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30‐Aug‐2015 RECALL: CELL THEORY 1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION A REVI EW COMMON CELL STRUCTURES CELL CLASSIFICATION Animal, Plant, Bacteria….: Types of Cells Cell membrane Genetic Material Cytoplasm Bacteria WHY DIFFERENT? Prokaryotic Eukaryotic (ex. animal) Cyanobacteria Plant Cells Animal Cells CELL SIZE • Most cells are relatively small because as size increases, volume increases much more rapidly. – longer diffusion time 1 30‐Aug‐2015 COMPLETE THE MIX & MATCH Structure/ Description Organelle Function o nucleus ο You should be familiar with… • Plasma / Cell Membrane • Cell Wall • Cytoplasm • Nucleus • Nucleoplasm & Nucleolus • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • • • • • • • REVIEW • Use the following slides to refresh your memory regarding organelles Golgi Bodies / Complex Ribosomes Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles Vesicle CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE Structure / Location •Plant – inside cell wall • Animal – outer layer • Double layer • Selectively permeable Function • • • • Support Protection Controls movement of materials Homeostasis Plant or Animal Structure / Location •Clear, All Cells jelly-like •Thick •Contains organelles & cytoskeleton fibers Function • Support & protect organelles Plant or Animal All Cells 2 30‐Aug‐2015 NUCLEUS NUCLEUS Structure / Location Large, oval Inside nuclear membrane/envelope • Nuclear lamina (network of filaments) provide structure • May have ≥ 1 nucleoli (nucleolus) • Function Controls cell activities Contains genetic information (DNA) • • • Plant or Animal All Cells (except prokaryotes) NUCLEOPLASM & NUCLEOLUS Structure / Location Inside nuclear membrane • •Viscous CELL WALL Found in plants, as well as some bacteria, protists, and fungi Function Dissolve nucleotides & enzymes • liquid Make ribosomes • Plant or Animal All cells (except prokaryotes) Non-membrane bound inside nucleus • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CELL WALL Structure / Location Function Plant or Animal Structure / Location Network of tubes or membranes •Smooth – no ribosomes •Rough – embedded with ribosomes •Connects to nucleus & membrane Function Plant or Animal • •Outer Layer • Rigid & strong •Made of cellulose •Perforated - many pores • • • Support Protection Allows cell to diffusion of H2O, CO2, O2 Plants, Fungi & bacteria • • Transport molecules through All Cells cell (except Help in protein prokaryotes) synthesis 3 30‐Aug‐2015 GOLGI BODIES / COMPLEX RIBOSOMES Structure / Location Free bodies or attached to ER •Made of rRNA & protein • Function • Make proteins Plant or Animal Structure / Location Stacks of flattened membrane sacs • All Cells • • Function Plant or Animal Package & transport proteins All Cells (except prokaryotes) Modify proteins MITOCHONDRIA Structure / Location Peanut shapped Double membrane • Smooth outer membrane • Folded inner membrane (cristae) •Have own DNA Function Plant or Animal Release energy from glucose All Cells (except prokaryotes) • • Green oval • Contain chlorophyll • Double membrane • Filled with stroma (gel) Function Plant or Animal – Plants & Algae – • • Use energy from sun to make glucose (photosynthesis) – • Release oxygen • Site of aerobic respiration ORGANELLES MADE OF JUST A MEMBRANE CHLOROPLAST Structure / Location • Vesicles – transport materials out of the cell or transports and stores materials inside the cell Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes Vacuoles - contain water and other materials; used for storage plant cells have usually 1 large vacuole animal cells have several small vacuoles 4 30‐Aug‐2015 Cytoplasm CYTOSKELETON Endoplasmic reticulum Phagocytosis Food vesicle Golgi apparatus – Actin filaments – Microtubules Lysosomes Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid Digestion of phagocytized food particles or cells Transport vesicle Old or damaged organelle Breakdown of old organelle – cell movement Microtubules Intermediate filaments Hollow tubes Facilitate cell movement Centrioles – barrel shaped organelles occur in pairs – help assemble animal cell’s microtubules Actin Intermediate filaments Stable - don’t break down CYTOSKELETON Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles 5
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