Download Top Weed Concerns of 2008 and Emerging Weed Issues in 2009

Top Weed Concerns of 2008 and
Emerging Weed Issues in 2009
Bruce Murray
Weed Specialist
MAFRI
Carman MB
Growing Conditions 2008
Growing Conditions 2008
Outstanding Weed Issues in 2008
• It Depends
– Where
– When
• Lack of pre-seed season meant heavier weed
populations to deal with in-crop and a slower
growing, less competitive crop early in the season.
• There were no real dominant weed issues.
• Product shortages
– Edge
– Group 1 graminicides
– Reglone
• Bromes continue to appear
– Get to know them
Weeds/Issues in 2009???
• Northern Interlake
– Wet weeds
•
•
•
•
Curl Dock
Thistles
Dandelion
Ditch weeds
– Heavy weed pressures
• All weeds
• Volunteer crops
– Poor forage stands (flooding)
• Opportunity for heavy weed pressures
Weeds/Issues in 2009???
• Southwest
– Drought weeds
•
•
•
•
Kochia
Russian thistle
Foxtail barley
Green foxtail
– Heavy weed pressures
• Lack of crop competition
• All weeds present
– Poor forage stands (drought)
• Opportunity for heavy weed pressures
Weeds/Issues in 2009???
• The rest of the Province
– Pretty average conditions except for pre-seed
season
•
•
•
•
Canada thistle was high???
Dandelion was high???
Crops were sprayed (in crop, less pre-seed activity)
Pretty good pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions
•
•
•
•
•
Dandelion
Foxtail
Night flowering catchfly
Cleavers
Bromes
– Need to increase post-harvest scouting
– Volunteer canola populations will be heavy
• Heavy shattering (in the swath and standing crop in
August)
• Overwintering issues this year???
Weed Species To Keep An Eye On ?
Nightshades
Nightshades
• Belong to family Solanacea (more than
3000 species)
• Make up the Solanum genus
– The genus Solanum is of worldwide
economic importance, including major crop
species such as the potato (Solanum
tuberosum), the tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum
melongena).
Nightshades
• There are a number of weedy
nightshade species
– There is a great deal of confusion with
regards to their identity and naming.
• A number of nightshade species are called black
nightshade or wild tomato or wild potato
– In Manitoba there is one species that has
been with us a long time.
• Cutleaf nightshade/wild tomato
Cutleaf nightshade
• Wild tomato (Solanum triflorum)
– Widely distributed throughout North America
– Found throughout Manitoba
• Mainly in the southwest area of the province
• Not a major weed
New Nightshades
• Why
– Increasing production of dry bean, soybean and potato
– Increasing acreage of minimum tillage
• We have been getting a jump in calls on eastern black
and hairy nightshades
Hairy Nightshade
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Solanum sarrachoides
Annual
Plant growth begins in early summer
12 to 24 inches tall
Foliage is spreading, hairy, and may feel sticky
Flowers have 5 white petals with yellow centers
Develops into a green fruit/berry containing very
small seeds
• Each berry is enclosed by a green calyx
• The calyx cups the lower half of the fruit
• It is found in waste places and cultivated fields
– Soybean, dry beans and potato in Manitoba mainly
• Contains toxic alkaloids, especially in the berries
Hairy Nightshade
Hairy Nightshade
Hairy Nightshade
Hairy Nightshade
Eastern Black Nightshade
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Solanum ptychanthum ???
