Download Population G.1. Economic growth

Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
G.1. Economic growth
Population
After the onset of the global financial crisis of
2008/09, a rapid recovery was seen in the
Asian and Pacific region in 2010, but this
recovery decelerated in 2011 because the
global economy had entered a second phase
of the crisis, as major developed economies of
the globe pulled back on spending due to
public debt concerns coming to the fore
coupled with poor growth records. The
region’s growth was thus curtailed as it had to
contend with constrained demand for its
exports from major markets in developed
economies. Growth in Asia and the Pacific was
further impacted by the return of high food
and energy prices, as well as the effects of
a host of natural disasters.
been particularly high due to a recovery from the
low growth in 2009 that was a result of the initial
impact of the global financial crisis. Apart from
the base effect, the 2011 growth slowdown also
reflected the withdrawal of fiscal stimulus
policies, tighter monetary policies adopted in
some countries to meet the challenge of rising
inflation, and in general the sluggish recovery in
the developed economies of the world. The
slower growth in exports, which slowed economic
growth in developing economies, began to be
seen during the course of 2010 and this trend
continued during 2011.
The growth rate in developing economies in the
Asian and Pacific region in 2011 was substantially
lower than that in 2010, showing a decrease from
8.4 to 6.8 per cent. The 2010 growth rate had
Note: The 27 member countries of the European Union: Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.
The slowdown in growth in 2011
particularly affected the subregions
where exports play a major role.
The impact of the sluggish recovery in developed
economies was felt in those subregions where
exports are a key driver of growth. Hence, SouthEast Asia experienced the greatest slowdown in
the growth rate, with a fall from 8.0 per cent in
2010 to 4.5 per cent in 2011. The economic
growth rate of developing economies in East and
North-East Asia also slowed, from 9.4 per cent
in 2010 to 8.0 per cent in 2011. The subregions
where domestic demand is important also
displayed a reduced growth performance in 2011,
215
Economic growth
In 2010, the region initially experienced a strong
recovery from the global financial crisis of
2008/09. Economies that are more oriented
towards domestic demand survived the initial
part of the crisis in 2009 with only relatively
small reductions in growth. More export-oriented
economies, however, bore the brunt of
the growth contraction in the region. This
dichotomy between countries meant that the
region as a whole experienced lower but still
positive growth in 2009. The year 2010 saw
export-oriented economies recover strongly, while
domestic-demand oriented economies continued
to perform robustly, contributing to the overall
recovery of growth in the region. Some of the
recovery of export-oriented economies was due
to strong support from intraregional trade with
China, buttressed by renewed growth in exports
to major markets in the developed world.
Investment was also a strong driver of growth in
2010, with significant fiscal stimulus policies
implemented in a number of economies in the
region, as well as investment in the mining sector
particularly in North and Central Asia.
Economy
There was an initial dramatic recovery
from the crisis in 2010 due to fiscal
stimulus and intraregional trade.
Figure G.1-1
Annual real GDP growth rates, Asia and the
Pacific, United States of America and European
Union, 2006-2011
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
as tighter monetary policies in some countries
constrained spending. Thus, the South and
South-West Asian subregion saw growth
decelerate from an annual rate of 8.5 per cent in
2010 to 6.5 per cent in 2011. The subregions
where commodities play a significant role
displayed robust growth in 2011. Hence, North
and Central Asia had a fairly stable growth rate,
at 4.8 per cent in 2011. Pacific island developing
economies also saw relatively strong growth,
at 6.3 per cent in 2011 after having grown by
4.6 per cent in 2010.
Figure G.1-2
GDP growth rates, Asian and Pacific
subregions, average 2008/09, 2010 and 2011
was the slowdown in investment growth in many
developing economies. Investment growth
declined in 2011 compared with that in the
previous year for all developing economies except
those in East and North-East Asia. While some
of this decline was due to the base effect of
particularly high investment growth in 2010,
factors such as the easing of fiscal stimulus in the
region and tighter monetary policies also had
a role to play. Apart from the Pacific island
developing economies that witnessed a decline
in investment growth in 2011, the greatest
proportional decline in investment growth
between 2010 and 2011 was seen in South-East
Asia.
Figure G.1-3
Gross domestic investment growth rates, Asia
and the Pacific, 2007-2011
Economy
Economic growth
Growth in major developing economies where
domestic demand is particularly important
declined less in 2011 compared with growth in
a number of more open economies. Some of
these major economies nevertheless experienced
a slowdown in 2011 stemming in significant part
from the effects of tighter monetary policies.
China and India grew by 9.2 per cent and
6.9 per cent, respectively, in 2011, compared
with 10.3 per cent and 9.6 per cent in 2010. The
global environment also affected sales from the
large export sector of China and financing
from abroad for Indian enterprises. Indonesia
maintained its strong growth performance, with
the economy expanding by 6.5 per cent in 2011
compared with 6.2 per cent in the previous year.
Growth in investment and industrial
production slowed in 2011.
