Download Polymers and Biopolymers

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Loose Ends
Reactions
Polymers
Principles of Chemistry II
© Vanden Bout
Names for isolated “groups”
-OH
Hydroxyl
-NH2
Amino
O
-C-
Carbonyl
O
-C-O
Carboxyl
Principles of Chemistry II
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Vitamin D4
Principles of Chemistry II
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Our friend the benzene ring
Principles of Chemistry II
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Another important Functional Group
Phenol
Principles of Chemistry II
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Nomenclature
Number carbons clockwise with
#1 starting at the functional group
3 methyl phenol
Principles of Chemistry II
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The chemistry of phenols is
A.
essentially the same as that of primary alcohols
B.
essentially the same as that of secondary alcohols
C.
essentially the same as that of tertiary alcohols
D. differs substantially from alcohols
Principles of Chemistry II
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Amine
Primary
Secondary
R-NH2
R,R’-NH
NH2
1-methyl ethyl
amine
Principles of Chemistry II
Tertiary
R,R’,R’’-N
NH
N
methyl
ethyl
amine
dimethyl
ethyl
amine
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Primary
Alcohol
RCH2OH
OH
1 propanol
Principles of Chemistry II
Secondary
Tertiary
RCHOH
RCOH
OH
2 propanol
HO
2-methyl
2-butanol
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2 butanol is a
A.
primary alcohol
B.
secondary alcohol
C.
tertiary alcohol
Principles of Chemistry II
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Important Reaction for Biochemistry
Formation of an Amide
They don't call them functional groups for nothing
Carboxylic Acid
Primary Amine
O
R
C
OH
Principles of Chemistry II
H
N
R'
H
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Carboxylic Acid
Primary Amine
O
R
C
OH
H
N
R'
H
O
H
C N
R
R' + H2O
Amide + Water
CONDENSATION REACTION
Principles of Chemistry II
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Amino Acid
O
H2N
C
C
OH
R
Carboxylic End and Amine End
Can react with itself
(or similar molecules) in a chain
Principles of Chemistry II
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Polypeptide
Two distinct ends
N-terminus is an amine
C-terminus is a carboxylic acid
Principles of Chemistry II
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Such a compound is called a polymer
monomer
polymer
really really big molecule
macromolecule
polyethylene = plastic shopping bag
Addition Reaction
(combined no other molecule “lost”)
Principles of Chemistry II
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Another addition polymerization
Polystyrene
“styrofoam”
Principles of Chemistry II
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Biopolymer (polymer that is biologically relevant)
monomer = amino acid
Condensation Polymerization
Principles of Chemistry II
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Polypeptides have unique structures that give them function
(proteins)
binding site
might be an enzyme
(catalyst)
Principles of Chemistry II
© Vanden Bout
primary structure = sequence
secondary structure = folds
tertiary structure = 3-D arrangment
quaternary structure = interactions with
other proteins
Principles of Chemistry II
© Vanden Bout
Triglycerides
(same condensation reaction)
Fatty Acid
(carboxylic acid with long chain)
Gylcerol
HO
OH
C12H25COOH
OH
O
C12H25CO
O
OCC12H25
O
OCC12H25
Makes Trigylceride
Principles of Chemistry II
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The three fatty acids can
all be the same or different
High levels of triglycerides is linked to
build up of plaque in the arteries
= heart disease
saturated fats
unsaturated fats
all sp3 carbon
(no double bonds)
strong intermolecular forces
solid
(lard, crisco, ....)
some sp2 carbon
(some double bonds)
weaker intermolecular forces
liquid
(canola oil, olive oil, ....)
Principles of Chemistry II
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Condensation reaction for two alcohols
Alcohol
R
Alcohol
OH
R
O
HO
R'
R' + H2O
Ether + Water
Principles of Chemistry II
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Sugars
Glucose
(key factor for sugars lots of hydroxyls)
They can react to form chains of sugars
polysaccharide
Principles of Chemistry II
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Celluose
Very long ether chain
(pretty much all plant material)
Principles of Chemistry II
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Polysaccharide (Starch)
Sugars, Carbohydrates
monosaccharides (one)
disaccharides (two)
polysaccharides (many)
Principles of Chemistry II
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α Glucose
Principles of Chemistry II
β Glucose
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β 1,4 linkage polysaccharide
Cellulose
α 1,4 linkage polysaccharide
Starch/Carbohydrate
Principles of Chemistry II
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Condensation Reactions
(two molecules make one + water)
Carboxylic Acid + Amine = Amide + water
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol = Ester + water
Alcohol + Alcohol = Ether + water
Principles of Chemistry II
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Structurally what is different between RNA and DNA
A.
the phosphate
B.
the sugar
C.
the base
Principles of Chemistry II
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Structurally what is different between RNA and DNA
A.
the phosphate
B.
the sugar
C.
the base
Principles of Chemistry II
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Other important biopolymers
(RNA and DNA)
Three pieces
Base, Sugar, Phosphate
RNA sugar
DNA sugar
Principles of Chemistry II
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Base units (4 DNA base units)
guanidine
Principles of Chemistry II
pyrimidine
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Put it all together and you get a polymer
opposite of this reaction is hydrolysis
Principles of Chemistry II
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what about tertiary structure?
double helix due to hydrogenbonds
Principles of Chemistry II
© Vanden Bout