Download A&P Biol&241 04

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Barbara Heard,
Atlantic Cape Community
Ninth Edition
College
Human Anatomy & Physiology
CHAPTER
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
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Four Types of Tissue
1.  Epithelial tissue
2.  Connective tissue
3.  Muscle tissue
4.  Neural tissue
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Epithelial Charact.
Apical
surface
-cell junctions
-Polarity
-Attachment
-Avascularity
Basal
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Epithelial Tissue
•  Functions
1.  Physical Protection
2.  Control Permeability
3.  Sensation
4.  Secretions
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Epithelial Tissue
•  Epithelial cells can serve as barriers, so they
need to be connected well.
•  How does this happen?
•  Anchor to base
•  Cell junctions
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Epithelial Tissue
•  Anchor to base:
•  Basement Membrane (2 parts)
•  Clear layer (lamina lucida)
•  close to epithelium
•  glycoproteins
•  Dense layer (lamina densa)
•  collagen
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Also cell-to-cell attachment:
Tight junction
Between two plasma membranes
Containment of water/solutes
-forms Lumen
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Ion movement
Channel proteins connect two sides
Fast mvt.
Gap
junctions
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Spot Desmosomes
-Tie cells together
-Allow bending and twisting
Hemidesmosomes
-Attach cells to the basal lamina
Spot
desmosome
Hemidesmosomes
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Epithelial Tissue
•  Epithelials are ‘used’ a lot!
•  Need Maintenance and Repair
•  replaced by division of germinative cells (stem
cells)
•  Near basement membrane
•  There are several classes of Epithelial cells:
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
Friction reduction
Absorption
Secretion
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Connective tissue
LM × 238
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Keratin for strength
water resistance
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Squamous
superficial cells
Stem cells
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
LM × 310
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Secretion
absorption
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Connective
tissue
Nucleus
Cuboidal
cells
Basement
membrane
LM × 650
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Sweat ducts
mammary ducts
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Lumen
of duct
Stratified
cuboidal
cells
Basement
membrane
Nuclei
Connective
tissue
LM × 500
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Transitional Epithelium
stretching
recoiling
Epithelium
(relaxed)
Basement membrane
Empty bladder
Connective tissue and
smooth muscle layers
LM × 400
Epithelium
(stretched)
Full bladder
Basement membrane
Connective tissue and
smooth muscle layers
LM × 400
LM × 400
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Absorption
secretion
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Microvilli
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Basement
membrane
Loose
connective tissue
LM × 350
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Protection
Movement
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Cilia
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
Basement
membrane
Loose
connective tissue
LM × 350
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Lining of ducts
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Lumen
Loose
connective tissue
Deeper basal
cells
Superficial
columnar cells
Lumen
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
Basement
membrane
LM × 175
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Classification of Epithelia
•  Epithelia can make up glands:
•  Endocrine glands
•  Release hormones
•  Into interstitial fluid
•  No ducts
•  Exocrine glands
•  Produce secretions
•  Onto epithelial surfaces
•  Through ducts
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Classification of Epithelia
•  Epithelia can secrete contents in three ways:
1.  Merocrine secretion
2.  Apocrine secretion
3.  Holocrine secretion
Think damage levels to cell
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Salivary gland
Merocrine – no damage
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Mammary
gland
Breaks
down
Apocrine – some damage
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Hair
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
Stem cell
Holocrine – total damage
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Classification of Epithelia
•  Glandular Epithelia
•  Unicellular glands
•  Goblet cells are the only unicellular exocrine glands
•  in intestinal lining
•  Mucin
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Classification of Epithelia
•  Multicellular glands
•  -Know Fig. 4.5– Structural Class. Exocrine Glands
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Connective Tissues
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Reticular
fibers
Strong & Flex
-many directions
Elastic
fibers
Stretchy
Collagen
fibers
Strong & Flex
-one direction
Fibroblast
-most common
-make collagen
Adipocytes
(fat cells)
Ground
substance
-filler
-Cementing
Mesenchymal
cell
-Stem cells
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Connective Tissues
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Loose Connective Tissues
Adipose Tissue
LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin,
especially at sides, buttocks,
breasts; padding around eyes
and kidneys
FUNCTIONS: Provides
padding and cushions
shocks; insulates
(reduces heat loss);
stores energy
Adipocytes
(white adipose
cells)
Adipose tissue
LM × 300
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Loose Connective Tissues
Reticular Tissue
LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen,
lymph nodes, and bone marrow
FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting
framework
Reticular
fibers
Reticular tissue
from liver
Reticular Tissue
LM × 375
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Connective Tissues
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Connective Tissue
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
•  Dense Regular Connective Tissue
•  parallel collagen fibers
•  Tendons attach muscles to bones
•  Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize organs
•  Aponeuroses attach in sheets to large, flat muscles
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Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Collagen
fibers
Fibroblast
nuclei
LM × 440
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Connective Tissue
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
•  Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
•  networks of collagen fibers
•  Layered in skin
•  periosteum
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Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Collagen
fiber
bundles
LM × 111
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Connective Tissue
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
•  Elastic Tissue
•  Made of elastic fibers
•  elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae
•  arteries
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Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
Elastic Tissue
Elastic
fibers
Fibroblast
nuclei
LM × 887
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Connective Tissues
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Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
¯
¯
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White blood cells
First Combatant, pus
Leukocytes
¯
¯
In lymph
Neutrophil
inflamatory response
, heparin
Combat
Eosinophil
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophil
Phagocytes & inflamators
move fast, produce macrophages
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Platelets
Fragments
Clotting
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Connective Tissue
•  Fluid Elements of Connective Tissues
•  Extracellular
•  Plasma
•  Interstitial fluid
•  Lymph
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Connective Tissue
•  Lymph
•  Extracellular fluid
•  Monitored by immune system
•  Transported by lymphatic system
•  Returned to venous system
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Connective Tissues
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Supporting Connective Tissues
•  Cartilage
•  Matrix
•  collagen, ground substance, elastin
•  Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
•  lacunae (chambers)
•  No blood vessels
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Supporting Connective Tissues
•  3 Types of Cartilage
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stiff, flexible
friction reduction
Hyaline Cartilage
Chondrocytes
in lacunae
Matrix
LM × 500
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Support w/distortion
Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocyte
in lacuna
Elastic fibers
in matrix
LM × 358
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Limit movement
Fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes
in lacunae
Fibrous
matrix
LM × 400
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Supporting Connective Tissues
•  Bone or Osseous Tissue
•  Strong
•  Resists shattering
•  Osteocytes
•  cells
•  Periosteum
•  Covers bone surfaces (fibrous and cellular layers)
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Canaliculi
Osteocytes
in lacunae
Fibrous
layer
Periosteum
Cellular
layer
Matrix
Osteon
Central canal
Blood vessels
Osteon
LM × 375
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long, thin
no division
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Nuclei
Muscle
fiber
Striations
LM × 180
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Cardiocytes
Branched
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Nucleus
Cardiac
muscle
cells
Intercalated
discs
Striations
LM × 450
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small
devide
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Nucleus
Smooth
muscle
cell
LM × 235
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NEURONS
NEUROGLIA (supporting cells)
Dendrites
Axon
Nucleus
Contact with
other cells
Cell body
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