One of the drivers of the slowdown in growth
in developing economies of the region in 2011
216
Data on the components of production also
reflect the slowdown of economic growth in
the region in 2011. The growth rate of the
contribution of industry to value-added declined
in 2011 compared with that in 2010 in all
developing economies in the region, apart from
those in South-East Asia. This partly reflected the
slowdown in demand from developed world
economies for industrial exports from the region,
as well as domestic pressure on industrial
production in some countries resulting from
reduced fiscal stimulus and tighter monetary
policies. However, economic growth was
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
supported somewhat in nearly all subregions by
increasing growth in the contribution to valueadded of the agricultural and services sectors of
the economies in the region.
Figure G.1-4
Value added by sector growth, Asia and the
Pacific, 2011
Despite the slowdown, Asia and the
Pacific remained the most dynamic
region globally.
Despite the deceleration in growth in 2011, Asia
and the Pacific remained by far the most dynamic
region in the world in terms of economic growth.
As in 2010, the region was the engine of global
growth, growing nearly 20 per cent faster than
the next-fastest-growing developing region of the
world, that is, Latin America and the Caribbean.
This brought into focus the role of Asia and the
Pacific as the engine for global recovery. The
region serves as a source of demand for the goods
and, even more so, the commodities of other
regions, which has led to growth worldwide.
Box G.1-1
Multiple shocks make growth volatile and can lead to permanent economic loss
Developing economies, the smaller ones in particular, are
vulnerable to natural and other disasters due to structural
weaknesses, among other causes. They do not often have
diverse exports and they can be highly dependent on
primary commodities. Developing economies can also
be quite remote and have high levels of poverty. As
a result, they have less capacity to absorb shocks and
their economic growth is likely to be more volatile. This
is evident in Samoa, which was hit by Cyclone Val in
1991 and by a tsunami in 2009, both of which caused
significant losses in output (see figure below).
Samoa, real GDP growth, 1983-2011
Severe shocks can also knock countries off their growth
trajectories and lead to a permanent loss in output. In
low-income economies, droughts, floods, storms and
extreme temperature events can lead to declines in real
per capita GDP of about 2 per cent.a A major disaster
causes suffering and loss of life, but in a poor country
it also damages the limited stock of capital goods and
can lead to a long-term decline in productive capacity.
As economic activity declines, fiscal revenues also shrink.
The sudden and large demand for cash and foreign
currency adds to the macroeconomic challenges. All this
distress can easily set back the economy and, as a result,
economic growth declines.
If a country suffers a series of shocks there can be
a cumulative effect, as illustrated by Cyclone Ami in Fiji
in 2003 and the Indian Ocean tsunami in Maldives in
2004, both of which were coupled with the 2008 global
financial crisis (see figure below). In addition to resulting
in permanent losses in output, large shocks also affect
the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.
In Pakistan, for example, the 2005 earthquake, the 2007
cyclone and the 2010 floods affected net primary school
enrolment. These events damaged education facilities,
reducing the quantity and quality of education.
217
Economic growth
Economy
Figure G.1-5
GDP growth rates, Asia and the Pacific and
selected world regions, 2010 and 2011
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
Persistent losses caused by shocks, Fiji and Maldives
Maldives
Fiji
1.30
Actual GDP
Pre-crisis trend
3.30
3.10
2003: tropical
cyclone
2.90
2.70
1997: Asian crisis
2008: global financial crisis
GDP (constant 2005 $ Billion)
GDP (constant 2005 $ Billion)
3.50
Actual GDP
1.15
Pre-crisis trend
1.00
2004: Indian Ocean
tsunami
0.85
0.70
2008: global financial crisis
1997: Asian crisis
2.50
0.55
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Source: ESCAP, based on data from United Nations Statistics Division.
Note: For more details, see Luc Laeven and Fabian Valencia, “Systemic banking crises: a new database”, IMF Working Paper, No. WP/08/224
(International Monetary Fund, 2008).
a Claudio Raddatz, “Are external shocks responsible for the instability of output in low-income countries?”, Journal of Development Economics,
vol. 84, No. 1 (September 2007), pp. 155-187; and Stefan Hochrainer, “Assessing the macroeconomic impacts of natural disasters”, World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4968 (Washington, DC, World Bank, 2009).
Further reading
Economy
Economic growth
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin America and the Caribbean in
the World Economy 2009-2010: A Crisis Generated in the Centre and a Recovery Driven by the Emerging
Economies. United Nations, 2011. Available from www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/6/40696/
crisis_generated_in_the_centre_and_a_recovery_driven_by_the_emerging_economies.pdf.
ESCAP. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2011: Sustaining Dynamism and Inclusive
Development – Connectivity in the Region and Productive Capacity in Least Developed Countries. Sales
No. E.11.II.F.2. Available from www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/survey2011/download/Econimicand-Social-Survey-2011.pdf.
Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2012: Pursuing Shared Prosperity in an Era of
Turbulence and High Commodity Prices. Sales No. E.12.II.F.9. Available from www.unescap.org/pdd/
publications/survey2012/download/Survey_2012.pdf.
Rising food prices and inflation in the Asia-Pacific region: causes, impact and policy response.
