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A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL
INTERFERENCE FROM ENGLISH INTO
INDONESIAN LANGUAGE MADE BY
ENGLISH NATIVE SPEAKERS IN SALATIGA
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillments
Of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
In English Department of Educational Faculty
By:
RATIH ASTI SUPRIYANTO
113 09 059
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN)
SALATIGA
2013
1
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721
DECLARATION
‫بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم‬
"In The Name of Allah the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful"
Hereby the writer declares that this graduating paper is made by the writer
herself, and it is not containing materials written and has been published by other
people and other people’s ideas except the information from the references.
The writer is capable to account to her graduating paper if in the future, it can
be proved of containing others’ idea or in fact, the writer imitates the others’
graduating paper.
Likewise, the declaration is made by the writer and she hopes that this
declaration can be understood.
Salatiga, July 29th, 2013
The Writer
Ratih Asti Supriyanto
NIM. 11309059
2
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721
Salatiga, July 29th, 2013
3
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721
GRADUATING PAPER
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL
INTERFERENCE FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN
LANGUAGE MADE BY ENGLISH NATIVE SPEAKERS
IN SALATIGA
RATIH ASTI SUPRIYANTO
11309059
Has been brought to the board of examiners of English Department of Educational
Faculty of State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga, on September 18 th
2013 and hereby considered to completely fulfill the requirement for the degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English and Education Department.
Boards of examiners,
Head
: Dr. H. Sa’adi, M.Ag
Secretary
: Ari Setiawan, M.M
1st Examiner : Setia Rini, M.Pd
2nd Examiner : Mashlihatul Umami, M.A
3rd Examiner : Norwanto, M.Hum
Salatiga, September 18th 2013
Head of STAIN Salatiga
Dr. Imam Sutomo, M.Ag
NIP. 195808 27 198303 1 002
4
MOTTO
‫خير الناس أنفعهم للناس‬
“The best human is the useful human
(HR Ahmad)”
5
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this graduating paper for:

To God Allah SWT

To Prophet Muhammad SAW

My never dies lovely, my father (Agus Supriyanto), my mother (Siti
Khotijah), who always gives me support both in spirit or finance, my
sister (Risti Dian Supriyanto), and my little brother (M.T Rasyid
Supriyanto). I love you all.

Mr. Norwanto, S. Pd., M. Hum. Who was guided me until my graduating
paper finished.

My friends in PPL SMK Negeri 3 Salatiga (Bu Azizol, Bu Dandol, Bu
Hanik, Bu Zamti, Pak Ali, Pak Anang, Pak Walid, and Pak Abror). We
are professional teachers.

My friends in KKN Wiyono (Budhe, Pakdhe, Pany, Laily, Sani, Aris, and
Imam). I got incredible experiences with you.

My special neighbor, MaZz Aziz who help me to finish my graduating
paper.

My partners in EEE (Mbak Fina, Mis Risa, and others)

All of my friends especially to TBI C class and generally to STAIN
Salatiga 2009. Everyone has a special thing for me.
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful, The Lord
of Universe. Because of Him, the writer could finish this graduating paper as one
of the requirement for Sarjana Pendidikan Islam in English Department of
Educational faculty of State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga.
Secondly, peace and salutation always be given to our prophet Muhammad
SAW who has guided us from the darkness to the lightness.
However, this success would not be achieved without supports, guidance,
advices, helps, and encouragements from individual and institution, and I somehow
realize that an appropriate moment for me to deepest gratitude for:
1. Dr. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag, the rector of State Institute of Islamic Studies
(STAIN) Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, M. Pd., as the chief of Education Faculty.
3. Maslihatul Umami, S. Pd. I, M. A, as a chief of English Department
4. Norwanto, S. Pd., M. Hum, as a counselor who has educated, supported,
directed and given the writer advices, suggestions, and recommendations
for this thesis from beginning until the end.
5. All of the lecturers in English department of STAIN Salatiga.
6. All of the staffs who help the writer in processing of graduating paper
administration
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7. My beloved parents, my father (Agus Supriyanto) and my mother (Siti
Khotijah), who always give me sincere prayers for success in my life.
Beloved sister (Dek Dian) and also beloved brother (Dek Rasyid) who
always give their support to me.
8. My beloved family.
9. All of my friends who help me to finish this graduating paper.
10. My subjects of study, Mr. Peter Greenwald, Mr. Peter Anderson, Mr. Shad,
Mr. Klass, Mrs. Karen, Mrs. Ashley, Mrs. Joy, Mrs. Melissa, Mrs. Sarah,
and Ms. Tabitha.
Finally this graduating paper is expected to be able to provide useful
knowledge and information to the readers. And the writer is pleased to accept more
suggestion and contribution from the reader for the improvement of the graduating
paper.
Salatiga, July 29th 2013
The writer
Ratih Asti Supriyanto
NIM. 11309059
8
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out: (1) syntactic interference from English to Indonesian
language made by English native speakers in Salatiga; and (2) morphological
interference from English to Indonesian language made by English native speakers
in Salatiga. The research method used was interviewing, recording and transcribing.
This method was applied by interviewing foreigners, then the writer recorded and
transcribed to find out the interference that they made. After the data had been
collected and analyzed, the writer finds several sub-classifications in syntactic
interference as the following: (1) sentence; (2) phrase; (3) diction; and syntactic
interference are dominated by phrase, because the phrase construction of English
and Indonesian language is different. The construction phrase of Indonesian
language is head word + modifier, but in English head word is put after the modifier.
Meanwhile for morphological interference is dominated by applying the base form
in using the verbs in sentence. The construction of verb in English does not need
the inflectional morphology to make the sentence clear as the Indonesian language.
The speakers have a tendency to use the base form to show the verb in Indonesian
sentence.
KEY WODS: Descriptive study, Syntactic interference, Morphological
interference
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TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE .................................................................................................... i
ATTENTIVE CONSELOR NOTES ....................................................ii
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION .............................................. iii
DECLARATION ................................................................................. iv
MOTTO ................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION ..................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGENMENT ............................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ....................................... 1
B. Problems of the Statement ..................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study.......................................... 3
D. Limitation.............................................................. 4
E. Benefits of the Study ............................................. 4
F. Definition of Key Terms ........................................ 5
G. Literature Review .................................................. 6
H. Research Methodology............................................ 8
I. The Thesis Organization ...................................... 10
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Interference ......................................................... 11
1. The notion of interference............................... 11
2. The types of interference................. ............... 13
B. Indonesian grammar ............................................ 18
1. Indonesian syntax .......................................... 18
2. Indonesian morpheme .................................... 30
C. English grammar ................................................. 33
1. English syntax ............................................... 33
2. English morpheme ......................................... 44
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research design .................................................... 47
B. Data sources.......................................................... 49
C. Object of the research............................................ 50
D. Methods of data collection .................................... 50
E. Methods of data analysis ....................................... 52
F. Procedures of the research ..................................... 53
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION
A. Data display .......................................................... 55
B. Discussion............................................................. 57
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
A. Conclusion ............................................................ 72
B. Suggestion ............................................................ 73
11
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 :
Three-part
model
of
English
structure
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
33
Table 2.2 :
Noun
phrase
structure
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
34
Table 2.3 :
Inflectional
of
nouns,
verbs
and
qualifiers
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
45
Table 2.4 :
Derivational
morphology
in
complex
words
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
46
Table 3.1 :
List
of
subjects
of
research
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
49
Table 4.1 :
Syntactical
12
Interference
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
55
Table 4.2 :
Morphological
Interference
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
56
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
13
This chapter focuses on describing about the introduction of the research. It
includes the background of the research that discusses the interference which
made by English native speakers.
A. Background of Study
Communication is the requirement of life. As social creatures,
people need it, and language it is perfect tool to communicate. Recently
learning language, especially more than one language is important for
people in the world, because it can be the bridge to communicate with others
in different places, even different countries. But there are some constraints
to do it, people who learn different language will find difficulties to learn
the grammar, vocabularies, even the phonetic aspect in that language. As
the result, they will mix the same aspect from their mother tongue to
language that they learn. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called
interference.
The first scholar who introduces interference is Weinreich in 1953.
He used interference to clarify the systemic change in language because of
contiguity between that language and the other language that made by
bilingual speaker (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:120).
Meanwhile according to Robert Lado, bilingualism is individual
capability to use two languages equally well or almost equal technically
14
referred to the knowledge of two languages whatever its degree (Chaer and
Agustina, 2004:86). Almost bilingual people made interference in the
beginning when they speak in their target language. For example,
Indonesian who learns English, they will make interference in their writing
or their speaking skill in the target language, in this case English.
According to Pudiyono’s research (2012:6), the structural of
Indonesian language can be influence in practice by Indonesian students;
it’s like the following sentence: Dia sangat mencintai adiknya.With such
grammatical pattern as the example, an Indonesian learning English could
capably express the idea just like in Indonesian pattern as the following:She
very loves her brother. Definitely,this utterance is not grammatically
acceptable in English. The correct grammatical rule is the word very cannot
be used to explain averb such very loves. Very in English is used to modify
an adjective. Therefore,the morpheme very is linked directly before an
adjective, for instance: very busy,very beautiful, very angry, very important,
very much, very little, very handsome, etc.In short, the word very can’t stand
alone. On the contrary, the word which can beused to modify an English
verb is very much.
On the other hand, English native speakers who learn Indonesian
language could also experience language interference, not only Indonesian
who learns English. When the writer met English native speakers, the writer
15
heard that consonant “t” will be “c” when they spoke in Indonesian. For
example, the word tahu/tempe will be cahu/cempe . It proves the
interference among English native speakers who learn Indonesian. Besides,
language interference could also appear in morphological and syntactical
areas which could be included in grammatical interference. Considering the
situation above, the writer curious to find the grammatical interference made
by English native speakers who learn Indonesian, and the writer intends to
do the research entitled:
“A Descriptive Study on Grammatical Interference from English
into Indonesian Language Made by English native speakers in Salatiga”
B. Problem of Statement
The writer formulates some questions to study as the follows :
1. What kinds of syntactical interference from English to Indonesian
language made by English native speakers in Salatiga?
2. What kinds of morphological interference from English to
Indonesian language made by English native speakers in Salatiga?
C. Objective of Study
The writer intends to get the result of the research as the following :
16
1. To identify kinds of syntactical interference from English to
Indonesian language made by English native speakers in Salatiga
2. To identify kinds of morphological interference from English to
Indonesian language made by English native speakers in Salatiga
D. Limitation
The writer limits the research by focusing on the grammatical
interference from English into Indonesian language made by English native
speakers in Salatiga. There are two kinds of grammatical interference,
morphological interference and syntactical interference. While for the
subjects of study, the writer focuses on the English native speakers. There
is ten English native speakers in this research, eight of them are the students
in IMLAC(Indonesian Multi Language Acquisition Center), and two of
them are lecturers of STAIN Salatiga (State Institute of Islamic Studies
Salatiga).
E. Benefits of the Study
This research paper is beneficial in two dimensions
1. In practical Dimension
This research will be useful to English native speakers who will learn
Indonesian language, because they know the incorrect form in
Indonesian language which influence from their mother tongue, English
language. So, they will minimize that false.
On the other side, this research will be helpful for teachers who teach
Indonesian language. They will explain the lesson more clearly using
17
examples of interference that will be exposed in this research. Beside
the case, this research will be the new knowledge to Indonesian learners
about the interference from English to Indonesian language that made
by English native speakers.
2. In academic dimension
This research can be references to give an example of interference in
teaching and learning process to make the students clearly about the
related materials such psycholinguistics materials and contrastive
grammar.
F. Definition of key terms
To avoid the misunderstanding of the meaning, the writer is defined
as listed below:
1. Interference
Interference is one of language phenomenon which caused by the
different languagesin communication. Weinreich in Poplack (1983:11)
states that the term of interference involves the reorganization of pattern
that result from the introduction of foreign elements into the more highly
structured in the component of language, such as phoneme, morpheme,
syntax, and lexical areas.
Language interferenceis the substitution that is used by bilinguals of
two or more languages in the similar conversation. The ability to switch
linguistic codes, chiefly within single utterances, requires a great deal of
18
linguistic competence. Language interference is a linguistic practice
constrained by grammatical principles and shaped by environmental,
social and personal influences including age, length of time in a country,
educational background and social. (Milroy and Wei as mentioned by
Deepa 2009)
2. Grammatical Interference
It happens when the language learners identify the grammatical
pattern from their first language and applied in the target language,
Suhendra Yusuf (1994:71) decided grammatical interference in
morphological and syntactic interference.
a. The morphological interference
It occurs in word formation of the language by using or
importing prefix and suffix of the target language.
b. The syntactic interference
It occurs when the speaker also uses source language system on
the recipient system.
G. The Literature Review
Language interference is the crucial and interesting topic to be the
research since 1950, the first researcher Weinreich, then Haugen, Ferguson,
19
Mackey, Lado, dan Richard discussed about interference in the past time,
and in this chapter, the writer presents some previous Indonesian researcher
about interference. The writer is not the first who analyzes about
interference.
I Wayan Bawa in his article “Interferensi Indonesian Inggris dalam
Pemakaian Indonesian Indonesia di daerah pariwisata di Bali”, he
concerned categories of lexical interference, there are nominal, adjectival,
and particle category made by tourist in Bali. (2000)
Leny Maryani, the student of State Institute of Islamic Studies
(STAIN Salatiga), she did the research entitled: “The Interference of
Indonesian into English in The Compositions of The Second grade Students
of MA AL-AZHAR Andong Boyolali in The Academic Year of 2004/2005”
. Leny Maryani comes to the following conclusion that the students make
some mistakes in translating from Indonesian into English language. (2005)
Avid Setiyowati, the student of Diponegoro University did the
research entitled: “Interferensi Morfologi dan Sintaksis Indonesian Jawa
dalam Indonesian Indonesia pada Kolom “piye ya?” Harian Suara
Merdeka” She presents morphological and syntactical interference from
Javanese language to Indonesian language. (2008)
20
The next researcher is Ahmad Samingan, he did the research that
focused on Javanese language structure toward English grammar entitle
“The Interference of The Javanese structure to The Mastery of English
Grammar (A Case Study of the First Year Students of Foreign Language
Intensive Study of STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year of 2009/2010)”.
