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ABBREVIATIONS 3PL ACIS AEI APROC ASYCUDA BOT CDC CFS Distripark ECR ECT EDB EDI ELC EPZ ESCAP FAZ FTZ GDP HIDC ICD IT JDB JIT MNCs NFIA PSA QR R&D PTP RMPM SBFC SCM SEZ SSA TDB Third-party logistics Advanced Cargo Information System Automatic Equipment Identification Asia Pacific Regional Operation Centre Automated System for Customs Data build-operate-transfer central distribution centre container freight station distribution park efficient consumer response Europe Combined Terminal Economic Development Board (Singapore) electronic data interchange European Logistics Centre export processing zone Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific foreign access zone free trade zone gross domestic product Holland International Distribution Council inland container depot information technology Japan Development Bank just-In-time multinational corporations/companies Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency Port of Singapore Authority quick-response research and development Port of Tanjung Pelepas Rotterdam Municipal Port Management Small Business Finance Corporation (Japan) supply chain management special economic zone Stevedoring Services of America Trade Development Board (Singapore) vii TEU tpd UNCTAD UN/EDIFACT UPS VA VAL VMI WTO viii twenty-foot equivalent unit tonnes per day United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport United Parcel Service value-added value-added logistics vender-managed inventory system World Trade Organization