MPDD Policy Brief, No. 7. March 2011. Available from www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/
me_brief/mpdd-pb-7.pdf.
The European debt crisis: implications for Asia and the Pacific. MPDD Policy Brief, No. 4. August
2010. Available from www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/me_brief/mpdd-pb-4.pdf.
United Nations. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011. Sales No. E.11.II.C.2. Available from
www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2011wesp.pdf.
218
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
Population
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
PPP gives the number of units of a country’s
currency required to buy the same amount of
goods and services in the domestic market as
a United States dollar would buy in the United
States. Costs in local currency units are converted
to international dollars using PPP exchange rates.
An international dollar has the same purchasing
power as the United States dollar has in the
United States. An international dollar is therefore
a hypothetical currency that is used as a means
of translating and comparing costs from one
country to the other using a common reference
point, the United States dollar.
Indicators
GDP in constant prices (billion 2005 United
States dollars, percentage change per annum,
2005 United States dollars per capita,
percentage change per capita per annum)
GDP expressed in billions of constant 2005
United States dollars; also known as real GDP.
Indicator calculations: Per capita figures are
based on population figures (WPP2012).
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values (billion 2005 United States
dollars); weighted averages using total population
(WPP2012) as weight (2005 United States
dollars per capita, percentage change per capita
per annum); average annual growth of aggregate
values (percentage change per annum, percentage
change per capita per annum) over several years
are calculated using the geometric growth model.
Missing data are not imputed.
GDP (2005 PPP dollars per capita)
GDP per capita is calculated as the aggregate of
production (GDP) divided by the population size
based on WPP2012 and expressed in constant
2005 PPP dollars per capita. Aggregate
calculations: Weighted averages using total
population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data
are not imputed.
Gross domestic investment rate in current
prices (percentage of GDP, percentage change
per annum)
The sum of gross fixed capital formation and
changes in stocks divided by the total GDP in
national currencies. Indicator calculations:
Percentages of GDP are based on national
accounts data in national currencies (NAMAD).
Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages
using GDP in current United States dollars as
weight (percentage of GDP); average annual
growth of aggregate values (percentage change per
annum). Missing data are not imputed.
Gross national income in current prices
(billion United States dollars, United States
dollars per capita)
GDP less net taxes on production and imports,
less compensation of employees and property
income payable to the rest of the world, plus the
corresponding items receivable from the rest of
the world (that is, GDP less primary incomes
payable to non-resident units, plus primary
incomes receivable from non-resident units).
Indicator calculations: Per capita figures are
based on population figures (WPP2012).
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values (billion United States dollars);
weighted averages using population (WPP2012)
as weight (United States dollars per capita).
Missing data are not imputed.
Value added by sector in constant prices:
agriculture, industry and services (percentage
of value added, percentage change per annum)
Generation of gross value added by the
International Standard Industrial Classification
of economic activity. Agriculture includes
219
Economic growth
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The total market value of all final goods and
services produced within national borders in
a given period of time.
GDP in current prices (billion United States
dollars, United States dollars per capita)
GDP expressed in the prices of the current
reporting period; also known as nominal GDP.
Indicator calculations: Per capita figures are
based on population figures (WPP2012).
Aggregate calculations: Sum of individual
country values (billion United States dollars);
weighted averages using total population
(WPP2012) as weight (United States dollars per
capita). Missing data are not imputed.
Economy
Technical notes
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Population
agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing.
Industry includes construction, mining,
manufacturing and utilities. Services include
transport, storage and communication, wholesale,
retail, restaurants, hotels, and other types of
enterprises. Indicator calculations: Percentages
of total value-added figures are based on national
accounts data in national currencies (NAMAD);
percentage change per annum is based on value
added components in the national currency.
Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using
GDP in constant 2005 United States dollars as
weight (percentage of GDP); average annual
growth of aggregate values (percentage change per
annum).
Sources
United Nations Statistics Division, NAMAD.
Individual country data are collected from
Economy
Economic growth
220
national statistical offices of countries through the
United Nations Statistics Division National
Accounts Questionnaire; data on countries and
years that are missing from the questionnaire are
estimated by the United Nations Statistics
Division. PPP: World Development Indicators,
World Bank. National accounts data are
compiled by the World Bank, International
Comparison Program database. The World Bank
makes some adjustments to the data. Data
obtained: 11 January 2013, except average
annual GDP per capita (2005 United States
dollars), growth rate (percentage change per
capita per annum) and GDP (2005 PPP dollars
per capita) obtained on 29 January 2013; gross
national income in current prices obtained on 12
February 2013; and gross domestic investment
rate in current prices obtained on 23 January
2013.