Annual
Plant growth begins in early summer
12 to 24 inches tall
Foliage is spreading and smooth
Flowers have 5 white petals with yellow centers
Develops into a black fruit/berry containing small
seeds
• Each berry is enclosed by a green calyx
• The calyx does not cup the lower half of the fruit
• It is found in waste places and cultivated fields
– Soybean, dry beans and potato in Manitoba mainly
• Contains toxic alkaloids, especially in the berries
Eastern Black Nightshade
Eastern Black Nightshade
Eastern Black Nightshade
Which is Which
Products Registered for Nightshade Control in Western Canada
Product
American
Nightshade
Cutleaf
Nightshade
Hairy
Nightshade
Eastern Black
Nightshade
S
S
S
S
Basagran
Battalion
Bromoxynil
Bromox + 2,4-D
Bromox + MCPA
Dual II Magnum
Eclipse II
Edge
Eptam 8=E
Eradicane
Glyphosate
Liberty 200 SN
Option
Primextra II Magnum
Pursuit
Reflex + Basagran
Shotgun
Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota
Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
PRODUCT
Eastern Black
Nightshade
Hairy
Nightshade
G-E
G-E
EPTC
F
F
METRIBUZIN
P
P
PURSUIT
E
E
EDGE (Ethalfluralin)
P
P
AUTHORITY (Spartan)
E
F-G
CARFENTRAZONE
(CLEANSTART constituent)
G
G
BASAGRAN
N
F-G
SOLO (Beyond, Raptor)
E
E
Bromoxynil containing products
(Buctril, Thumper, Pardner)
E
E
LONTREL
E
E
DICAMBA
E
E
ATRAZINE
Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota
Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
PRODUCT
Eastern Black
Nightshade
Hairy
Nightshade
EVEREST
E
-
GLYPHOSATE
P-G
P-G
LIBERTY
G-E
G-E
MCPA
P-F
P-F
E
E
G-E
G-E
G
P
ATTAIN (Starane+2,4-D)
F-G
F-G
TROPHY (Starane +MCPA)
F
F
PINNACLE
N
N
REFINE SG/EXTRA
F-G
F-G
EXPRESS
F-G
-
EXPRESS PACK
F-G
F-G
2,4-D
P-F
P-F
OPTION
PARAQUAT
REFLEX (MUCH HIGHER RATE)
Lance-leaf Sage
•
•
•
•
•
•
(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)
Salvia reflexa (mint family).
Native annual.
Plant growth begins in early spring
4 to 28 inches tall.
Cotyledons are very unique (Trapazoid)
Stems are square, erect, spreading and smooth to
hairy in appearance.
• Leaves are opposite, lance shaped, up to 2 inches long
and ½ an inch wide, with toothed to entire margins.
• Foliage is spreading, leaves are smooth on top, and
smooth to hairy on bottom
• When crushed the leaves have a very strong mint
aroma
Lance-leaf Sage
(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)
• Flowers mostly opposite
–
–
–
–
–
–
1 per axil
calyx bell-shaped
1/4 to 1/3 inch long
dark to pale blue or whitish
lower lip turned downward (looks like a snap dragon flower)
Develops into a black fruit/berry containing small seeds
• Seed is egg-shaped, about 1/10 inch long, smooth, tan,
mottled with dark brown
• It is found in waste places and cultivated fields
• Contains high nitrates and can be poisonous to
livestock
Lance-leaf Sage
(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)
Lance-leaf Sage
(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)
Lance-leaf Sage
(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)
Lance-leaf Sage
(mint weed, rocky mountain sage, blue sage)
Products Ratings for Lance-leaf Sage Control in North Dakota
Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
PRODUCT
Lance-leaf Sage
Control Rating
ATRAZINE (post)
E
EPTC (Pre)
E
METRIBUZIN (Pre)
P-F
PURSUIT (Post)
E
EDGE (ethalfluralin)
E
TRIFLURALIN
E
BASAGRAN
P
SOLO (Beyond, Raptor)
E
Bromoxynil containing products
(Buctril, Thumper, Pardner)
E
LONTREL
F
CURTAIL M
F-G
DICAMBA
P-F
Products Ratings for Nightshade Control in North Dakota
Applications rates and formulations may vary from Canadian product labels
PRODUCT
Lance-leaf Sage
Control Rating
EVEREST
No
GLYPHOSATE
E
LIBERTY
E
MCPA
G-E
PARAQUAT
E
REFLEX (MUCH HIGHER RATE)
E
ATTAIN (Starane+2,4-D)
P-F
TROPHY (Starane +MCPA)
G-E
PINNACLE
No
REFINE SG/EXTRA
G-E
EXPRESS
No
EXPRESS PACK
F-G
2,4-D
P-F