(2010)
In this research, the writer has a different perspective with the
previous studies, this graduating paper focuses on grammatical English
language that has interference in Indonesian language made by English
native speakers in Salatiga.
H. Type of research
The type of this research is qualitative research. Qualitative research
is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological
traditions of inquiry that explore a social problem. The research includes of
necessary ways as the questions and procedures, collecting data, and
analysis the data inductively. (Creswell, 2009:4)
I. Steps of analyzing Data
The steps of analyzing data can be arranged as the followings,
21
Interviewing
and
recording
Conclusion
categorizing
Transcribing
Analyzing
J. Organizational paper
In arranging research, the writer divides the research outline into five
chapters. The organizational research outline as the following:Chapter
Icontains the background of study, limitation of problems, statement of
problem, objective of study, benefits of study, definition of key terms, type
of research, steps of analyzing data and organizational paper. Moving on the
chapter II, the writer clarifies the definition of language interference and
grammatical
interference
including
morphological
and
syntactic
interference in English and Indonesian. Chapter III defines the research
methodology explains that the writer uses descriptive study. It contains
research design, data sources, method of data collection and data analysis,
and procedure of the research.
Chapter IVelaborates the data display, identifying the grammatical
interference, categorizing morphological and syntactic interference, and
then discussing the data. The research is closed by chapter V, the writer
presents the conclusion and recommendation.
22
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
23
This chapter will expose a comprehensive theoretical framework. It consists of
the description about interference and the components. The writer used some
theories of the scholars which related to the problem. It is aimed to guide readers
to comprehend the content and analysis of this research.
A. Interference
1. The notion of interference
The first scholar who used interference is Weinreich in 1953, he
formulated interference to clarify the systemic change in language
because of contiguity between that language and the other language that
are made by bilingual speaker. (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:120)
Then, more than a decade ago, Fishman in 1971 decried the
extensive and arbitrary employment of the term ”interference” by many
linguists in reference to any number of bilingual phenomena. (Poplack,
1983:11)
Instead of making the usual field work assumption that the
underlying structures of the varieties encountered in bilingual
speech communities were unknown, linguists have usually assumed
that they were known, but basically nothing more than X
“Interfering” with Y and vice versa. As a result they frequently
failed to familiarize themselves with the communities and speakers
from which they obtained their corpuses of speech.
Alwasilah (1985:131) as mentioned by Puspa explored the notion of
interference based on Hartman and Stonk that interference is a mistake
caused by the propensity of habitually used pronunciation (speech) of a
language to another language pronunciation unit includes sounds,
grammar, and vocabulary. Meanwhile, according to Abdulhayi (1985:8)
24
referring to Valdman’s opinion in 1966 theorized that interference is an
obstacle as a result of speaker habits on mother language (first language)
in the study of language acquisition (second language). Consequently,
there will be transfer of negative elements from the mother language
into the target language.
Suhendra Yusuf (1994:67) stated that the main factors of
interference are the differences between the source language and the
target language. The differences are not only in structure but also the
variety of vocabularies. Another notion advanced by Jendra (1991:187)
as mentioned by Puspa, he declared that the interference is the
infiltration system of a language into another language. Interference
arises from implementing unit system of sounds (phonemes) by
bilingual in a first language into a second language sound system, which
causes chaos or irregularities at the phonemic system of the recipient
language. Interference is a common symptom in sociolinguistic that
occurs as a result of language contact, the use of two or more languages
in the speech multilingual community. This case is an issue that attracted
attention for linguists.
2. The types of interference
Jendra (1991:108)as mentioned by Puspadistinguished interferences
into five aspects of language, Interference in the field of sound system
(phonology), Interference on word formation grammar (morphology),
25
Interference in the syntax (syntax), Interference on vocabulary
(lexicon), Interference in the field of administration of meaning
(semantics)
While, Weinreich clarified the term "interference" to pass on
“deviations from the norms of either language which recur in the speech
of bilinguals as a result of language contact” as follows (Poplack,
1983:11)
The term interference implies the rearrangement of patterns that
results from the introduction of foreign elements into the more
highly structured domains of language, such as the bulk of the
phonemic system, a large part of the morphology and syntax, and
some areas of the vocabulary.
Suwito (1983:55) as mentioned by Avid (2008:26) suggests that
interference can occur in all components of language, namely
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, and lexical (vocabulary)
According to the discourse above, the types of interference based on
components of language divided into four; they are phonic interference,
grammatical
interference,
lexical
interference,
and
semantic
interference. Meanwhile the writer will focus on grammatical
interference that consists of syntactic and morphological interference.
a. Phonic Interference
Phonic interference occurs when the speaker identifies the sound
of mother language system used in the target language, after that the
speaker pronounces again and regulates the pronunciation using the
26
law of the source language phoneme. It affects the inappropriate
pronunciation of phonetic sounds in the second language caused by
the existence of different phonetic structures from the point of view
of the mother tongue or the first language (Lekova, 2009).
According to Weinreich (1953) phonic interference separated
into four types (Suhendra Yusuf, 1994: 72) :
1) Under differentiation of phoneme
It happens when bilingual does not find the similarities of
source language in recipient language. This case will found in
Japan, Japanese cannot differentiate between phonemes / r / and
/ l / , / z / and / j / such as Godzilla pronounced as Gojira
2) Over differentiation of phoneme
It occurs when the speaker over differentiate the phoneme of
donor language to the recipient language. It involves the burden
of phonemic dissimilarity from the primary system on the
secondary system where they are not essential.
The Javanese pronounce phoneme such as the words with the
first latter / b /, / d /, / j /. They will add consonant / n / or / m / ,
for examples Bandung become mBandung, Demak become
nDemak, Jambi become nJambi
3) Reinterpretation of relevant features
27
It occurs when bilingual distinguish phoneme of the
secondary system that are attendant or superfluous, but which
are applicable in the primary system. It involves reinterpretation
to the word as phoneme system distinction between mother
language
and
target
language,
consequently
it
needs
readjustment of the way of pronouncing. This phonic
interference happen to hawaian , they will pronounce / kioki / for
the word George
4) Phoneme substitution
It occurs because phoneme substitution from first language
to the other language or second language. In other word there is
difference of pronunciation in the same phoneme. For instance
Bali’s people in pronouncing optical-alveolar retroflex / t / for
the letter / t /. Such as mati become / mathi /, tepi become / thepi
/, and kita become / kitha /.
b. Grammatical Interference
It occurs when the language learners identify the grammatical
pattern from their first language and applied in the target language,
this type occurs in morphological and syntactic interference.
1) Morphological interference
28
According to Suwito (1983:55) as mentioned by Avid (2008:
27) morphological interference occur if the formation of word in
a language absorbs the affixes from other languages. The Affix
of a language used to spell a word in another language, while
affixes consist of prefix, suffix, inserts, as well as combinations
of affixes. For examples, morphological interference from
Javanese into Indonesian language. In words ketrabak/ kebawa
and kebagusan/ keasinan
Javanese
Indonesian
Ke-tabrak
Tertabrak
Ke-bawa
Terbawa
Ke-asin-an
Terlalu asin
Ke-bagus-an
Terlalu bagus
2) Syntactical interference
Interference occurs when the syntactic structure of a
language is absorbed by the other language (Suwito, 1983:56) as
mentioned by Avid (2008: 27). Interference can be seen in the
use of syntactic fragments of words, phrases and clauses in
29
sentences(Chaer and Agustina, 2004:124). For example, English
and Indonesian phrases.
English
Indonesian
Santika Hotel
Hotel Santika
Salatiga Kota
Kota Salatiga
The other example can be seen in the sentences, Dina reads
the poetry with beautiful. In English this sentence is not exist,
because the right form is Dina reads the poetry beautifully. From
this case, the interference can be proved, cause the sentence
“Dina reads the poetry with beautiful” is the translation from
the sentence “Dina membaca puisi dengan indah”
c. Lexical interference
Interference occurs as the transfer of morpheme or word of first
language into second language usage, or it can also occur as the
expansion of first language’s simple word, that is expanding the
existing meaning so get new word, or it can occur as combination of
both(Suhendra Yusuf, 1994:76).
For example in the sentence semua ini butuh planning yang
matang. It has the lexical interference from English to Indonesian
language.
d. Semantic interference
Suhendra Yusuf (1994:82) divided semantic interference into
three types;
30
1) Expansive interference is the importation of vocabularies
elements of language into the other language. for examples are
words such as demokrasi, politik, and revolusi are imported from
Europe culture and vocabulary into Indonesia culture.
2) Additive interference is the addition of new vocabulary with
special meaning although the existing word is still used and
having complete meaning. For example is the word uncle from
English vocabulary besides the wordpaman in Indonesia
language.
3) Replasive interference is interference which occurs as
vocabulary replacement as change of meaning. For example the
word saya is changed from the old Malay language sahaya.
B. Indonesian Grammar
1. Indonesian Syntax
Indonesian syntax consists of the structure of phrase, clauses, and
sentences.
a. Phrase
Phrase is the composite of two or more words that have no
predicative characteristic or it is called the composite of words that
have beneficial as a syntactic function in the sentence. (Chaer,
2003:222).
Widjono (2007:140) distinguished phrase according to the word
classes, consist of verbal phrase, adjective phrase, pronominal
31
phrase, adverbial phrase, numeral phrase, coordinative interrogative
phrase, coordinative demonstrative phrase, and coordinative
prepositional phrase.
1) Verbal phrase
Verbal phrase is the cluster of word that is built from verbs,
there are three kinds of verbal phrase:
a) Modificative verbal phrase;
(1) Back modifier
(a)
Ia bekerja kerassepanjang hari. (He works
hard along day.)
(b)
Pamanbekerja cepat setiap hari. (Uncle
works quick every day.)
(2) Front modifier
(a)
Mereka
akan
menyanyikan
lagu
kebangsaan. (They will sing the national
anthem)
(b)
Ayah pasti menyukai makanan ini.(Father
definitely likes this food.)
b) Coordinative verbal phrase
32
Verbs that was connected by dan or atau
(1)
Dia
membeli
dan
memasak
bahan
makanan.(She buys and cooksthe food
ingredients.)
(2)
Kita pergi atau menungguibu. (We go or
wait for mother.)
c) Appositive Verbal phrase
It is the information that is added in the middle of sentences.
(1)
Salatiga, tempat tinggal saya, akan menjadi
kota wisata yang terkenal.(Salatiga, my
hometown, will be famous tourism city.)
(2)
Usaha Bu Siti, berdagang beras, kini menjadi
grosir.(Bu Siti’s business, a rice seller, is now
become wholesaler)
2) Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase is a group of words that are established by
an adjective to describe by adding another words that are used to
explain, such as could, should, less, more, most, and very. There
are three types of adjective phrase below;
a) Modicative adjective phrase (limit)
(1)
Tampan nian adikmu. (Your brother is so
handsome.)
33
(2)
Hebat benar prestasinya. (Her achievement
is very awesome)
b) Coordinative adjective phrase (merge)
(1)
Setelah pindah, mereka aman tentram di
rumah.(After moving, they save and secure in
home)
(2)
Pahlawan yang gagah berani itu adalah
kakekku.
(The
valiant
patriot
is
my
grandfather)
c) Appositive adjective phrase
(1)
Srikandi cantik, ayu rupawan, diperistri oleh
Arjuna.(The beautiful Srikandi, very pretty, is
married by Arjuna)
(2)
Skripsi yang berkualitas,teristimewa dan
terbaik, diterbitkan oleh Universitas.(The
qualified graduating paper, extraordinary and
best, is published by university)
3) Nominal phrases
Nominal phrase is group of nouns that are formed by
expanding a noun. Nominal phrases are divided into three types
as described below.
a) Modivicative nominal phrase
34
(1)
Pada hari sabtu layanan pustaka tetap
dibuka. (On Saturday, library service is
opened)
(2)
Pada bulan pertama bersekolah, dia sudah
mulai bosan. (In the first month attending
school, he has already started to be bored.)
b) Coordinative nominal phrase(not mutually explained), for
examples, hak dan kewajiban, dunia akhirat, lahir bathin,
and adil dan makmur.
(1)
Seorang polisi harus memahami hak dan
kewajiban sebagai aparatur negara. (A
policeman must understand the rights and
obligations of as a state apparatus.)
(2)
Setiap orang menginginkan kebahagiaan
dunia akhirat.(Every person wants the
happiness of world and hereafter.)
c) Appositive nominal phrase
(1)
Ratih, mahasiswi
berprestasi
itu,
kini
menjadi dosen di Universitasnya.(Ratih, the
smart student, becomes a lecturer in her
university)
35
(2)
Kanguru, hewan asli Australia itu, menjadi
hewan favorit anak-anak .(Kangaroo, the
original
animal
of
Australia,
became
children’s favorite animal.)
4) Adverbial phrase
Adverbial phrase is a group of words are established by
explanation of adjectives. Adverbial phrase is divided into two
types;
a) Modicative adverbial phrase, such as sangat pandai, kurang
pandai, hampir baik, dan pandai sekali.
(1)
Dia
kurang
pandaibergaul
di
sekolahnya.(He is not too good to make a
friend in school.)
(2)
Kemampuan siswa saya dalam berhitung
berada pada kategori hampir baik.(My
student’s ability of accounting are in category
almost good.)
b) Coordinative adverbial phrase (not mutually explained),
(1)
Jarak rumah ke sekolahku lebih kurang dua
kilometer.(The distance from house to my
school is around two kilometers.)
36
(2)
Ayahku sedikit banyak mengerti tentang ilmu
kedokteron.(My father understands at least
about science of medicine.)
5) Pronominal phrase
Pronominal phrase is a phrase that is formed of pronouns.
Pronominal phrase consists of three types, namely as follows;
a) Modivicative pronominal phrase
(1)
Mereka semua dimarahi guru karena
tidak memperhatikan.(All of them are
scolded by teachers, because did not pay
attention.)
(2) Kami bertiga minta izin karena mengikuti
perlombaan.(We three of us asked for
permission to join the race.)
b) Coordinative pronominal phrase
(1)
Aku dan kau suka Dancow.(You and I like
Dancow.)
(2)
Saya dan dia sudah lama tidak bertegur
sapa.She and I have already been long not to
greet each other
c) Appositive pronominal phrase
37
(1)
Kami,
bangsa
Indonesia,
menyatakan
perang terhadap korupsi.(We, Indonesian,
declare war against corruption.)