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
G.1.1 Real GDP
Gross domestic product
Billion 2005 US dollars
% change per annum
2005 PPP dollars
per capita
2005 US dollars
per capita
% change 2005 US dollars
per capita per annum
1990
2000
2010
2011
91-01
01-11
2011
2005
2011
2005
2011
91-01
01-11
2011
4 864
532
15
99
3 851
5
2
360
6 586
1 434
12
145
4 308
7
2
678
9 791
3 880
13
216
4 639
21
3
1 019
10 166
4 237
13
227
4 604
25
4
1 056
2.9
10.3
-1.9
3.4
0.8
2.6
1.2
6.0
4.2
10.6
0.8
4.5
0.6
13.5
7.9
4.1
3.8
9.2
-0.1
5.0
-0.7
20.7
17.3
3.6
7 073
4 069
10 049
7 286
35 999
30 632
38 290
2 885
23 319
44 484
30 780
69 244
4 257
28 133
5 181
1 732
547
25 776
36 005
25 186
999
17 963
6 436
3 096
526
31 921
36 162
45 547
1 471
21 672
2.1
9.4
-3.1
1.7
0.6
0.9
0.4
5.3
3.6
9.9
0.1
4.2
0.5
11.1
6.5
3.6
3.2
8.5
-0.6
4.3
-0.7
18.2
15.5
3.0
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
444
7
2
150
1
57
3
62
50
93
0
18
726
9
4
227
2
114
7
82
99
145
0
37
1 204
10
9
378
4
178
20
131
172
226
3
74
1 258
10
9
402
4
187
21
136
180
226
3
79
4.6
2.2
6.9
3.7
6.3
6.2
8.3
3.2
6.4
4.1
2.6
7.7
5.4
1.3
7.9
5.5
7.4
5.0
11.5
4.8
6.2
4.2
20.8
7.2
4.5
2.2
7.1
6.5
8.0
5.1
5.5
3.7
4.9
0.1
10.6
5.9
4 192
47 760
1 508
3 141
1 684
12 131
5 227
46 643
2 040
4 069
2 376
14 223
3 041
43 055
6 791
972
2 096
3 630
53 504
7 972
1 494
2 943
1 658
25 914
471
1 273
469
5 554
238
1 201
27 901
2 877
1 822
623
2 082
24 765
637
1 650
661
6 512
410
1 431
34 671
3 391
2 986
875
2.9
-0.3
3.9
2.1
4.0
3.6
6.8
0.9
3.6
3.0
1.4
6.1
4.1
-0.5
6.2
4.0
5.5
3.1
10.7
3.0
3.6
3.6
18.0
6.1
3.2
0.7
5.3
5.1
6.0
3.3
4.6
2.0
2.6
-0.2
8.9
4.9
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
835
6
28
0
351
106
0.4
4
58
12
270
1 302
3
44
1
598
155
0.8
7
86
20
387
2 333
10
78
1
1 238
261
1.5
10
134
33
565
2 484
11
83
1
1 323
267
1.6
11
138
36
613
4.4
-4.3
4.9
5.9
6.0
3.2
6.5
4.9
3.6
4.6
3.0
6.5
12.8
6.0
8.5
7.7
5.3
7.2
3.8
4.6
6.2
5.3
6.5
5.7
6.7
5.9
6.9
2.0
7.5
3.9
3.0
8.3
8.5
2 789
828
1 144
3 528
2 234
9 173
5 249
1 029
2 154
3 496
11 532
3 415
1 221
1 545
5 225
3 256
7 554
1 241
2 432
4 916
13 575
1 059
266
403
1 259
743
2 931
3 335
327
691
1 223
7 130
1 398
378
543
1 870
1 083
3 535
4 800
394
781
1 720
8 393
2.5
-9.2
2.8
5.0
4.1
1.6
4.2
2.4
1.1
3.7
1.4
5.0
9.4
4.6
6.0
6.2
4.0
5.3
2.4
2.8
5.2
4.0
5.1
3.2
5.5
4.0
5.5
0.7
5.4
2.7
1.2
7.4
7.1
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
954
4
12
12
50
3
844
4
14
11
642
3
7
5
35
2
567
1
11
11
1 078
6
28
8
77
3
908
3
23
22
1 130
6
28
9
83
3
947
3
26
23
-2.8
-1.7
-4.2
-6.7
-1.2
-2.7
-2.9
-7.7
-1.5
0.3
5.2
7.6
13.9
6.4
7.6
4.1
4.7
7.9
8.8
7.4
4.8
4.7
0.1
7.0
7.5
5.7
4.3
7.4
14.7
8.3
9 133
4 166
4 406
3 519
8 747
1 762
11 788
1 423
4 762
2 010
11 538
5 347
8 857
4 949
11 899
2 159
14 665
1 832
8 316
3 026
4 037
1 625
1 547
1 433
3 792
488
5 308
340
2 937
553
5 077
2 092
3 079
2 015
5 140
598
6 604
435
5 184
832
-2.9
-0.3
-5.3
-5.3
-0.2
-3.8
-2.8
-9.1
-3.3
-1.4
5.0
8.0
12.5
7.2
6.6
3.3
4.9
5.5
7.6
6.2
4.4
4.7
-1.1
7.3
6.3
4.3
4.5
4.8
13.2
6.8
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
536
754
1 009
1 041
3.8
2.9
3.2
24 015
25 055
26 872
28 188
2.3
1.2
1.6
451
0.1
2
4
640
0.2
3
5
865
0.2
3
6
894
0.2
3
6
3.9
2.6
2.8
1.8
3.0
