina C (ed). Protein Engineering irr Industrial Biotechnology. Harwood Acadernic
Pbublications.
Das H. K. Text Book of Biotechnology, wiley Dreamtech India p.Ltd.
Sarnbrook
,t
a
\,