(2)
Mahasiswa, para pemuda, siap menjadi
pasukan anti korupsi.(Students, the youths,
are ready to be troops of anti corruption.)
6) Numeral phrases
Numeral phrases are groups of words that are formed by
numbers. Numeral phrase consists of two types;
a) Modificative numeral phrase
(1)
Mereka
memotong
sepuluh
ekor
kambingkurban.(They slaughtered the ten
sacrificial goat.)
(2)
Orang
itu
menyumbang
pembangunan
masjid dua puluh juta rupiah.(the man
accounts for the construction of mosque
twenty million rupiah)
b) Coordinative numeral phrase
(1)
Lima atau enam orang bertopeng melintasi
jalan itu.(Five or six masked person passed
that path.)
38
(2)
Entah tiga, entah empatkali dia sudah
meminjam buku saya.(Perhaps three, or four
times she has already borrowed my book.)
7) Interrogative coordinative phrase
It concerns in question words. For examples;
(1)
Jawaban apa atau siapa merupakan ciri
subjek kalimat.(The answer of what or whom
is subject of sentence.
(2)
Jawaban
mengapa
atau
bagaimana
merupakan pertanda jawaban predikat.(The
answer of why or how is indicator of
predicate’s answer.)
8) Demonstrative coordinative phrase
Demonstrative coordinative phrases are phrases that are
formed by two words that not mutually explained.
(1)
Dia bekerja di sana atau di sini sama
saja.(He worked there or here is just the
same.)
(2)
Saya memakai baju ini atau itu tidak
masalah. (I wear this or that dress does not a
problem.)
9) Prepositional coordinative phrases
39
Prepositional coordinative phrases are phrases that are
formed by preposition, but that is not mutually explaned.
(1)
Perjalanan kami dari dan ke Semarang
memerlukan waktu enam jam.(Our journey
from and to Semarang requires six hours.)
(2)
Koperasi
dari,
oleh
dan
untukanggota.(Cooperation is from, by and
for members.)
b. Clause
Keraf (1980: 137) explained clause is a construction of some
words that contain the functional context, as subject, predicate, and
object.
Widjono (2007:143) distinguished clause at the following;
1) The clause of compound sentence
In compound sentences (coordinating), each clause has the
same position. Coordinative compound sentences are constructed of
two or more clauses are not mutually explained. The following
example; Rima membaca koran, dan adiknya bermain catur (Rima
reads the newspaper, and his sister plays chess)
2) The clause of complex sentence
Complex sentences consist of clause that is used to explain
the other clauses.
40
Orang itu pindah ke Jakarta setelah suaminya bekerja di
Bank Indonesia.(That person moved to Jakarta after her husband
worked in Indonesian Bank.)
The clause of orang itu pindah ke Jakarta as a main clause,
and the second clause is suaminya bekerja di Bank Indonesia
3) The clause in compound and complex sentences
Compound and complex sentence consist of three or more
clauses, for example;
Dia pindah ke Jakarta setelah ayahnya meninggal dan
ibunya kawin lagi.(He moved to Jakarta after his father died and his
mother got married again)
a) Dia pindah ke Jakarta (main clause)
b) Setelah ayahnya meninggal (second clause)
c) Ibunya kawin lagi (second clause)
d) Dia pindah ke Jakarta setelah ayahnya meninggal. (complex
sentence)
e) Ayahnya meninggal dan ibunya kawin lagi. (compound
sentence)
c. Sentence
41
Manaf (2009:11) as mentioned by Firdawati distinguished
sentences being spoken and written language. One of characteristics
of spoken language is unit of language that is formed by the
combination of words, the combination of words and phrases, the
combination of phrases and phrases, and at least contains of a subject
and predicate that have function explicitly or implicitly. Meanwhile,
In written language, the sentence is a unit of language that is initiated
by a capital letter, punctuated or unpunctuated commas (,), colon (:),
or a semicolon (;), and ends with the final intonation symbol dot (.),
the question mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!). Syntactic form of
the function is a subject (S), predicate (P), object (O),
complementary (Pel.), and information (ket). Not all sentences must
contain all the syntactic functions. An element of syntactic function
that must be present in every sentence is a subject and predicate.
Deni
membaca
buku
S
P
O
di depan kelas
Ket
(Deni reads the book in front of the class)
2. Indonesian Morpheme
Ramlan (2001:19) explained that morphology is a part of linguistic
that discuss or learn the intricacies of the word shape and the effect of
word-changes in the meaning and the word class, both in grammatical
functions or semantic functions.
42
a. Affixation
Affixing process is the formation of words by adding
affixes to the base form. Affixes can be classified into many
kinds. It will depend on the terms. (Chaer, 2003:8)
In this chapter, the writer focuses on affixes based on the
site;
1) Prefix
Prefixes are affixes that are placed at the front of the base
form. (Keraf, 1980: 93)
ber - +
jalan
=
berjalan, “melakukan
tindakan jalan” (walk)
pe-
+
pemalas, “bersifat
malas =
malas” (lazy person)
ter-
+
pandai
=
terpandai,
“paling pandai” (smartest)
se-
+
kantor =
sekantor,
“sama-
sama dalam satu kantor” (in the same office)
2) Infiks
Infix is affix that is inserted in the middle of the base form.
(Keraf, 1980: 117)
-el-
+
getar =
43
geletar (shiver)
-em-
+
getar
=
gemetar(tremble)
-er-
+
gigi
=
gerigi(serration)
-in-
+
kerja =
kinerja (activity of
work)
3) Sufiks
Suffix is the Bound morpheme that is used in the end of the
base form. (Keraf, 1980: 109)
-an
+
hukum
“cara
-nya
=
hukuman,
menghukum”(punishment)
+
buku
=
bukunya,
“menunjukkankepemilikan” (his book/her book)
-man
+
seni
=
seniman,
“orang yang ahli dalam bidang seni” (artist)
4) Konfiks
Konfiks is combination of prefixes and suffixes that are
attached at once at the beginning and end of the base
form.(Keraf, 1980: 114)
44
beran
+
datang
=
berdatang
an, “menyatakan banyak pelaku” (thick as hail)
kean
+
camat
=
kecamata
n, “menyatakantempat” (sub district)
berkan
+
senjata
=
bersenjat
akan, “memiliki or memakai senjata” (armed with)
mengkan
+
kerja
=
mengerjakan,
“melakukan pekerjaan / perbuatan” (work)
C. English Grammar
There are three part model of English structure (Andrew Moore,
2000);
Table 2.1
45
Three-part model of English structure
Morphology
Syntax
Discourse
morphemes
phrases
↓
↓
relationships
between sentences
in longer stretches
of language
Words
clauses
↓
Sentences
1. English Syntax
Syntax is the study of how words are organized into phrases, clauses
and sentences.
a.
Phrase
Phrase is a useful all-purpose name for any short sequence
of words (or even a single word as an element in the structure of a
clause or sentence), especially a grouping which could be a single
word. In this chapter phrases are divided into six types as below;
1) Noun phrases
A noun phrase (NP) can be analyzed into two basic parts.
They are a noun / headword and modifiers that arrange from the
simple to complex words (Nichols, 1965: 56)
Marcella Frank Constructed noun phrase as follows,
determiners, descriptive adjectives, noun adjuncts, and the noun.
The examples in the table below show how noun phrases can
grow in length. (1972:115)
46
Table 2.2 Noun phrase structure
Determiners
Numeral
1.Partitive all, both, 1.Ordinals
half
(predeterminers)2.
2.Cardinals
Articles
or
demonstrative,
or
possessive
3.
Indefinite adjective
Those
Two
Descriptive Adjective
General
descripti
on
(often
inherent
quality)
Physical
State
Include
most
adjective
with
derivatio
nal
endings
(-y, -ous,
-ful, -ing,
etc)
3.Age
1.Size
2.Shape
4.Tempe
ratures
5.Color
Example
Tempera Old
mental
Noun
Adjun
cts
Nouns
Opera
Singers
Proper
Adjectiv
es
Nationali
ty,
religion,
etc
Also in
this
position
are some
adjective
ending in
–ic(all), al, etc,
that
function
almost
like noun
adjuncts
Italian
2) Adjective phrases
As a noun phrase, but the differences is in the headword.
These are usually shaped from modifiers, followed by the
headword (an adjective). Examples include very happy, not too,
and cold enough. They may also be created from an adjective
and a verb construction, such as easy to please, loath to do it.
3) Adverb phrases
47
These are intensifying expressions shaped from modifiers,
followed by the headword (an adverb). Examples include
terribly slowly, very happily indeed, exceptionally carefully,
completely utterly dangerously, quite often and very soon.
4) Prepositional phrases
These are formed from the headword (a preposition),
followed by a noun phrase. Examples of prepositional phrases
are in the teapot, on the bog, and round the bend.
5) Pronoun phrases
These are limited to a small number of constructions, and are
sometimes regarded as a minor type of noun phrase. They are
formed from a headword (a pronoun) with a pre- or post
modifier. Examples include Silly me! You there! she herself, we
all, nearly everyone, and such relative clause types as those who
knew Fred.
6) Verb phrases
As the others phrase, the headword of verb phrase is verbs.
These are simple syntactically, even though the verb in them
may contain important grammatical information, such as tense,
number, active or passive voice and so on. Examples would be:
has died, may have gone, might have been listening.
b. Clause
48
Professor Crystal in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the
English Language cheated in (Andrew Moore, 2003) describes that
clause is a structural unit smaller than a sentence but larger than
phrases or words.
1) Clause elements
Clauses elements consist of subject (S), object (O), verb (V),
complement (C), adverbial (A)
a) Subject
The subject is a noun or noun phrase, pronoun or
subordinate clause. (Betty, 1992: 70)
(1)
The dog was sick. Fred felt funny. (n)
(2)
Mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the
midday sun. (NP)
(3)
I am happy. They are jealous.(pn)
b) Object
Objects usually follow the verb. They may be direct
or indirect.
(1)
Direct object: Fred bit his thumb. The
chimpanzees groomed each other.
49
(2)
Indirect object: Jane gave the gorilla a kiss.
Jane gave a kiss to the gorilla. (Note that here
there is also a direct object = a kiss)
c) Verb
Verb could be using in the single word, and more
than a words. As the verb and auxiliaries, both of them can
be compounded. Two items are ordinary joined by
conjunction like and: that lecturer both can and does ask
impossible questions. (Nichols, 1965: 29)
Sometimes, a clause must contain at least one verb
phrase, which may be a single verb: They look for the cow.
The cow jumped over the moon.
d) Complement
In clause syntax, the complement is anything which
adds to the meaning of the subject (subject complement) or
object (object complement).
e) Adverbials
These clause elements add to or complete the
meaning of the verb element. Adverbial is a word or group
of words that occupies a typical adverb position (Nichols,
1965:48). For examples: They ran quickly. He went home
50
twice nightly. We walked on the playground. My girlfriend
phoned me this morning. I was happy when I saw her again.
Adverbials may carry out different functions:
(1)
Adding information: I walked quietly.
(2)
Linking clauses: The bus was full.
However, Fred found a seat.
(3)
Adding a comment on what is
expressed:
Quite
frankly
we
disapprove of violence.
f) Vocatives
Vocatives include names, titles, evaluative labels, the
pronoun you and certain kinds of clause: John, it's me. It's
me, darling. Hello, Susan, how are you?, Honey, I shrunk the
kids. Come out, whoever you are. Come in, ladies, and sit
down. Madam Speaker, I will give way.(Andrew Moore,
2000)
2) Clause types
Clause elements combine to form clauses. The number of patterns is
small. According to David Crystal (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the
English Language) there are only seven basic types. (Andrew Moore,
2000)
a)
S + V: I / yawned
b) S + V + O: Fred / opened / the door
51
c)
S + V + C: The dinner / is / ready
d) S + V + A: Dick Whittington / went / to London
e)
S + V + O + O: Romeo / gave / Juliet / a kiss
f)
S + V + O + C: Henry / got / his feet / very wet
g) S + V + O + A: Sam / put / the bottles / in the cellar
3) Clause functions
b) Coordinate clauses
The simplest sentences may contain a single
clause. Where a sentence contains more than one
clause, these may be considered of equal grammatical
importance. It is joined by a coordinating conjunction,
such as and or but. (Nichols, 1965: 91)
(1)
You can travel by tube, you can drive or
you can take the train.
(2)
The weather was hot, so I went on my
bike.
(3)
Lucy opened her window, and in came
Count Dracula.
c) Subordinate clauses
Sometimes the clauses are placed in a
hierarchy; the more important is main clauses, while
the
less
important
are
subordinate
clauses.
Subordinators are very important class of structure
52
words. It constructs with basic or derived sentence
pattern to form subordinate clause, as contrast to main
or coordinate clause. It is important to recognize these
subordinators, because the pattern very differently
from the sentence pattern. They cannot stand alone or
be punctuated the same way as the sentence pattern.
(Nichols, 1965: 99)
Nichols states that there are two kinds of
subordinators in English; the first type, subordinators
lead a complete sentence pattern. Sometimes,
subordinators can be omitted, but their omission
depends on the syntactic class to which the sub pattern
belongs. And the most important is the first type never
acts as nominal. For example; I do not know why she
came late. (1965: 100)
The second type of subordinators has a dual
function. That is following sentence pattern, and also
act as a nominal within that pattern. As a nominal,
subordinates would be a subject, object, and others like
the examples below;
53
(1) Subordinate subject clause: What you say is
meaningful. Clause as subject = What you say;
main clause = X is meaningful, verb is
(2) Subordinate object clause: I did not know that you
were here. Clause as object = that you were here;
main clause = I did not know X; verb = did not
know
(3) Subordinate complement clause: Your first job is
learning this lesson. Clause as complement =
learning this lesson; main clause = Your first job
is X; verb = is
(4) Subordinate adverbial clause: Come round when
you're ready. Clause as adverbial = when you're
ready; main clause = Come round (X); verb =
Come
Clauses that function as subject, object or
complement replace noun phrases, so they are called
nominal
clauses.
Those
that
function
as
adverbs/adjectives are adverbial/adjectival clauses.
(Nichols, 1965: 103)
(a) Adverbial clauses
54
These
are
introduced
subordinating
conjunction,
by
a
which
explains the adverbial meaning of the
clause.