1.0
1.4
1.9
3.4
3.4
2.0
1.6
32 323
34 214
4 324
4 203
37 021
9 411
3 655
21 433
39 335
9 037
3 548
22 236
2.7
2.4
1.8
0.0
1.4
-0.3
0.7
0.7
1.9
2.8
1.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
4
70
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
5
94
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
7
119
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.0
8
120
2.7
1.2
1.7
-9.8
1.4
3.5
1.6
2.8
0.1
-1.0
3.5
2.1
3.0
5.0
1.0
4.0
3.4
1.1
2 304
2 102
3 144
3 249
25 304
24 381
1 167
2 677
2 355
2 599
27 266
27 530
1 131
3 000
2 425
3 104
30 553
27 257
1.2
0.5
0.9
-10.5
-0.8
2.2
-0.1
2.8
0.5
-1.0
1.9
0.9
1.4
4.9
1.2
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.1
3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.1
4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.2
6
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.2
7
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.5
1.7
3.6
3.6
0.8
2.4
4.8
2.0
1.6
4.9
2.3
5.4
1.4
0.4
3.9
1.8
8.9
1.4
10.7
4.7
1.0
4.3
12 910
1 866
3 838
2 075
4 220
12 151
2 364
3 877
2 650
4 313
3 530
3 993
7 267
798
2 419
915
2 616
2 289
1 878
7 810
1 008
2 419
1 067
2 667
2 521
2 178
-0.6
1.0
2.9
-2.0
2.1
4.3
-0.2
1.0
2.4
1.6
2.9
0.8
0.0
1.3
1.1
6.5
0.6
8.3
4.2
0.8
1.9
8 806
4 372
3 261
111
46
443
533
460
110
15
65
688
1 978
4 902
620
11 148
1 797
8 717
31 588
10 009
5 043
4 966
85
69
725
698
760
74
19
80
1 082
2 856
5 991
782
13 346
2 456
12 164
39 504
15 415
5 623
9 793
192
137
1 201
1 127
1 506
170
25
147
2 047
6 148
7 073
1 330
15 421
3 343
14 203
50 864
16 079
5 619
10 460
205
146
1 255
1 196
1 604
183
27
155
2 177
6 616
7 130
1 296
15 660
3 480
14 466
52 203
2.7
1.2
4.5
-1.2
4.6
4.6
2.4
5.5
-2.0
2.2
2.7
4.8
4.1
1.8
2.6
2.2
2.9
3.5
2.8
4.6
1.0
7.3
8.3
7.2
5.4
5.7
7.3
8.4
3.1
6.3
6.8
8.2
1.6
4.7
1.4
3.5
1.6
2.6
4.3
-0.1
6.8
7.1
6.3
4.5
6.1
6.5
7.2
4.4
5.7
6.3
7.6
0.8
-2.5
1.6
4.1
1.9
2.6
5 155
30 715
4 121
2 660
1 145
4 198
5 294
2 096
3 950
6 835
31 103
5 877
3 849
1 542
5 234
5 377
2 960
5 867
1 140
2 392
5 487
29 548
2 427
24 224
8 747
41 451
8 862
1 524
3 305
8 372
31 534
2 710
25 606
10 358
41 414
10 121
3 105
35 911
1 804
1 007
367
1 658
2 346
697
1 556
2 534
371
831
2 415
31 349
1 119
24 930
4 975
41 461
7 047
3 810
36 375
2 573
1 455
512
2 081
2 810
985
2 308
2 713
494
1 144
3 704
32 863
1 228
26 152
5 779
41 389
7 487
1.4
0.8
3.1
-3.0
2.3
2.9
0.4
3.5
-2.6
-0.1
0.6
3.0
3.3
1.2
0.2
2.1
1.2
2.4
1.4
3.5
0.7
6.2
6.6
5.7
4.0
4.0
5.7
7.3
1.0
4.9
5.3
7.6
1.2
2.1
1.1
2.2
0.7
1.4
3.3
-0.3
5.7
5.5
5.0
3.2
4.5
5.1
5.9
2.3
4.4
4.9
6.9
0.4
-1.4
1.4
2.9
1.0
1.5
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
221
G. Economy • Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013
G.1.2 Nominal GDP, GNI and GDI
Gross domestic product in current prices
Billion US dollars
Gross national
income
Gross domestic investment rate
US dollars per capita
% of GDP
% change per annum
Billion US
dollars
US dollars
per capita
1990
2005
2011
1990
2005
2011
2000
2007
2011
91-01
01-11
2011
2011
2011
3 875
404
15
77
3 104
3
2
270
7 906
2 284
13
178
4 572
12
3
845
14 491
7 204
12
243
5 870
36
9
1 116
2 851
347
728
13 270
25 388
8 824
690
6 293
5 181
1 732
547
25 776
36 005
25 186
