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Download Analisi della diversità filogeneeca naeva e aliena
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CentriTema1ci&PianodelleA@vità2016/2017 Roma,15-16-17/02/2016|CNR-AulaBisogno Analisidelladiversitàfilogene1cana1va ealiena,ecologiadellecomunitàe invasibilitàdiunsito. InterazioneCTMediterraneo–CTbiomolecolare PaoloColangelo Misurarelabiodiversità • Labiodiversitàègeneralmentemisurata u1lizzandolarichness(n°dispecie)elaevenness (indicidiSimpsoneShannon-Wiener),cioèla ricchezzatassonomicainunadeterminataarea. – alphadiversityisameasureofdiversityatasite – gammadiversityisameasureofdiversityregionally – betadiversityisameasureofthediversitybetween twosites • WhiYaker(1972):"Ifdiversityisrecognisedasan evolu1onaryproduct,itmaycausenosurprise thatnosinglemeasurementservesallpurposes” LespeciesonotuYeuguali? LespeciesonotuYeuguali? Misurarelabiodiversità • Intermsofanalysesincommunityecology,the incorpora1onofphylogene1cinforma1onhasa rela1velylonghistory. • Darwin(1859)firsthypothesizedthat compe11onshouldbestrongestbetweenclose rela1ves(e.g.congeners),leadingsubsequent researcherstoexplorera1osofspecies-to-genus numbers(orgenus-to-family,etc.)aspoten1ally indica1veoftheroleofcompe11onin structuringecologicalcommuni1es. Phylogene1cdiversity • IntrodoYadaDanielP.Faith(1992).Conserva1on evalua1onandphylogene1cdiversity.Biological Conserva/on • Phylogene1cdiversity(PD)isabiodiversityindex thatmeasuresthelengthofevolu1onary pathwaysthatconnectagivensetoftaxa • PDthereforeiden1fiessetsoftaxathatmaximize theaccumula1onof‘featurediversity’. • Recentstudies,concludedthat(atthespeciesgenustaxonomicrank)taxonrichnessisagood surrogateforPD CalcolarelaPD PD&Conserva1onBiology Iden1ficareareechepermeYanodimantenereun maggiorepotenzialeevolu1vosucuiindirizzarei maggiorisforzidiconservazione. PD&CommunityEcology EarlyPDmeasureswereproposedasatooltoselect conserva1onareas,butlatertheideawasextended tounderstandhowcommuni1esareassembled fromaregionalpool. PD&CommunityEcology – Phylogene1cdiversity(PD)isabiodiversity measurethataccountsforthephylogene1c rela1onship(henceevolu1onaryhistory)among species,whereasfunc1onaldiversity(FD) representshowspeciesaredistributedina mul1dimensionalnichespacedefinedby ecologicaltraits. – closelyrelatedspeciesshouldbeecologically moresimilarthandistantrelatedspeciesand, thus,PDshouldbeagoodsurrogateforFD. PD&CommunityEcology • Phylogene1cclusteringasaproxyforabio1c assembly,thatishabitatfiltering • Phylogene1coverdispersionasaproxyfor bio1cassembly,notablycompe11on PDespeciealiene • Doesphylogene1c clusteringoflocal communi1esincreaseor decreaseinvasibility? • Successfulestablishment ofaliensmaybemore likelyforalienswithno closerela1vesinthe recipientna1ve community,duetolackof compe11veexclusion (‘Darwin’snaturaliza1on hypothesis’) Communitytypescomposedofspeciesfrom phylogene1callydis1nctlineages(i.e.,phylogene1cally richoroverdispersedcommuni1es)arelessrecep1veto alienestablishment.Incontrast,communitytypes consis1ngofcloselyrelatedspecies(i.e.,phylogene1cally poororunderdispersed)aremorerecep1vetoaliens. • Phylogene1cclusteringandoverdispersionofna1veandnon-na1vefishes ofalargeriverbasinintheAmericanSouthwestwerequan1fiedtotest forthemechanisms(environmentalfilteringversuscompe11veexclusion) andspa1alscalesinfluencingcommunitystructure. • Contrarytoexpecta1ons,non-na1vespecieswerephylogene1cally clusteredandrelatedtonaturalenvironmentalcondi1ons. • Thespeciesthataremostinvasive(intermsofecologicalimpacts)tended tobethemostphylogene1callydivergentfromna1vesacrosswatersheds, butnotwithinwatersheds,suppor1ngthehypothesisthatDarwin’s naturaliza1onconundrumisdrivenbythespa1alscale. – Phylogene1cdis1nc1venessmayfacilitatenon-na1veestablishmentat regionalscales – Environmentalfilteringrestrictslocalmembershiptocloselyrelatedspecies withphysiologicaltolerancesforcurrentenvironments. ApplicazioneperLifewatch • Ambi1diapplicazionepericasistudioLW – Hotspotbiodiversità – Speciealiene • Alienspeciesarephylogene1callyclusteredor phylogene1callyoverdispersed – Indiversigruppitassonomici – Indiversiambien1? – Indiversiambien1xgruppitassonomici? • Alienlineagesarephylogene1callycloseornotto na1velineages? – StruYuradicomunità PDinpra1ca • Cosaserve: – Gruppitassonomiciperlespeciena1ve • Selezionaregruppitassonomiciconunbuoncoverage indifferen1habitatperIqualièdisponibileunbuon numerodisequenzeingenebank – Filogenesi • Singlemarker(COX1,CYT-B) • Supertree • Supermatrix • Total-evidence(4-5marcatori+morfologia?) Outcomes • Sta1s1calWorkflow • Tools(peranalisifilogene1caeassessment dellaPD) • Mappe(diversitàfilogene1caperareaXgruppo tassonomicodiinteresse) • Papers Mappe Counts 46 27 25 24 22 20 19 17 16 14 12 11 9 8 6 4 3 1 mammals$Y 44 42 40 38 36 8 10 12 14 mammals$X 16 18 Diversità Filogene5ca? Sta1s1calworkflows R-ShinyApps UsareRperprodurresingoleapplicazioniShinyche possonoessereusatepercomporreunworkflow Data Extrac1on Sequence gathering Phylogene1c analysis Sta1s1cal models Diversity indexes Sequence gathering Phylogene1c analysis Diversity index Sta1s1cal Models Data Extrac1on CTMediterraneo Sampling design Selezionesi1 egruppi tassonomici Sequence retrieval Analisi filogene1ca CTBiomolecolare Analisi sta1s1ca