These
include
when/before/after/while
(time);
because/since
(reason);
if/unless/lest
(condition).
(b) Adjectival clauses
A familiar type is the relative clause,
introduced by a relative pronoun (who,
whom, whose, that, which), as in the
example: I met a man who lives in
Melbourne. Who is a subject pronoun and
refers to the man. (Bety, 1992: 310)
c. The sentence
1) Sentence types
In many compliments, sentences can be analyzed in the same
terms as clauses, which are separating the elements into the
categories of subject, object, verb, complement and adverbial.
55
a) Clause structures in sentences
(1) The most basic sentence form contains a single
clause. This is known as a simple sentence.
Simple sentence has two essential parts: one
simple subject and one simple predicate, or has a
compound subject and a compound predicate.
(Djamal, 2009: 66)
(a) Mary (subject) had a little lamb (predicate).
(b) Chocolate (subject) is delicious (predicate).
(c) In the doorway stood (predicate) my brother
(subject).
(2) A compound sentence is the sentence that
contains two or more simple sentence, usually
joined by a connecting word. As the words and,
or, not, for, and yet are used to combine simple
sentences into a compound sentence. (Djamal,
2009: 73)
(a) Mary had a little lamb and took it to school.
(b) The giraffe has a long neck and legs, but it is
very graceful animal.
56
(3) A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of
two or more sentences, which are called clauses.
One sentence is the main sentence/ the main
clause and the other is subordinate sentence/
subordinate clause. (Djamal, 2009: 77)
(a) I hope that she will come..
(b) Having played football, I sat in the bath,
while the kettle boiled, thinking of how to
spend the evening, which loomed before me
promisingly.
2. English Morpheme
The smallest units of meaning may be whole simple words (e.g.
man, run, big) or parts of complex words (e.g. un-, -faith- and -ful in
unfaithful) that are called morphemes. (Andrew Moore, 2000)
English morphology recognizes Inflection and derivation in the
word formation.
a. Inflection
57
The word cat, would be plural forms of noun when it is added
–s in the end of word (cat + s → cat-s), the other example would
be past form of regular verbs (want + ed → want-ed). The study
of such changes is inflectional morphology.
This table shows how the most common kinds of inflection are
found in three word classes (Andrew Moore, 2000):
Table 2.3
Inflection of nouns, verbs and qualifiers
Nouns
Verbs
Addition of terminal s Ending shows
to show plural (one
tense (wanted)
cat; two cats);
or person
([she]wants).
Addition of 's to show
possession (Henry's
cat).
Adjectives and adverbs
Addition of -er→
comparative (hotter;
likelier);
Addition of -est →
superlative (coldest;
soonest).
b. Derivation
Other compound or complex words are made by adding
together elements without reference to the internal grammar of a
sentence. For example, the verb infect suggests a new verb
disinfect (=to undo the action of infecting). New words are often
formed by noun + -ize, noun + ism, or verb + able (scandalize,
Stalinism, disposable). The study of such words, "derived" from
existing words or morphemes is derivational morphology.
58
This table illustrates how derivation can occur (Andrew Moore,
2000):
Table 2.4
Derivational morphology in complex words
Prefix
Base of Word
Suffix
Complex Word
Bi
cycl(e)
ing
Bicycling
Dis
grace
ful
Disgraceful
In
tolera(te)
able
Intolerable
Re
vision
ist
Revisionist
Un, co
operat(e)
ive, ly
Uncooperatively
Un
likely (y becomes
i)
hood
Unlikelihood
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodological research which was practiced by the
writer in this research. The explanations in each aspect of appropriate methodology
will be explained specifically.
59
A. Research Design
Descriptive qualitative is one of approaches in doing research. Finlay in
Denzin and Lincoln(2011) defines characteristics of qualitative research into
five. They are the role of researcher in formation of knowledge, the relationship
between the researcher and others. Because social environment, histories, and
cultural influence the researcher, characteristics of qualitative research are
inductive, exploratory, and hypothesis-generating, the role of meaning and
interpretation, and the research findings are complex, detail, and
comprehensive.
In addition, Denzin and Lincoln (2011:4) define qualitative research:
Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive,
naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative
researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense
of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of
empirical materials case study, personal experience, introspective, life story
interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts-that
describe routine and problematic moments and meaning in individuals'
lives.
Five features of qualitative research according to Yin (2011:7) : 1)Studying
the meaning of people’s lives, under real-world conditions, 2) Representing the
60
views and perspectives of the people (participants) in a study, 3) Covering the
contextual conditions within which people live, 4) Contributing insights into
existing or emerging concepts that may help to explain human social behavior,
and, 5) Striving to use multiple sources of evidence rather than relying on a
single source alone
Considering the features above, the writer has an opinion that this research
posses the features as like the second feature, it is representing the perspective
of people in study, in this case the directly analysis about the language that
they are learned.
B. Data sources
The writer took the subjects of research to get the data through purposive
sampling technique. According to (Arikunto, 2006: 183) Purposive sampling
is a technique of sampling based on some consideration.
The subjects of this research were English native speakers in Salatiga.
They are;
Table 3.1
No
Name
Nationality
Age
Occupation
1
Peter Greenwald
American
29
Pilot
2
Ashley
American
30
Housewife
American
30
Pilot
Greenwald
3
Peter
Anderson
Neal
61
4
Joy Marcie Neal
American
27
Housewife
5
Melissa
Jean
American
29
Housewife
Klaash Christian
Dutchman
27
Pilot
Kroneman
6
Kroneman
7
Karren Fosdahl
American
54
Lecturer
8
Tabitha
American
32
Lecturer
Julia
Kidwell
9
Shad Chris Deal
American
41
Constructor
10
SarahChristine
American
33
Housewife
Shad
C. Unit of analysis
The objects of the study areutterance of English native speakers consist of
words, phrase, clauses, and sentences in Indonesian language.
D. Methods of data collection
Darlington and Scott (2002:2) explained the cores of data collection in
qualitative research are In-depth interviewing of individuals and small groups,
systematic observation of behavior and analysis of documentary data.
62
In this research, the writer used recording and transcribing to take the data
from the interview’s result and documentation technique to take the data from
references.
1.
Documentation
In this research, the writer used documentation as a method of collecting
data. According to Arikunto (2006:231), documentation is a number of
data that presents the verbal data such as correspondence, journal,
memory, report and others’ which can be mutually responsible. In this
research, the writer used references. There are books, journals, thesis and
articles.
2.
Interviewing
Interviewing is a way to collect data as well as to gain knowledge from
individuals. Kvale (1996) in (Annabel, 2005)regarded interviews as “an
interchange of views between two or more people on a topic of mutual
interest, sees the centrality of human interaction for knowledge production,
and emphasizes the social situations of research data.”
There are many types of interviews including: structured interviews,
semi-structured
interviews,
unstructured
interviews,
non-directive
interview
In this research, the writer took semi-structured interview in data
collection, because the object of the study is utterance, so the writer needed
more answered from the interviewees.
63
Corbetta
(2003)in
(Annabel,
2005)
explained
semi-structured
interviews as follows:
The order in which the various topics are dealt with and the wording of
the questions are left to the interviewer’s discretion. Within each topic,
the interviewer is free to conduct the conversation as he thinks fit, to ask
the questions he deems appropriate in the words he considers best, to
give explanation and ask for clarification if the answer is not clear, to
prompt the respondent to elucidate further if necessary, and to establish
his own style of conversation.
3.
Recording and Transcribing
Specifically, the writer did interview to ten foreigners above and
analyzed the utterance that they produced to find the grammatical
interference from English into Indonesian language, so whole the
interview using Indonesian language, but for some words the writer used
English to make the questions clearly for them. The writer also recorded
the interviewing process using a recorder in order to complete the
transcript records of the notes.
Silverman (1993) in (Sari, 2012) explained that audio-recordings
are the significant element of a qualitative research. He states:
“Transcripts of such recordings, based on standardized
conventions, provide an excellent record of ‘naturally occurring’
interaction.”
E. Methods of data analysis
64
Miles and Huberman (1994:12) explained the methods of data analysis
called Interactive Model which is included four steps of analysis activity in
cyclical and interactive process.
1.
Data
Collection
Data
Reduction
Conclusion
drawing
and
verivicat
Data
Display
Data collection
The first step of data analysis is data collection. Data collection in
this research used interview, and recording-transcribing. These are used to
find out the grammatical interference made by English native speakers in
Salatiga.
2.
Data reduction
Miles and Huberman states (1994:12):
“Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing,
simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in
written-up field notes or transcriptions.”
After collecting the data of interview, the writer continued the study
by selecting and simplifying the data of the foreigner’s utterances that
including the grammatical interference.
3.
Data display
The next step is data display. After collect and reduce the data, the
writer displayed the collective data in organized and compressed
information that will leads to conclusion. The forms of qualitative data
65
display include types of matrices, graphs, charts, or networks. The function
of these types of data display is to perform accessible, compact, and
organized information of the data. The writer classified the data of the
grammatical interference.
4.
Conclusion drawing and verification
After the data displayed, then the writer would able to interpret it
and reaches conclusions and verifications. The writer will describe and
interpret the data so that the conclusions and verifications of grammatical
interference produced by foreigners in Salatiga can be drawn.
F. Procedures of the Research
There are several steps in conducting the research as follow:
1. Interviewing and recording
This step of the research is aimed to obtain the data of the
grammatical interference made by foreigners.
2. Transcribing the utterances of foreigners in interviewing process
The data of utterances collected from the interviewing are
transcribed in form of transcriptions.
3. Analyzing the grammatical interference
The data of grammatical interference that had been collected are
analyzed based on the syntactical and morphological aspect in order to find
out their classification.
66
4. Categorizing or classifying kinds of morphological and syntactical
interference
The categorization of the research is used in order to make the data
readable by grouping them into several types of classifications.
5. Interpreting the data descriptively
After the data categorized completely, the last steps of the research
are interpreting the data in a brief descriptions of each findings.
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
The focus of this chapter is presentation of the research findings. This chapter is
divided into two main parts; there are data display and discussion about research
findings.
67
A. Data Display
Table 4.1 Syntactic Interference
No
Type
Code
Data
1
Phrase
1a.1
2
1a.2
3
1a.3
4
1a.4
Kemudian Saya bekerja sebagai insruktur
pilot untuk pilot, baru murid ya.
Menjelaskan bagaimana kami rencana
membantu orang yang hidup disini.
Oh food, kesukaan makan, banyak kata
panjang ya ?
Em.. Lincon kota.
5
1a.5
Saya hanya anak di orang tua
6
1a.6
Sebtembery 29 1983
7
1a.7
Ya, Mei 20 1986 , ya lebih muda ya.
8
1a.8
9
1a.9
Sekarang baru tiba sama dengan istri
Saya, Januari 1 2013.
Waktu kami datang di sini.
10
1a.10
Mereka datang di sini.
11
1a.11
12
1a.12
13
1a.13
Di tempat jauh sekali, jadi Saya bisa
pergi ke sana.
Saya sebelum datang di sini Saya murid
Univesitas
Kegiatan before Saya datang di sini?
14
1a.14
15
1a.15
16
1a.16
17
1a.17
18
1a.18
Tetapi saya naik pesawat, eh untuk
organisasi dan em di satu tahun.
Saya membaca admission application
kepada orang-orang.
Ya Ramayana atau Adabaru untuk popok
diaper popok ya kepada anak Saya ya.
Mereka mengirim saya kapada Salatiga.
Saya pergi ke Kalimantan sudahsaya
belajar Indonesian Indonesia untuk satu
tahun.
68
19
1a.19
20
1a.20
21
Sentence
1b.21
22
1b.22
23
1b.23
24
1b.24
Saya tinggal di Kenya Afrika untuk 10
tahun.
Saya belajar oleh internet aja.
Saya punya teman, teman di pasar siapa
punya warung atau toko.
Saya mohon maaf suami Saya tidak bisa
dipanggil.
Waktu kami selesai di IMLAC, kami pergi
ke Banda Aceh untuk suami Saya.
Tidak makan orang Indonesia .
Table 4.2 Morphological Interference
No
Code
Data
1
2.1
Saya terbang pasien untuk rumah sakit.
2
2.2
3
2.3
Kami terbang pesawat banyak negeri untuk menolong
orang-orang dengan sehat.
Kami membawa, apa … makan, dan obat.
4
2.4
5
2.5
E.. terbang , e.. Orang-orang Indonesia yamg sakit ke
rumah sakit ya.
Waktu Saya lahir anak Saya.
6
2.6
Tidak makan orang Indonesia.
7
2.7
Saya mundur diri karena gak ada visa.
8
2.8
Saya tidak ucapan betul ya?
9
2.9
10
2.10
Saya pergi ke Kalimantan sudahsaya belajar Indonesian
Indonesia untuk satu tahun.
Sangat sulit menjelaskan hidup di negara lain kalau
orang belum pernah ke sana.
B. Discussion
1. Syntactic Interference
69
a. Sentence
Suhendra Yusuf (1994:67) states that the main factors of interference
are the differences between the source language and the target language.
The differences are not only in structure but also in the variety of
vocabularies. So the structure of the target language always influences the
interference made by bilinguals. Meanwhile, structure of English and
Indonesian language in the sentence has similarities,
1) Kemudian sayabekerjasebagai instruktur pilot untuk pilot,
baru murid ya.
S
P
O
(Then, I worked as a pilot instructor for a pilot, the new student)
It is S + P + O which make foreigners easier to learn
Indonesian language. Hence, there is limited interference in
structure of sentence.
Kemudian saya bekerja sebagai insruktur pilot untuk
pilot, baru murid ya from the sentence, then, I worked as a pilot
instructor for a pilot, the new student. The structure is right.
There are; I / saya as a subject, worked / bekerja as a predicate,
as a pilot instructor / sebagai instruktur pilot as an object, and
complement is for a pilot, the new student / untuk pilot,baru
murid. The sentence structure is complete, subject, predicate,
70
object, and the complement existed in the sentence above,but for
the level of phrase, interference exists in the phrase baru murid.
The phrase interference will be discussed in the next sub chapter.
b. Phrase
There is a tendency, English native speakers made syntactic
interference in the phrase construction and the diction in the sentence.