999
17 963
9 174
5 264
503
34 285
46 107
66 685
3 111
22 906
27
35
31
42
35
49
-2.5
0.5
0.2
3.0
4.2
2.4
27
25
11
29
31
21
23
37
39
29
23
20
13
58
29
-0.6
-2.8
-10.1
-3.1
-3.1
-1.0
-2.0
3.1
8.8
0.1
-2.4
0.6
-1.0
43.2
-0.3
14 835
7 330
12
251
6 083
33
8
1 119
9 392
5 356
503
35 314
47 774
60 158
2 844
22 968
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
367
4
2
126
1
48
5
49
39
88
0
6
932
10
6
286
3
144
12
103
125
189
2
53
2 211
16
13
847
8
288
55
225
260
370
6
124
828
13 702
187
704
204
2 612
123
793
12 875
1 561
242
94
1 658
25 914
471
1 273
469
5 554
238
1 201
27 901
2 877
1 822
623
3 659
40 244
878
3 473
1 257
10 012
1 057
2 364
50 046
5 553
5 082
1 375
25
13
18
22
27
-0.6
2.9
0.5
17
33
31
24
19
22
22
25
11
33
-2.4
-0.9
3.8
30
12
18
33
22
33
30
24
13
21
25
34
23
15
17
22
26
4
43
-4.1
-2.8
-0.5
-2.2
-5.8
1.6
7.6
-1.5
5.3
-0.1
-1.7
1.0
-11.6
0.5
-1.6
0.6
13.9
1.9
-14.8
6.2
1.4
2.1
-20.0
-16.1
2 225
16
12
823
8
281
55
296
254
357
4
119
3 681
40 439
821
3 374
1 202
9 762
1 057
3 110
48 969
5 355
3 510
1 327
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
713
4
28
0
327
91
0
4
48
8
203
1 734
7
58
1
837
206
1
8
109
24
483
3 610
19
106
2
1 898
522
2
19
209
59
775
572
309
262
520
376
1 615
1 176
209
432
474
3 751
1 059
266
403
1 259
743
2 931
3 335
327
691
1 223
7 130
2 032
651
695
2 364
1 554
6 919
6 176
681
1 186
2 828
10 608
24
31
32
-1.1
1.8
2.0
48
24
33
37
38
31
54
29
23
27
21
54
36
40
58
33
13
30
24
6.3
-0.3
-1.6
-1.1
3.9
1.7
1.5
-1.8
-0.4
-3.2
3.8
-2.6
2.9
4.7
3.5
-0.8
-3.8
1.4
-15.1
-16.0
9.2
22.0
3 601
18
115
2
1 880
517
2
19
218
59
772
2 027
622
752
2 320
1 539
6 856
5 858
685
1 240
2 797
10 571
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
639
2
7
8
30
3
569
3
3
15
879
5
13
6
57
2
764
2
14
14
2 216
10
63
14
186
6
1 858
7
26
46
2 979
609
902
1 544
1 833
593
3 840
535
836
715
4 037
1 625
1 547
1 433
3 792
488
5 308
340
2 937
553
9 956
3 420
6 890
3 284
11 581
1 095
12 952
835
5 041
1 618
19
19
21
27
18
20
19
9
35
20
25
38
22
32
36
27
24
25
19
25
28
20
26
22
25
25
25
-4.1
-6.7
20.9
0.7
1.3
1.6
-4.9
0.0
-2.6
-2.9
1.4
3.5
-0.4
-1.7
-1.8
3.5
1.3
9.9
5.6
-15.1
10.0
18.7
-11.8
-7.5
9.8
4.9
2 128
10
60
14
163
6
1 798
9
23
46
9 564
3 538
6 477
3 178
10 149
1 061
12 534
1 104
4 564
1 620
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
381
895
1 716
14 249
26 872
46 442
23
28
27
0.3
2.8
4.4
1 659
44 904
324
0
1
3
760
0
3
5
1 515
0
4
7
18 975
3 330
1 855
16 037
37 021
9 411
3 655
21 433
66 642
13 481
4 393
26 572
23
29
28
0.9
1.5
4.8
18
15
15
17
19
17
0.1
-0.5
1.1
0.7
1.0
0.1
1 468
0
4
7
64 551
13 481
4 254
26 572
0
0
0
0
3
45
0
0
0
0
6
114
0
0
0
0
10
163
581
1 666
1 639
5 377
15 008
13 240
1 167
2 677
2 355
2 599
27 266
27 530
1 837
3 601
3 079
7 151
39 469
36 879
33
43
42
-2.1
2.1
-1.2
32
33
23
21
32
43
38
24
33
42
-0.3
-2.1
-0.9
2.9
0.2
2.1
0.6
-1.2
-1.4
-1.0
0
0
0
0
10
155
2 195
4 563
3 227
6 937
39 469
35 071
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
1
1
0
0
1
5 096
790
688
667
1 703
1 059
1 181
7 267
798
2 419
915
2 616
2 289
1 878
11 098
1 795
3 560
1 558
4 334
3 714
3 218
29
22
14
20
21
21
16
9
19
22
22
14
-1.0
-4.5
4.5
-3.1
21
38
-3.1
-1.6
-4.3
-1.8
3.9
0.7
4.4
-44.0
25.6
26
24
34
-1.2
6.5
0.0
0
11
1
1
0
0
1
9 792
1 638
3 375
1 373
4 424
5 539
3 041
6 750
3 473
2 501
72
44
367
405
419
70
11
63
598
1 442
3 872
507
8 010
1 123
6 341
23 042
12 346
5 445
6 900
129
97
930
908
1 045
115
22
109
1 456
4 154
6 626
1 010
14 706
2 795
13 705
45 484
24 244
7 549
16 695
400
230
2 205
1 858
2 313
358
37
237
3 475
11 294
9 238
1 905
19 152
5 792
16 737
69 735
1 816
24 331
795
733
227
829
1 393
369
1 055
1 840
287
443
945
19 803
799
13 662
2 524
22 462
4 190
3 105
35 911
1 804
1 007
367
1 658
2 346
697
1 556
2 534
371
831
2 415
31 349
1 119
24 930
4 975
41 461
7 047
5 745
48 867
4 106
2 834
805
3 656
4 367
1 420
4 526
3 830
754
1 826
6 322
42 577
1 805
31 982
9 621
47 884
10 002
26
25
28
21
30
24
33
31
33
21
38
24
-1.8
-2.8
-1.6
0.0
2.5
-2.0
2.5
5.2
3.5
2.1
2.8
-13.6
25
23
23
21
20
24
25
36
31
23
28
27
33
22
18
-0.6
-1.6
-0.1
-1.3
-0.6
2.9
1.6
3.1
1.4
4.5
0.5
3.3
-1.8
-16.1
-2.4
23
30
26
18
23
21
21
23
33
34
25
21
25
22
20
24
32
41
22
22
21
22
16
24
-0.5
-1.7
-2.5
0.3
0.9
-2.5
1.4
-1.8
3.0
1.7
-0.1
2.8
3.5
2.8
-1.9
2.5
-1.2
3.7
1.6
-1.9
1.1
2.8
1.1
3.2
24 449
7 705
16 743
371
235
2 221
1 832
2 312
331
36
246
3 504
11 303
9 396
1 809
19 173
5 624
16 928
69 826
5 793
49 881
4 118
2 630
822
3 682
4 306
1 420
4 179
3 698
783
1 841
6 327
43 305
1 713
32 016
9 343
48 432
10 015
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
222
23
17
26
21
19
Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2013 • G. Economy
G.1.3 Economic sectors
Value added by sector
Agriculture
Industry
Average annual growth rate of value added
Services
Agriculture
Industry
% of value added
Services
% change per annum
1990
2000
2011
1990
2000
2011
1990
2000
2011
East and North-East Asia
China
DPR Korea
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Macao, China
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
5
27
33
0
2
5
15
45
0
2
5
10
31
0
1
59
43
19
3
36
47
69
7
27
12
35
40
60
39
31
5
35
46
55
13
31
15
25
39
57
32
14
9
38
41
67
23
38
24
35
40
77
60
76
51
51
87
67
85
44
57
South-East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
15
1
50
18
45
15
57
19
0
10
23
39
12
1
38
16
43
8
57
14
0
9
21
25
12
1
37
15
28
12
38
13
0
12
5
22
37
62
12
39
12
38
11
38
32
37
42
23
40
64
23
46
19
45
10
34
35
37
35
37
39
72
24
47
28
41
24
32
27
38
82
40
48
37
38
43
43
47
32
43
68
53
35
39
South and South-West Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
23
36
31
39
30
18
8
48
25
26
13
19
57
26
27
23
13
5
38
26
18
11
15
31
18
18
17
9
3
37
22
12
9
31
24
21
28
28
28
9
12
25
29
39
28
23
25
36
26
36
12
17
23
30
30
28
24
29
44
26
41
16
15
25
30
27
North and Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
19
17
30
31
33
34
18
26
32
33
8
25
17
22
9
37
7
27
23
35
5
22
6
9
5
20
4
22
12
20
48
54
33
36
33
38
50
42
30
36
39
38
45
22
40
31
39
38
42
23
4
5
3
30
3
11
19
4
4
10
16
4
3
5
13
2
91-01 01-11
2011
93
72
88
46
58
3
11
-1
-4
-2
2
12
50
-2
-3
9
18
3
-5
-3
55
5
19
2
48
35
39
38
38
46
33
52
65
55
45
39
48
28
40
38
43
47
37
56
73
50
13
38
17
6
22
19
34
4
34
7
-4
6
6
14
46
41
47
33
42
54
83
39
49
45
48
53
20
49
37
50
50
83
45
51
53
59
57
46
53
38
56
49
81
48
53
58
64
38
32
66
23
40
28
37
28
54
33
32
29
37
32
34
28
32
31
38
30
53
37
38
56
51
32
54
34
35
42