Phraseinterferenceoccurs due to theconstruction ofthephrasein the
English
languageinterference
intoIndonesianandusedbyforeignersinSalatiga.There
is
the
difference
between English phrase and Indonesian phrase, in English construction,
phrase consist of modifier + head word for example the new + student,
while the Indonesian structure is head word + modifier for example murid
+ baru. It seems that the difference cause phrase interference from English
to Indonesian language. As data below;
2) Kemudian Saya bekerja sebagai insruktur pilot untuk pilot, baru
murid ya. (Then, I worked as a pilot instructor for a pilot, the
new student.)
The pattern of baru murid is modifier + head word. It is
clear that the speaker used English phrase construction. When he
spoke in Indonesian, the correct pattern is head word + modifier
or murid baru. It should be, Kemudian saya bekerja sebagai
instruktur untuk pilot, murid baru ya.
71
3) Menjelaskan bagaimana kami rencana membantu orang yang
hidup disini.(Explain how our plan to help the people who live
here)
There is interference from English pattern in Kami
rencana. The pattern of the noun phrase is modifier (possessive
pronoun) + head word (noun). It is English pattern compare to
Indonesian phrase head word + modifier. The phrase should be
rencana
kami.
Menjelaskan
bagaimana
rencana
kami
membantu orang yang hidup disini.
4) Oh food, kesukaan makan, banyak kata panjang ya ?(Oh food,
favorite food, a lot of long words huh? )
Actually in the phrase kesukaan makan the interference
is not only in the structure, but also in the morphological aspect
that will be discussed in the sub chapter two. As the previous
data, there is English interference in kesukaan makan. Using
English pattern modifier + head word. Conversely, Indonesian
phrase construction is head word + modifier, so the sentence
should be, Oh food, (makanan) kesukaan, banyak kata panjang
ya ?
5) Em.. Lincoln kota.(Em.. Lincoln city)
Lincoln kota is the English phrase modifier + head word,
so it is phrase interference. It will be correct if the speaker use
Indonesian pattern head word + modifier. So the phrase should
be, Em.. kota Lincoln.
72
6) Saya hanya anak di orang tua. (I am the only child of parents)
As the previous data, the phrasehanya anak has been
interfered by English pattern, modifier + head word. The correct
pattern is head word + modifier or anak hanya. In addition,
hanya anak has also interference in diction that will be discussed
in the sub chapter 1b, so the right sentence should be, saya anak
(tunggal) di orang tua.
The other interference in phrase is dating, while there are some ways to
inform the date for English native speakers depend on the orientation,
British or American,
British: Day-Month-Year
American: Month-Day-Year
the twenty sixth of July, 2013
July the twenty sixth, 2013
26th July 2013
July 26th, 2013
26 July 2013
July 26, 2013
26/7/2013
7/26/2013
26/7/13
7/26/13
26/07/13
07/26/2015
Because the subjects of this research are American, so they commonly
used the second type in dating. Meanwhile, it is common in Indonesian
language to use the first type / British type. The interferences are caused by
73
American speakers who use the second type in Indonesian language. As the
data below;
7) Sebtembery 29 1983. (September 29th 1983)
It should be, 29 September 1983.
8) Ya, Mei 20 1986, ya lebih muda ya. (Yes, May 20 1986, the
younger right.)
It should be, Ya, 20 Mei 1986, ya lebih muda ya.
9) Sekarang baru tiba sama dengan istri Saya, Januari 1 2013.
(Recently arrived, same with my wife, January 1st 2013)
It should be, Sekarang baru tiba sama dengan istri saya,
1 Januari 2013.
Mostly, except phrase construction and dating, the interference is also
in the preposition. Most of data states that speakers have incorrect
translation for English preposition to Indonesian preposition. They
considered that it has same meaning. For examples are di- and ke-, di- is the
preposition of place relation (at), but ke- is refers to direction of the place
(that will go). (Moeliono, 1997:230).
In the sentences below, the words came hereis translated by datang di
sini. It is incorrect translation, because came / datang explains the place that
will be, as the data below;
10) Waktu kami datang di sini. (When we came here)
74
It should be,Waktu kami datang ke sini.
11) Mereka datang di sini. (They came here)
As the previous data, it should be,Mereka datang ke sini
12) Saya sebelum datang di sini Saya murid univesitas. (Before I
came here, I am a university student)
It should be, Saya sebelum datang ke sini, saya murid
universitas.
13) Kegiatan before saya datang di sini? (Activities before I came
here?)
It should be, kegiatan (sebelum) saya datang ke sini?
The next data, the speaker used preposition di- to translate in, as the
sentence below;
14) Di tempat jauh sekali, jadi saya bisa pergi ke sana dengan
rencana kedutaan. (In the far place, so I can go there with the
embassy schedule)
As like the previous data, di tempat jauh sekali is
followed by go, and go explains the place that will be. So the
correct translation is ke tempat jauh sekali. The sentence should
be, Ke tempat (yang) jauh sekali,jadi saya bisa pergi ke sana
dengan rencana kedutaan.
15) Tetapi saya naik pesawat, eh untuk organisasi dan em di satu
tahun. (But I get on the plane for organization in one year )
Different from the previous data, in this sentence, the
speaker explains how long he will work in his organization. In
75
Indonesian language, the preposition used selama as a sign of
the relation of time era. And it should be,Tetapi saya naik
pesawat, eh untuk organisasi dan em selama satu tahun.
The next preposition is kepada to replace for in English language. In
Indonesian language, kepada is the preposition that indicates the relation of
direction, conversely in sentences below the speaker has tendency to
indicate the relation of allocation. So the appropriate word is untuk, bagi,
guna, or buat.
16) Saya membaca admission application kepada orang-orang. (I
read admission application for people.)
It should be, Saya membaca admission application
untuk orang-orang.
17) Ya Ramayana atau Ada Baru untuk popok diaper popok ya
kepada anak saya ya. (Yes Ramayana or Adabaru for diapers,
diapers for my child)
In this context, it should be, Ya Ramayana atau Ada baru
untuk popok diaper popok ya buat anak Saya ya .
18) Mereka mengirim saya kapada Salatiga. (They sent me for
Salatiga)
Such as the previous sentence, it should be, Mereka
mangirim saya untuk Salatiga.
The interference in sentences below is for that was translated by untuk,
but has a meaning selama as a sign of the relation of time era. As the data;
76
19) Saya pergi ke Kalimantan sudahsaya belajar Indonesian
Indonesia untuk satu tahun. (I go to Kalimantan after I studied
Indonesian language for a year )
Actually, in the sentence above has interference in
morphological aspect too that will be discussed in the sub
chapter two. In this context, for has a meaning selama and it
should be, Saya pergi ke Kalimantan (sesudah)saya belajar
Indonesian Indonesia selama satu tahun.
20) Saya tinggal di Kenya Afrika untuk 10 tahun. (I had lived in
Kenya Africa for a year.)
As the previous data the sentence should be Saya tinggal di Kenya
Africa selama 10 tahun.
The interference in the sentence below is incorrect translation for the
word by. Whereas, by or oleh is preposition that indicates the object relation,
while the speaker explained the preposition of manner and the appropriate
word is dengan.
21) Saya belajar oleh internet aja. (I learned by internet)
In the context of sentence above, oleh internet is the
preposition of manner. It should be, Saya belajar dengan
(menggunakan) internet aja.
c. Diction
77
In the level of sentence, the writer found the interference in the relative
clause as the data below;
22) Saya punya teman, teman di pasar siapa punya warung atau
toko.(I have a friend, a friend in the market who has a stall or
store)
In English sentence, relative pronoun used who to
explain the object a friend in the sentence. The relative pronoun
who cannot be interpreted directly in Indonesian language siapa.
who or siapa in Indonesian language that used in the
interrogative sentence, and the speaker supposed to use yangto
translate the relative pronoun who, Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (2007), the word yang used to clarify the previous
word in the sentence as the function of relative pronoun above.
Hence, it should be, saya punya teman, teman di pasar yang
punya warung atau toko.
Another interference in sentence is diction which was influenced by
English language as a native language of the subjects, As the data;
23) Saya mohon maaf suami saya tidak bisa dipanggil. (I am sorry,
my husband cannot be called )
Dipanggil in Indonesian language means ask for coming,
but in the context of sentence above is contact via phone. And
call itself in the dictionary has some meanings, there are
memanggil, menyebut, mengadakan, menelepon and etc. The
appropriate diction for the sentence should be ditelepon or
78
dihubungi. So the sentence should be, saya mohon maaf suami
saya tidak bisa dihubungi.
24) Waktu kami selesai di IMLAC kami pergi ke Banda Aceh untuk
suami Saya.(When we finished in IMLAC we will goto Banda
Aceh for my husband)
In this context, when is time of chronological.
Meanwhile in the dictionary when has some meaning, there are
kapan, ketika, waktu, and etc. The appropriate diction for the
sentence is sesudah/ setelahbecause the context is chronological
time. It should be, Setelah kami selesai di IMLAC kami pergi ke
Banda Aceh untuk suami saya.
25) Tidak makan orang Indonesia.(It is not Indonesian food)
Tidak in the sentence above means abjuration. The
sentence will mean, if the speaker use the appropriate diction
bukan in this context, because bukan in Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (2007) means abjuration. In addition, the sentence
above has other interference in morphological aspect that will
clarify in the next discussion. So the sentence should be, Bukan
(makanan) orang Indonesia.
2. Morphological Interference
Actually, morphological process between Indonesian and English
language is absolutely different. Morphological aspect is divided into two
79
kinds, there are inflection and derivation. Verhaar (1983:66) explains that
inflectional morphology is the alteration of morpheme which defends the
lexical identity. In English, inflectional morphology altered by suffixes,
examples cat + s = cats (would be plural form of nouns), play + ed = played
(would be the past form of regular verbs). Meanwhile, in Indonesian
language, inflectional morphology is often in the verb by adding prefixes
and konfixes (the combination of prefixes and suffixes). As the example, by
adding prefix me + tulis(verb) = menulis(verb) / di + tulis = ditulis, by
adding konfix me + tulis + kan = menuliskan(verb).
Later, derivational morphology according to (Verhaar, 1983:65) the
alteration of morpheme that produces the word with the different lexical
identity. English and Indonesian language have the same way to derivate
the word, adding the prefix, suffix, and the combination of them. In English
as examples, bi + cycle(verb) = bicycle (noun), play (verb) + er = player
(noun), and dis + grace (noun) + ful = disgraceful (adjective). Meanwhile,
examples in Indonesian language are pe + main (verb) = pemain (noun),
makan (verb) + an = makanan (noun), and per + main + an = permainan
(noun).
The morphological interference in the data below is the using of base
form. Speakers used the base form / basic word more regular than the word
with affixes.
80
26) Saya terbang pasien untuk rumah sakit. (I flew the patient for
hospital)
27) Kami terbang pesawat, banyak negeri untuk menolong orangorang dengan sehat.(We flew the plane, many countries to help
people with healthy)
28) E.. terbang , e.. Orang-orang Indonesia yang sakit ke rumah
sakit ya.(Flew Indonesian people who are sick to the hospital
ya.)
There is no morphological process in the verb flew, just
the alteration from fly – flew, without affixes. Whereas, in
Indonesian
language
those
sentences
above
need
the
morphological process to build the verb as a context. And the
speakers translated the word fly directly. Terbang is flying to
himself, but in the context of the sentences above mean bring
something to fly, so the speakers must add the prefix Me- and
suffix –kan (menerbangkan) to make it appropriate with the
context above.The morphological interference in this sentence
existed because the speaker used English principle to translate
the sentence above by using the base form. So the sentences
should be;
a) Saya menerbangkan pasien untuk rumah sakit.
b) Kami menerbangkan pesawat, banyak negeri
untuk menolong orang-orang dengan sehat.
c) E.., (kami) menerbangkan , e.. Orang-orang
Indonesia yang sakit ke rumah sakit ya.
29) Kami membawa apa makan dan obat.(We bring food and
medicine)
30) Tidak makan orang Indonesia. (It is not Indonesian food)
81
In sentences above food is the noun without
morphological process, but in Indonesian context makanan/ food
is the derivative word from the word makan. And the speakers
used the base form makan to show makanan. The morphological
interference in this sentence existed because the speaker used
English principle to translate the sentence above by using the
base form. So it should be;
a) Kami membawa, apa … makanan dan obat.
b) (Bukan) makanan orang Indonesia.
31) Waktu saya lahir anak saya. (When I gave birth to my child.)
In sentence above, gave birth is the verb without
morphological process. Meanwhile, according to Indonesian
language morphological process of building the verb happens in
the word lahir. Lahir is out of uterus, but in the sentence above,
it means put outside the baby from uterus, so the speaker need
affixation Me-kan (melahirkan). The morphological interference
in this sentence existed because the speaker used English
principle to translate the sentence above by using the base form
and it should be;
a) Waktu saya melahirkan anak saya.
32) Saya mundur diri karena gak ada visa. (I back off because I do
not have a visa)
82
In the sentence above, the speaker used the base form
mundur to show back off. Mundur diri in Indonesian language
is meaningless, the right form is mengundurkan diri,
mengundurkan is derivative word from mundur by adding me +
kan. It means Retire or back off. The morphological interference
in this sentence existed because the speaker used English
principle to translate the sentence above by using the base form
so it should be;
a) Saya mengundurkan diri karena gak ada visa.
33) Saya tidak ucapan betul ya? (I did not say right ya?)
In the sentence above say is the verb, but in Indonesian
language ucapan is noun from the base form ucap, there is
derivational morphology to alter the word ucapan become
mengucapkan (verb). So the speaker must add meng-kan to make
it become a verb, so it should be;
a) Saya tidak mengucapkan betul ya?
34) Saya pergi ke Kalimantan sudahsaya belajar Indonesian
Indonesia untuk satu tahun.(I go to Kalimantan after I studied
Indonesian language for one year)
After in the sentence above is not the result of
morphological process. In Indonesian language Sudah is
finished, but in this context sudah means after, so prefix se- is
needed to make the sentence clearly become sesudah.
83
The morphological interference in this sentence existed
because the speaker used English principle to translate the
sentence above by using the base form. The sentence should be;
a) Saya pergi ke Kalimantan sesudahsaya belajar
Indonesian Indonesia untuk satu tahun.
35) Sangat sulit menjelaskan hidup di negara lain kalau orang
belum pernah ke sana. (It is hard to describe the life in the other
country if someone has not gone there.)