26
28
66
31
8
20
17
26
8
19
16
28
9
20
14
91-01 01-11
2011
91-01 01-11
2011
5
16
59
-1
-2
16
27
7
5
18
-1
7
-4
116
22
7
6
19
4
16
3
17
54
8
3
18
-5
1
-2
-1
43
10
8
2
5
42
12
4
0
17
22
7
8
-2
28
30
5
16
1
13
16
11
14
24
9
-2
11
12
17
18
3
13
11
12
27
15
12
1
12
37
37
22
5
34
21
40
11
35
10
6
7
2
26
17
9
13
16
20
8
40
9
6
8
46
19
18
31
12
16
15
9
3
5
0
0
36
25
19
4
24
18
32
10
35
13
7
8
11
21
17
4
13
16
17
9
31
10
8
7
13
18
19
4
8
17
24
9
8
9
7
7
26
26
24
101
6
11
10
26
11
11
13
11
72
20
11
9
10
11
20
5
12
15
14
17
22
23
12
18
11
22
5
20
24
10
12
32
102
11
18
13
33
16
16
13
16
70
26
16
13
15
15
26
14
10
16
17
17
24
29
14
11
9
25
16
13
19
19
22
28
95
9
16
15
30
13
14
14
17
80
23
27
13
14
16
23
12
12
16
19
18
27
12
14
11
16
28
12
11
22
17
16
57
46
28
68
54
52
59
51
34
47
147
163
133
250
137
95
122
159
293
203
21
10
13
3
17
7
14
25
15
25
33
30
16
29
43
28
27
20
24
33
143
151
161
238
165
90
133
162
317
189
25
11
30
14
24
13
19
23
27
37
21
-3
23
23
19
21
24
20
24
21
160
170
152
280
175
99
150
177
300
216
25
15
22
15
24
19
20
33
24
33
25
13
11
12
25
20
16
22
24
34
69
69
6
2
3
4
7
4
5
6
5
66
80
61
79
70
81
65
80
69
86
67
83
9
4
3
2
2
-1
5
0
-3
4
25
3
5
8
7
2
8
5
5
1
6
6
4
3
6
8
7
3
7
5
6
3
5
3
13
3
Pacific
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (F.S.)
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
28
14
25
8
2
7
22
10
25
7
2
8
26
13
27
5
2
6
14
13
7
4
25
29
12
19
9
8
26
25
9
13
6
42
28
25
58
73
68
88
73
65
66
71
66
85
72
66
66
75
67
53
71
69
4
0
3
-5
7
7
6
7
4
3
2
1
14
-9
10
-16
10
1
7
8
5
0
3
4
1
1
0
29
9
5
15
8
-13
17
0
4
8
3
3
-5
5
6
4
6
3
2
6
5
14
11
9
-8
8
4
26
30
21
46
35
26
24
4
35
17
35
22
17
25
3
31
10
29
19
22
22
15
31
29
8
14
15
10
15
41
27
13
21
13
12
21
44
27
10
22
9
11
59
39
51
47
52
60
66
81
24
57
53
57
70
62
76
25
63
61
59
68
68
-15
14
8
7
-2
4
6
4
10
2
16
7
6
5
8
12
7
20
14
3
5
6
12
12
14
10
6
4
9
12
6
12
9
0
7
10
11
2
21
21
4
5
7
6
14
17
6
9
4
6
11
8
13
8
4
7
7
21
5
16
5
1
5
Asia and the Pacific
Developed countries
Developing countries
LLDC
LDC
ASEAN
ECO
SAARC
Central Asia
Pacific island dev. econ.
Low income econ.
Lower middle income econ.
Upper middle income econ.
High income econ.
Africa
Europe
Latin America and Carib.
North America
World
11
2
19
32
37
15
19
30
32
13
35
26
20
3
17
4
9
2
6
7
2
13
22
33
12
14
24
18
14
34
21
12
2
14
2
5
1
4
7
1
10
13
25
12
11
18
10
13
26
17
9
2
16
2
5
1
4
38
37
39
33
19
37
34
27
35
22
33
31
43
37
36
33
37
28
33
34
31
38
35
23
40
31
26
37
25
28
31
41
31
37
28
32
24
29
35
27
39
42
27
39
33
26
44
27
30
31
43
28
36
26
33
21
29
51
61
42
35
44
48
47
44
34
65
42
43
37
60
47
62
54
70
61
59
68
50
43
45
48
55
50
45
61
44
47
47
67
49
69
62
75
67
58
71
51
46
48
49
56
56
47
61
49
52
48
70
48
72
61
78
67
16
-2
17
37
25
17
26
10
164
5
21
17
25
2
17
19
14
0
16
16
-3
17
15
14
16
20
12
23
3
16
16
20
1
12
23
10
5
16
19
-3
19
23
13
18
22
13
34
8
14
19
22
6
4
52
10
3
18
14
-2
20
47
30
22
33
13
163
3
26
22
32
3
16
16
17
4
15
17
-2
18
26
19
17
26
15
30
7
19
17
25
5
17
23
13
3
17
19
-4
19
18
11
18
25
12
19
1
8
18
24
4
13
61
18
5
19
13
2
18
38
24
19
30
15
181
4
21
19
29
6
16
14
19
6
13
15
0
17
23
17
17
23
16
29
5
17
17
23
4
13
19
10
4
15
20
-2
21
28
14
19
28
16
31
6
9
19
27
2
6
43
9
4
19
223