The life in the sentence above means condition and there
is no morphological process in that word. Meanwhile, hidup in
Indonesian context is the verb, there is derivational process to
built the word hidup (verb) become kehidupan (noun) by adding
prefix ke- and suffix –an. The morphological interference in this
sentence existed because the speaker used English principle to
translate the sentence above by using the base form. So it should
be,
a) Sangat sulit menjelaskan kehidupan di negara
lain kalau orang belum pernah ke sana.
84
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
Conclusions and suggestions can be drawn in this chapter by referring to the
research findings and discussions in chapter IV.
A. Conclusion
The result of the study shows the kinds of syntactical and morphological
interference from English to Indonesian language made by English native
speakers in Salatiga, and there are some identificationsof those.
1. The kinds of syntactical interference
In the research findings, the writer finds some categories of syntactical
interference. It cconsists of three classes, there are in sentence, phrase, and
85
diction. The dominant interference is in the phrase class. According to the
identification in chapter IV, interference was found in phrase construction
(modifier and head word). The construction phrase of Indonesian language
is head word + modifier, but in English head word is put after the modifier.
Except the phrase construction, interference was found in the application of
preposition in the sentences. Especially when the speakers interpretedhere
and foras the explanation in the chapter IV above.
2. The kinds of morphological interference
In addition, the writer also found the morphological interference in
application of base form for invention the verb and some nouns. Most of
them, the interference in this case happens because the morphological
process in English language, especially in the verb construction.
In English, verb does not need the inflectional morphology to make the
sentence clear as the Indonesian language that needs inflectional
morphology in the sentence. So, the speakers inclined to usethe base form
to show the verb in Indonesian sentence.
B. Suggestion
The writer expects that this research will benefit for learners (English native
speakers), teachers and other researcher, as follows:
1. Learners
86
This paper is able to be a guidance and consideration for the learners of
Indonesian language, especially foreigners who have English language as
their mother tongue. They will have a reference how to study Indonesian
language correctly through minimizeing interference that perhaps they will
do such the research findings above.
2. Teacher
In the other hand, for the teacher who teaches Indonesian language, they
will have the appropriate examples of interference to emphasize the correct
and incorrect form when her students start to practice the Indonesian
language.
3. Upcoming Researcher
This research will enrich the examples of interference in some linguistic
scholarly, such the psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic. Also, clarifying the
definition and characteristics of interference as the interesting knowledge to
study, as phonic interference; lexical interference; and semantic
interference.
87
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92
Mr. Klaas
Tidak ada sekolah Belanda di Papua, ikut sekolah Amerika belajar bahasa Inggris.
Q: Brati dari kecil memakai bahasa inggris?
Dari umur 12, ya semula memakai bahasa Inggris pada 12 tahun. dan Ikut SMP,
SMU, di dalam bahasa Inggris. Ikut kuliah dalam bahasa Inggris dan mengajar
dalam bahasa Inggris di Amerika. Dan ya anak Saya orang Amerika.
Q: Nama panjangnya siapa?
Namanya? Nama Saya? Oh ya, nama panjang, itu lebih panjang dari istri Saya Klaas
Chistiaan Kroneman. Ya K.L.A.A.S dua A, Christian itu C.H.R.I.S.T.I. dua A ,
A.A.N. dan nama terakhir sama dengan istri saya K.R.O.N.E.M.A.N.
Q: Tempat tanggal lahir?
Tempat lahir Utrech, kota Utrech di Belanda “Utrech” di kampung ya?
Ya, Mei 20 1986, ya lebih muda ya.
Q: Di Indonesia, bekerja atau …?
Em..belajar bahasa Indonesia, sama ya, belajar bahasa tinggi ya, bahasa sahari-hari
tidak boleh katanya. belum tahu ya? Belajar bahasa tinggi, formal. Bahasa jawa itu,
Tapi ada banyak kata Belanda dalam bahasa Jawa juga, Pit? Sepeda ya? Ada yang
lain juga tapi saya belum kenal dengan baik.
Q: Sudah berapa tahun di Indonesia?
Em.. sekarang baru tiba sama dengan istri Saya, Januari 1 2013. Tapi dulu dari tahun
1998 sampai 2004 di Papua.
Q: Bagaimana bisa dari belanda ke papua?
Ya, bapak Saya kerja disitu, ada banyak bahasa di Papua, bapak Saya ahli bahasa,
menolong bikin alphabet untuk bahasa itu dan bikin gramatika dalam bahasa itu
Sebelum ditulis, tidak ada tulisan dan bahasa belum jadi semua harus ditulis tidak
ada kamus, tidak ada apa-apa jadi sulit untuk ya dapat , untuk orang yang sudah
sekolah ya, karena tidak, tidak tau bagaimana bisa baca dalam bahasa sendiri tapi
diajar bahasa bahasa Indonesia.
Q: Setelah 6 tahun di Papua langsung ke sini atau ..?
Dari Papua dari 2004-2000 sampai sekarang, kuliah di, kuliah bekerja di
Amerika…, tempatnya? Banyak tempat elenoy, Washington state, provinsi
Washington, provinsi nort keleyna, provinsi texas. kami pindah banyak, tapi pindah
banyak.
93
Q: Dimana bertemu dengan mrs Melissa?
In Chicago, bertemu di Chicago, dan kami menikah di Washington state.
Washington tapi itu provinsi washingtonya itu di Amerika barat bukan di
Washington DC, di tahun 2007.
Q: Apakah ada kesulitan tinggal di sini?
Ya? Sampai sekarang belum tapi baru tiba.
Q: Bagaimana menurut anda tentang Indonesia?
Saya suka ,sedikit berbeda dari Papua tetapi suka bikin menjalin hubungan dengan
tetangga, tetangga di Indonesia itu lebih gampang dari menjalin hubungan di
Amerika. Kami bercakap-cakap, ya tidak menduduk di luar rumah dan Sibuk kerja
dan tinggal dirumah dan mungkin tidak kenal tetangga ,kadang-kadang ya, pasti
ada orang yang kenal tetapi , waktu kami tinggal di apartemen, mungkin Saya tidak
mau perkenalkan tetangga Saya, karena itu ya orang ya mungkin dari tempat lain
dan mungkin mabuk dan begitu ya? Jadi ada banyak sesuatu terjadi tapi disini
semua lebih sopan lebih gampang bikin hubungan dengan tetangganya.
Q: Rencana anda berada di sini berapa tahun ? mungkin belajar di sini?
Belajar bahasa Indonesia di sini 10 bulan lalu pindah ke Papua dan akan ya bekerja
sebagai pilot dengan yayasan.
Q: MAF?
Hampir sama dengan MAF. Yayasan berbeda, di yayasan Indonesia namanya jatik
juga yayasan penerbangan di papua
Q: Apakah namanya benar seperti ini?
Ya, CHRIST, Macam teman ya?, ada terlalu banyak kata dengan “t”
Q: Apakah di papua sebagai relawan?
Apa itu artinya relawan ? saya belum kenal artinya relawan ? volunteer bekerja
sukarela.
Q: Aspek apa dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menurut anda sulit?
Operasi Kata “t” ya? Saya kenal Bahasa sehari-hari, tetapi untuk memakai apa men,
ber, ya begitu sulit, atau lebih control ya? Paki kata dasar saja, standar bahasa ya.
Ya itu Juga dipakai di oleh orang yang di pasar ya.
Q: Contohnya?
Pakai atau di pakai atau saya mempunyai atau saya apa kasih nasehat atau memberi
saran ya, bentuk kata yang lebih persis ya.
94
Mr. Peter Greenwald
Q: Terimakasih atas waktunya, bisa disebutkan nama lengkap?
Ya ya nama Saya Pak Peter,e .. Saya dari Amerika.
Q: Nama panjang? Nama lengkap?
Oh semua ya, nama Saya Peter Greenwald,
Q: Bisa anda eja?
Mengeja? G.r.e.e.n.w.a.l.d.
Q: Apakah seperti ini?
Ya betul .
Q: Berasal dari Negara mana? Tepatnya?
Berasal? Negara? Oh ya ya Berasal dari Amerika, Atlanta Gorgia.
Q: Sudah berapa lama anda tinggal di sini?
Oh seperti mungkin setengah tiga bulan.
Q: Apa tujuan anda datang ke Indonesia?
Oh, mengapa Saya ingin datang ke … oh Saya Pilot, dan Saya mau menolong
orang-orang em.. dengan apa, mungkin … ya Ambulan, ya pesawat ambulan, ya di
Indonesia dan Saya datang ke Salatiga untuk belajar bahasa Indonesia.
Q: Apa yang anda lakukan di Amerika sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Oh ya, Sebelum Saya bekerja pilot ? o … Saya pergi ke sekolah SMA, kemudian
Saya pergi ke Universitas untuk ke mengajar em… bagaimana menjadi pilot ya,
Kemudian Saya bekerja sebagai intrukstur pilot untuk pilot baru murid ya.
Q: Tempat dan tanggal lahir?
Oh ya tempat , tempat born? ya Saya melahir di transilvenia, oh tanggal? 9 Mei
1984.
Q: Berapa lama rencana anda tinggal di Indonesia?
Rencana? Planning? Oh Em.. kira-kira 1, mungkin 2 tahun, em.. sebelum Saya
bekerja untuk MAF Saya tidak tahu dimana, tetapi waktu saya bekerja MAF mereka
berkata kepada Saya “kami mau anda pergi ke Indonesia”, untuk belajar, untuk
bekerja pilot.
95
Q: Apa kegiatan anda di sini selain belajar bahasa Indonesia?
Kegiatan? Activities ? Sory .. Ok, mungkin sekali lagi? Oh ya. Oh di Indonesia ?
oh ya dengan bahasa Indonesia? Saya akan terbang pasien untuk rumah sakit, Saya
belajar bahasa Indonesia jadi saya bisa bercakap-cakap dengan mereka. Dan oh
Apa kata untuk nurse? Perawat ? Dan merawat mereka …
Q: Apa yang akan anda lakukan setelah anda bisa berbahasa Indonesia?
After here? Ya, Setelah kami selesai di sini di Salatiga, kami pergi ke Aceh untuk
belajar, em.. untuk bekerja sebagai pilot.
Q: Dengan siapa anda berada di sini ?
Disini? Hanya belajar bahasa. Oh, no no bukan sendiri , Saya di sini dengan istri
Saya dan anak kami dan teman kami.
Q: Apakah istri anda juga relawan?
Ya, oh no hanya ibu.
Q: Apakah ada kesurlitan tinggal di sini?
Oh pasti, ya ya
Q: Apa kira-kira kesulitanya?
Mau Saya describe? . Oh apa kata untuk? Oh mungkin Waktu kami datang di sini,
tradisi sedikit sulit karena, bahasa berbeda dan jadi sulit untuk kami em mencari
air, mencari sekolah kami. Dan mencari untuk ke bertemu teman baru dan em …
Karena di sini baru, dan berbeda emm… in Amerika and here berbeda.
Q: Pendapat anda tentang Indonesia?
Maaf pelan-pelan Oh ya, ya pertama ya, kami suka sekali Indonesia. Orang-orang
ramah sekali ya?, dan kami suka cuaca, orang-orang seperti anda, seperti Pak
Selamet ramah sekali. Kami suka di Indonesia.
Q: Bisa diceritakan lembaga MAF yang menaungi anda?
Em.. maaf Saya sedikit mengerti yaya MAF? Orgenasi, organi.. oh sulit!
Organisasi, kami terbang pesawat banyk negeri untuk menolong orang-orang degan
sehat, dengan kami membawa apa makan, dan obat, dan dokter, dokter gigi ya? ,
dentis? Dan banyak orang untuk menolong orang em sakit orang sakit, ya di
Indonesia dan banyak lainya.
96
Q: Kesulitan saat anda belajar bahasa Indonesia ?
Ya, em.. vocab, kata kerja, ya struktur sulit, struktur bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa
Inggris berbeda ya.” Em back word”.. sulit, tetapi dengan bekerja bisa mengerti dan
berbicara dengan orang-orang waktu kami … dan waktu kami latihan menjadi
mudah sedikit. Mengerti? Sedikit mengerti?
Mr. Shad
Q: Ok Mr Shad terimakasih atas waktunya
Sami-sami
Q: Bisa disebutan nama lengkap anda?
Apa artinya? Oh Shad Chris Deal , SHAD , nama kedua CHRIS, nama keluarga
DEAL
Oh Mrs, maaf Mr Shad ..
Tidak apa2
Q: Berasal dari Negara mana? Tepatnya?
Dari amerika sama, di Michigan, ada banyak laut, oh bukan .. danau …
Q: Sudah berapa lama tinggal di Indonesia?
Saya dan istri saya sudah 5 tahun lebih, 5 setengah hampir yaw..
Q: Kegiatan apa yang anda lakukan di Indonesia?
Ah Hampir sama lagi dengan istri saya, tapi karna ketika saya bekrja di
amrik,sesudah sy lulus Sma , saya bekerja seperti kontraktor dan saya bekerja 15
thun di situ, saya msih cukup pandai ya dengan rumah …, jadi yayasan minta saya
tinggal di salatiga untuk memperbaiki rumah2 yang dikontrak oleh yayasan, seprti
skrag ada 5 rumah yg blm ditempati, jd 3 minggu lagi , jd saya harus mengecek
semua listrik, pipa , cat …, banyak rumah harus dicat harus diperbaiki, karna bocor
di atap .., itu biasa untuk saya.
Q: Berapa lama rencana anda tinggal di Indonesia?
Wah tak tau besok, tapi Rencana tinggal di sini lama sekali,, mungkin sampai kami
bosan
97
Q: Apa yang anda lakukan sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Ada apa yang sya suka di sini?, oh Sebelum saya datang kemari?, seperti sya berkata
tadi, sy membngun rumah dan memperbaiki rumah, kalau ada masalah dgan rumah
org bs menghubungi sya dan adik saya, kami bkrja berdua biasanya di amerika
harus ganti atap setiap mungkin 15 thun…….,jd sya dan adik saaya kmi akan gnti
atap dg bahan yang sangat berbeda jd sulit ubtuk menjelaskan bgaimana, tapi kami
akan membangun rmah atau gedung dan memperbaiki rumah ..
Q: Sebelum ke Indonesia apakah ada pengalaman pergi ke luar negeri?
Ke Canada tapi hampr sama dengan Amerika. Sebelum datang ke indo tidak
pernah,amrik dan Canada., itu saja
Q: Apakah belajar bahasa Indonesia baru pertama kali di sini?
Apa maaf?Ya, ya, saya msh harus belajar terus, krna sy msh blm lancer
Q: Apa ada kesulitan tinggal di sini?
Apa yang sulit untuk hidup di sini ?, oh pasti bahasanya,bhs indo sulit, sy tmbah lg
bhs jwa,ada beberapa tinfkatan di bhs jawa, sy mngerti sithik2 mawon, …,ya saya
pkir bhasanya, sy sngat suka budaya, sy pkir,.lbh baik di sini dr pda di amrik sy msh
rindu amrika cuma keluarga, kalo mslah budaya saja mnrt sya lbh bagus di sini
Q: Apa yang anda suka di sini?
Ya, ada yang saya suka juga? Makanan.., sebelum saya ke indo, sy akn kuatir sya
akan benci makanan karena saya tdk tau makanan apa di ind tidak tau, tetapi saya
suka hamper semua…,kecuali mungkin bakso saya kurang suka sekali bakso entah
mengapa .., nsgor, migor, mirebu, miayam sate oh pasti sate,, sate ayam …
Q: Bisa anda ceritakan tentang keluarga anda?
Cerita tentang apa?,ya saya mengerti, oh ketika saya masih anak atau gmana? Oh
ketika saya msh anak ? oh mau saya cerita slma 1 minggu atau brapa ? …, sya ada
3 adik , saya paling tua dan pling ganteng, sy dan adik pertama prempuan ,adik ke3
laki2, & ke4 laki2 kami semua sdh menikah dan semua ada anak sekarang…, &
bapak saya dia pendeta di amrik cukup lama…,dan sesudah itu dia melayani di
gereja2.. dia tdak jd pendeta tapi tetap melayani begitu, sangat sulit menjelaskan
hdup di ngara lain klo orang blm pernah kesana
98
Q: Apa yang anda lakukan sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Umur saya ada brapa? Ya ok, wah saya tggal sendiri sesudah saya lulus dari SMA
saya tinggal sendiri selama beberapa tahun saya bekerja jadi kontraktor dg adik
saya, saya tidak ingat berapa tahun?,km ingat brapa ? ya betul, cukup lama mungkin
8 tahun begitu sya tggal sendiri ,itu berbeda sekali dengan budaya di sini , emm dan
begitu saya ke sekolah dari yayasan, khusus untuk yayasan, saya bertemu dengan
istri saya, tapi waktunya dia belum pacar, dia teman saja, menurut saya dia cantik
sekali, tapi dia terlalu cantik, saya tidak suka dengan ini ya, dan saya bertugas kalau
ikenuh seperti tukang pipa, ada universitas yg ckup besar dan mempunyai gedung
di sana dan kalau ada masalah mereka menemui saya, saya memperbaiki. Ternyata
setiap murid yang belajar dapat membantu di universita, jd stiap hri selama 2 jam
kira2, 2 atau 3 jam dia akan membantu saya jd sekertaris dan saya senang sekali
kami bekerja bersama, tapi cukup lama dia tidak tau saya naksir, menyukai dia, dia
tidak tahu saya selalu malu menjelaskan, 8 bulan kmi menjadi pacar, betul ? sesudah
itu mungkin 1 tahun lagi enam bulan setengah, lebih jelas kalau dia menjawab, kami
menikah dan hidup di ameriaka, saya ingin datang ke Indonesia tetapi tidak ada
uang, jadi kami akan keliling ke gerej2a dan menjelaskan bagaiana kami rencana
membantu orag yang hdup di sisni di Indonesia, dan kami tidak tau kalau akan hdup
di Kalimantan di pulau mana kami tidak tau, kami yang pling , sy tdk tau kami akan
tinggal di salatiga lama, jd kami ke gereja2 hampir setiap hari minggu dan memberi
tahu rencana kami dan kalau ada orang yng mau membantu mereka akan beri uang
sedikit sampai ad cukup untuk keliling tiket pesawat kecil, itu 2 tahun ? berapa lama
kira2? dan anak pertama sudah lahir waktu itu dan saya kira empat emm saya ingat
tahun berapa ya tahu itu kami tiba di indo dan anak pertamta baru 1 tahun fia tdk
ingat waktu di amrik , dan anak kedua lahir disini dan dia ank jawa orang jawa ya,
jowo
Q: Tempat dan tanggal lahir anda?
Ada lagi ? maaf mungkin sy terlalu tua dan suara hujan lebih keras dari mbak, sekali
lag?, ok saya bsa mengerti silakan pakai b. ind tpi mungkin lbh keras saja. Saya
tidak ingat waktunya …, ya di Michigan ,, tgl 8 bulan November tahun 1972
Q: Faktor dari bahasa Indonesia yang menurut anda sulit?
Yang paling sulit dari indo ? sudah sy jwb bhs Indonesia. Yang Pling sulit saya
sering lupa bahasanya, ya mungkin tata bahasa karena em sprt lari harus berlari,
memban ,baru prefix, ya wah 22nya prefix dan sufix & ada banyak kata yang orag
hampir sama sy ingat ketika saya berkata kpd teman, wah saya baru kurus, saya
berkata salah salah waktu itu saya baru kursus aduh saya ingat saya baru kurus,ya
ada banyak kata yang org nya hamper sama berbeda sekali dg bu, eh mbak.
99
Mrs. Ashley
Q: Terimakasih atas waktunya Mrs …?
Ashley ya ya
Q: Nama lengkap?
Nama Saya Ashley Greenwald .di.. oh maaf ? A.s.h.l.e.y ya betul ya! Sama ya?
Q: Berasal dari mana? Tepatnya?
Saya berasal dari Amerika Serikat . kota? Saya berasal dari Atlanta Gorgia,
Amerika ya
Q: Tempat tanggal lahir?
Saya melahir, lahir, Saya dilahirkan Atlanta Gorgia, oh maaf wah tanggal 26
December, wah mudah-mudahan betul ya. Satu ratus seribu Sembilan ratus delapan
puluh tiga. Sekali lagi ya? Seribu Sembilan ratus delapan puluh tiga ya? Mudahmudahan Saya ingat ya?
Q: Sudah berapa lama anda tinggal di Indonesia?
Wah baru mungkin 2 bulan.
Q: Tanggal berapa datang ke Indonesia?
O tanggal berapa? Ow wah Saya lupa, mungkn oh ya 19 December, ya 2012.
Q: Apa kepentingan anda datang ke Indonesia?
Kami tinggal di Salatiga untuk belajar bahasa Indonesia, waktu kami selesai di
Imlak Kami pergi ke Banda Aceh untuk suami Saya, e.. terbang e orang-orang
Indonesia yang sakit ke rumah sakit ya, di pesawat ya?
Q: Apa yang anda lakukan sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Oh ya, kadang di Amerika Saya bekerja di Universitas, dan waktu Saya lahir anak
Saya, ya Saya uh wah, maaf pet? Ya Saya tidak bekerja, Saya Ibu ya?
Q: Apa pekerjaan anda di Amerika?
Saya bekerja sebagai apa admisi, adminission, adminission ya? Jadi Saya uh…Saya
membaca admission, di Amerika kami berkata admission application jadi Saya
membaca admission application kepada orang-orang, yah ya di Universitas.
Q: Di Atlanta?
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University tidak, em.. di Texas, sesudah kami wah, apa kata ah sesudah kami
menikah, eh Saya kami pindah di Texas, ke Texas yah dan Saya bekerja waktu
suami Saya belajar di Universitas untuk pesawat ya? Dan dia bekerja jd ya ..
Q: Apa kesulitan anda tinggal di Indonesia?
Difficulties here? Oh, em.. mungkin bahasa? Ya pasti bahasa, eh di Amerika kami
tidak tinggal di kota, kami tinggal kami berkata suffer mungkin di luar kota ya, jadi
oh ya dan kami punya mobil, disini kami tidak punya mobil ya? Dan kami pergi ke
kota wah, mungkin seminggu, ya seminggu sekali. Ya jadi mungkin berbeda tapi
eh cu cuaca sama di Atlanta ya, mungkin tidak bagus ya, kami suka tinggal di
Indonesia.
Q: Berapa lama rencana anda tinggal di Indonesia?
Rencana? Oh maaf ya Mungkin satu dua, satu Tahun, kami belajar di Imlak. Dan
kami belajar 9 unit untuk selesai to finish, kemudian kami pergi ke Aceh , mungkin
1 tahun mungkin eh mungkin 11 bulan ya.
Q: Apa kegiatan anda selain belajar bahasa Indonesia?
Ya, waktu kami pergi ke Aceh ? here, disini ? ya, wah kami pulang dan makan
siang, dan Saya menidurkan anak Saya ya wah begitu Saya mungkin belajar bahasa
Indonesia, Saya membaca pelajaran-pelajaran, ya dan sesudah itu mungkin pergi ke
toko lancar atau ke kota maaf maaf? Ya Ramayana atau Ada baru untuk popok
diaper popok ya kepada anak saya ya? . sesudah makan sore kami biasanya kami
pergi ke tetangga saya untuk bercakap-cakap hubungan, sesudah itu kami tidur ya?
Kami sudah capai ya?
Q: Apa pendapat anda tentang Indonesia?
Saya suka sekali. Oh orang-orang ramah dan em.. apa kata untuk kind? Orang-orang
Indonesia, baik hati dan kami suka cuaca, kami suka kota, kami suka oh… oh apa
itu, kampung kami suka sekali tetangga kami ya, dan ya bagus.
Q: Apakah ada kesulitan dalam belajar bahasa Indonesia?
Em.. tidak ada.
Q: Oh bahasa Indonesia mudah ya?
Oh wah,em.. uh prefix, sufiks sulit ya? Me,be, ke, kan kata dasar dan kata panjang
kata panjang ya? Banyak kata panjang, Saya tidak ucapan pronounciation, saya
tidak ucapan betul ya? Saya tidak mengucapkan betul.
Q: Setelah selesai di Imlac apa yang anda lakuan?
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Betul, mungkin belum ya? In Banda Aceh oh ya? Dengan organisasai , dengan
organisasai kami . Kami bekerja di Banda Aceh 3 tahun setelah itu kami kembali
AS untuk e liburan, dan sesudah liburan 6 bulan kami kembali ke Banda Aceh.
Q: Bisa anda ceritakan tentang keluarga anda?
Disini atau orang tua. Maaf saya belum mengerti, Oh wah mungkin, hm oh ya so,
jadi Saya melahir dilahirkan di Atlanta gorgia Saya hanya anak di orang tua dan
Saya tinggal di Atlanta gorgia AS sampai mungkin saya 23 Tahun waktu Saya
menikah dia. dan kami pergi ke eh pindah maaf, kami pindah ke Texas. waktu saya
tinggal di texas saya bekerja di lutan university sebagai admission conselor, Begitu
kami bekerja dengan MAF kami pindah ke Salatiga, Indonesia ya di sini
Q: Apa yang anda suka dari Indonesia? Mungkin food?
Oh food, kesukaan makan, Banyak kata panjang ya? Makanan kesukaan Saya ayam
bakar, nasi goreng. Saya banyak kesukaan ya, mar martabak ya? Itu enak sekali ya
dan enting-enting kacang ya.
Mrs. Joy
Q: Terimakasih atas waktunya, Mrs …?
Ya, Joy a h Neal. Ya
Q: Bisa disebutkan nama lengkap?
Nama Saya Joy “J.O.Y” ya M.A.R.C.I.E ya Neal? N.E.A.L,ya.
Q: Berasal dari Negara mana Mrs Neal? Tepatnya?
Saya berasal dari Amerika. Chicago elenoy, seperti Michael Jordan ya? Ya,
Chicago bull.
Q: Tempat tanggal lahir?
Maaf? Lahir, born? Ya sama Chicago elenoy oh date? Tanggal ? 14 December,
Saya tidak tahu bagaimana berkata tahun, satu Sembilan delapan enam.
Q: Sudah berapa lama di Indonesia?
Sudah? Em.. baru 3 bulan, ya mungkin 4 bulan, ya 3-4 bulan
Q: Datang ke sini tanggal berapa? Date?
Em.. November,5 ,5 november iya?
Q: Maksud datang ke sini?
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Purpose? Oh, suami Saya pilot dan sebelum sesudah kami belajar di IMLAK kami
pergi ke Kalimantan em.. dan dan Dia akan, apa kata untuk fly? Ya, untuk orang
yang jauh, maaf untuk oh untuk medicine, untuk rumah sakit, orang yang tidak bisa
pergi ke rumah sakit. Yang membantu orang pergi ke rumah sakit dan hal-hal ?
thing untuk komunity . Eh komunitas, ya seperti materials untuk
mengubungkan,menghubungkan, ya.
Q: Anda di sini untuk menemani suami anda?
Oh waktu Dia? Oh disini ? iya, Saya accompany suami Saya disini ya.
Q: Berapa lama waktu belajar di Imlac?
Ya ya ehem.. oh setiap hari? Em.. pada pukul 8 sampai 12, setiap hari Senin sampai
Jum’at.
Q: Kegiatan anda sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Ehem.. oh maaf ,maaf sebentar .Activities ya? Kegiatan before Saya datang di sini?
Saya em.. Saya sebelum datang di sini Saya murid di Universitas ehem.. em.. di
Chicago iya, dan em.. suami Saya juga murid ya dan kami bekerja untuk Mission
Aviation Felloship, MAF , ya em.. ehem jadi sebelum kami datang kesini kami,
kami bekerja untuk MAF ya.
Q: Punya kesulitan saat datang ke Indonesia pertama kali?
Difficulties ? oh ya.. eh eh oh anders? Maaf, em.. ya waktu Saya disini baru 3 hari,
Saya mau ke pasar sendiri dan Saya hanya tahu 3 kata, em maaf, terimakasih, dan
Ramayana. Jadi Saya pergi ke angkota dan waktu Saya naik angkota,ya hujan ya?
Dan Saya tidak bisa melihat di luar ke luar em dan Saya bertanya kepada supir, em
Ramayana-ramayana?dan dia berkata kepada Saya oh ya Ramayana. Jadi Saya, apa
kata untuk get off. Keluar, ya? Dan semua orang di angkota tertawa karena tidak ke
Ramayana, supir Saya pikir, supir mencoba berkata ya kami mau ke Ramayana, tapi
saya pikir sekarang Ramayana, jadi dan tidak ke Ramayana jadi Saya em.. berjalan
selama mungki 30 menit dan bertanya Ramayana? Ra maaf, Ramayana iya, ya
difficult, sulit.
Q: Pendapat anda tentang Indonesia? It is the first time?
Ya, sebelum iya sebelum November Saya tidak di Indonesia ya. Oh, Saya suka
sekali, ya Saya suka bagaimana tetangga-tetangga semua teman dan membantu
each other, ya dan Saya suka pertemuan, PKK dan bapak-bapak. Di Ameika tidak
biasa ya. Em saya suk suka pembantu-pembantu kami, Di Amerika Saya tidak
punya pembantu dan mereka membantu Saya banyak ya, dengn rumah, tetapi juga
dengan komunitas ya.. em Saya suka belajar bahasa baru, itu sulit tapi Saya suka.
Ya dan makanan enak sekali.
Q: Makanan apa yang anda sukai?
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Ya, Saya tidak makan daging, em.. jadi Saya tidak makan daging. Ya tetapi
pembantu kami pandai sekali. Dia memasak banyak makanan yang lain ,em Saya
suka, favorite Saya ikan gurigurami ya, he em, saya I do makan ikan, tapi tidak
daging, Saya suka nasi goreng. Iya Mungkin kami makan nasi goreng 2x setiap hari,
tidak hari Minggu, iya dan oh di konenia house, mereka punya, ya rumah makan
konenia, beri do yang enak sekali. Tidak makan orang Indonesia , or Indonesia.
Tetapi ya ..
Q: Berapa lama anda akan tinggal di sini?
Berapa lama Saya akan tinggal disini? Saya akan tinggal di Salatiga hanya 1 bulan,
e.. 1 tahun, tetapi di Indonesia, di Kalimantan Saya tidak tahu, mungkin 10 tahun
atau lebih.
Q: Bisa anda ceritakan tentang keluarga anda?
Oh he em ya? Oh Describe my family? Oh ya…Ya Saya punya 1 suami, Dia 29
tahun ya.
Q: Handsome?
Iya, pasti atau Saya tidak menikah Dia, tidak-tidak … kami sudah menikah selama
6 tahun ya. Dan kami punya 1 anak laki-laki, nama dia Enders, Enders ya nama
sulit untuk orang Indonesia ya Enders ya? Kadag-kadang Saya berkat Anders
mugkin lebih mudah ya? Unders, dan dia sudah 2 tahun ya, em.. ya kami senang.
Q: What your activities after study in Imlac?
Ya sesudah kami belajar di sekolah kami pulang dan makan so .. Siang dan belajar
selama mungkin 1 jam emm.. ya.Kadang-kadang kami berjalan dengan anak kami,
atau bermain dengan dia,em.. kami eh main ke rumah teman ya atau mereka datang
di sini. dan kami bercakap-cakap atau bermain pingpong ya. Saya suka membaca
buku ya, baca buku membaca buku lalu kami memasak makan sore, dan mungkin
menonton film, dan Tidur? .
Q: Kesulitan belajar bahasa Indonesia di bagian mana?
Which part?, Kesulihatan? Kesulitan? Apa artinya? Saya tahu tetapi ,difficult? oh
dengan em.. bahasa Indonesia? Eh Di Amerika Saya pandai dengan tata bahasa,
grammar ya, Saya membantu orang yang lain waktu mereka membeli buku, write?
Menulis buku, Saya membantu mereka dengan tata bahasa English. Ya tetapi
bahasa Indonesia berbeda ya? Jadi kadang-kadang itu sulit, tapi Saya pikir
vocabulary, ya lebih sulit. Karena tata bahasa sulit, tetapi kami akan belajar lalu
Saya tahu, tetapi banyak kata ya, tapi Saya harus belajar banyak kata, sebelum Saya
tahu em,, .
Q: What is your departemant?
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I am an Editor , editor jadi waktu orang menulis buku,author? Saya membaca buku
mereka, dia dan Correct , ya grammar.
Q: Terimakasih atas waktunya,
Ok terimakasih. Maaf, Saya mohon maaf suami Saya tidak bisa dipanggil kalau
anda mau lagi ya bisa.
Q: The time?
Mungkin besok sesudah jam 4, Saya tidak bisa tetapi suami Saya bisa, after four,
ya.
Mrs. Karen
Q: Bisa disebutkan nama lengkap?
Bu Karren Fosdahl , FOSDHAL
Q: Dari mana?
Saya berasal dari Amerika Serikat
Q: Bisa diceritakan tepatnya di mana?
Maksutnya tempat asalnya? Saya dilahirkan di Lusiana di Amerika , dan orang tua
Saya tinggal dari situ ke Negara bagian California habis itu ke Texas, jadi Saya di
besarkan di Texas. Dan habis kuliah dan lulus Saya datang ke Indonesia.
Q: Kuliah tahun berapa?
Udah lama, Saya sudah di Indonesia 25 tahun.
Q: Kerjanya apa di Indonesia?
Dulu waktu kami datang Saya ibu rumah tangga, jadi Saya kesini ada 4 anak.
Mereka mengasuh mereka, Tapi sebenarnya Saya , Walaupun mereka kecil, Saya
selalu mengajar, walaupun itu, kalau itu paud,atau ikut mengajar di sekolah anak
kami, atau habis mereka sudah besar ke sekolah Internasional, ke Univrsitas UKSW
sama ke STAIN itu , jd sy mengajar mungkin sampai brapa, jd saya sebagai guru ,
dn konselor, sebagai macam-macam, tp pkoknya guru …
Q: Jadi habis lulus di universitas?
105
Dulu Saya melahirkan, bukan Saya S2, dan habis itu saya, suami Saya dan Saya
mulai keluarga kami, kemudian saya mrasa yg pling pntg itu mengasuh anak dr pda
bkerja dulu, jd sya sndri yg mengasuh ank2 kami, trus dr pda kerja di tmpat lain, sy
bkerja Diwaktu meraka mulai masuk TK, Saya mengajar TK, waktu meraka masuk
SD saya ikut mengajar pelajaran disitu. Wktu smp sya ikut menajar di situ, dan sma
jg. Heem, Sekolah I, tp di jogja jg,tp akhrnya sy jg mngajar, smbil mengajar di SI
sy mngajar di UKSW.Sekarang Saya mengajar di STAIN. Paling lama Saya hanya
mengajar di UKSW 1 1/2 tahun, Saya mundur diri karena gak ada Visa. Saya malah
focusny saya ndak sprt non ttp di itu, jd sya mundur mulai focus ke anak-anak Saya.
Mengajar lbh bnyak di SI pda wktu itu, krna mreka masih kecil, bkan kecil tp dlm
baru ABC ya, anak baru gedhe ya ..
Q: Dari Amerika ikut suami, suaminya kerja di Indonesia ?
Iya, begitu, iya Saya yg ikut, tapi sebenarnya sambil ikut Saya bnyak kegiatan,
seperti membuka preschool dirumah. Dengan anak dan sebagainya.
Q: Alamat rumah ini?
Ini desa Karang Nongko. Knp di desa ya ?, sebenarnya kami cri di rumah di kota,
tp kmi bli ini fokusnya …, ini rmhnya bsar skali ya, bnyak kmar jd comfort, dan jg
bsa nolong anak2 dan bisnis ibu2
Q: Di sini Cuma bu Karen sendiri yang orang asing? Kebanyakan ada di sana..
Iya. Itu mungkin target kmi dulu di Grogol, tp itu, tp wktu kmi, suami saya cari
rumah ada orang yang tukang gorengan, pedagang gorengan ya,, bilang ada rumah
di sini dan dia naik motor sampai sini, pasti kami gak pernah cari rumah di desa
tapi krena itu orang, tapi memang waktu lihat rumah ini ramai banyak anak main di
sini.
Q: Pernah punya pengalaman belajar bahasa Indonesia sebelumnya?
Sebenarnya bahasa, lebih efektif belajar bahasa di negaranya. Kalau belajar b.
Indonesia di Amerika belum pernah.
Q: S1 nya ambil apa? S2 nya?
Administrasi, em …. kitap suci
Q: Ada pengalaman, kesulitan tinggal di Indonesia?
106
Bukan, masalahnya sebelum kami berangkat dari Amerika anak-anak kami msh
kecil, fotonya nanati akan disini. Anak pertama 2 tahun anak kedua 8 bulan waktu
kami naik pesawat dari California itu tengah malam, pak frank suami Saya
menawarkan menawarkan passport, bu Karen pegang, malah meraka rewel. Jadi
Saya bilang pada saudara kami . tolong pegangkan passport kami, ia malah paspor
kami di taruh di tas dia. Kami naik pesawat tdk ada paspor, kmi sampai indo ga’
ada paspor. Kami dianggap sebagai mata-mata, spice. Trus dalam 1 minggu kami
di …., krna mau transit tp g’boleh karena paspor, mereka pkir saya satu ibu dg 2
anak kecil. Saya kena Malaria waktu itu2 minggu kemudian kena malaria, itu
keguguran pada waktu itu. Saya hamil malah kena malaria sangat sakit dan ini baru,
belum2 sampai Jawa ini, jd ini pengalaman pertama2 itu memang. Sampai Saya
belajar bahasa di Bandung malah sakit sekali satu tahun. Karena mungkin penduduk
di sana saking padatnyadan polusi, dan kuman2nya belum kenal tubuh saya.
Q: Jadi pengalaman pertama itu sakit ya bu?
Ya banyak, mungkin karena orangnya msuk ke Negara lain apalahi beda dengan
Amerka ke indo krena di sini malaria, …, tipes macem-macem gak ada di Amerika.
Itu gak ada muntaber gak ada di amerika. Kalau kami tidak, imannya gak kuat, kami
yakin di pimpin oleh alah. Jadi kalau tidak percaya ,, apalagi meninggalkan semua
orang yang disayangi
Q: Masih sering ke sana?
Sekarang lebih sering, dulu waktu anak-anak kecil nggak.
Q: Jadi sudah jadi WNI?
Gak, ak mungkin. Karena pasti ada masa depan yang kami inginkan. Pulang atau
ke Afrika atau mana stelah meninggalkan tempat ini, tapi belum.
Mrs. Melissa
Q: Terimakasih atas waktunya, mungkin bisa disebutkan nama lengkap ?
Melissa Jean Kroreman
Q: Bisa di eja?
M.e.l.i.s.s.a , second name is J.e.a.n and .. K.r.o.n.e.m.a.n. yap
Q: Brasal dari negara mana?
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Where spesificly in Amerika or just America?. Ok ,Saya berasal dari Amerika,
Nebraska, lincon.
Q: Untuk tempat dan tanggal lahir?
Em.. Lincon kota. Nebraska, dua puluh em tujuh Januari 1984
Q: Sudas berapa lama anda tinggal di Indonesia?
How long? I studied Indonesian 3 weeks, Saya baru tinggal di Indonesia 2 bulan.
Q: Sama dengan Mr Peter?
No they have been here 2 weeks more than us.
Q: Tujuan anda datang ke Salatiga?
In Salatiga? E.. belajar Indonesia, bahasa Indonesia? There is no other purpose.
Q: Sebelum di Indonesia apa yang anda lakukan?
So many thing to say, but I don’t know now what to say, in indonesian em.. Saya
bekerja as nany, buat anak-anak untuk other keluarga. Ya di Nort keleyn, dan
Washington, dan elenoy, kami pindah banyak kali..
Q: kesulitan anda di sini?
No, because try to speak Indonesia.
Q: Pendapat anda tentang Indonesia?
Em.. Saya tinggal di Kenya Afrika untuk 10 tahun E anak Waktu anak banyak
thing’s many thing tentang Indonesia seperti Kenya,buah-buahan dan other em..
em.. dan orang , hem ya ya. Jadi Saya suka Indonesia, em.. because like Kenya ya.
Q: Describe your family?
Em Again ? hehem.. ok Saya sudah menikah, e nama suami Saya Pak Kars. Em..
kami sudah punya 2 anak. Nama anak-anak kami Benyamin dan Joshua., yoshua.
Benyamin umur 2 tahun, Joshy berumur 1 tahun.
Q: Bagaimana pendapat anda tentang belajar bahasa Indonesia di sini?
I don’t think I can. em.. I don’t know what to say.
Q: Kesulitan anda tentang belajar bahasa Indonesia?
Em.. hanya 3 minggu, jadi Saya belajar hanya em.. not short amouut but small
amouth.
Mrs. Sarah
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Q: Terimakasih atas waktunya Mrs. Sarah, bisa disebutkan nama lengkap?
Ya nama Saya, nama lengkap Sarah christine deal SARAH CHRISTINE DEAL
Q: Sudah berapa lama tinggal di Indonesia?
Sudah 5 setengah tahun
Q: Mungkin kegiatan anda di Indonesia?
Em, Saya ibu rumah tangga, tapi juga da bantuan dari teman kami. Saya juga
membantu orang baru yang datang kesini dari Amerika atau dari Eropa yang mau
belajar bahasa ,saya yang membantu mencari tutor, mencarikan apa-apa. Seperti
Saya yang mencarikan tutor, saya yang membantu menerjemahkan.
Q: Berasal dari mana?
Dari Amerika,
Q: Tepatnya?
Saya berasal dari Florida, itu agak ke selatan .
Q: Bisa disebutkan tempat tanggal lahir?
Saya lahir di kota “Tampa” di Florida, tanggal 13 Januari tahun 9 eh maaf tahun 80.
Q: Apa kegiatan anda sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Sebelum datang ke Indonesiakebnyakan waktu Saya dihabiskan dengan Kegiatan
ibu rumah tangga , sebelum datang ke Indonesia kami hany pnya 1 anak dia kecil
waktu itu jadi ya dirumah, Kemudian kami ada kegiata gereja juga, seperti itu, ibu
rumah tangga.
Q: Mungkin bisa anda ceritakan, tentang school?
Ya ya, Saya sudah mengurus SMA ,Saya kuliah di sekolah yang agak kecil itu dekat
rumah saya, disitu 2 tahun lalu lulus dari stu saya ke universitasyang apa,
universitaas itu untuk Kristen yang em.. ya mengajarkan al-kitab dan juga
menyiapkan orang yang mau pindh ke luar negri dan tinggal bersama orang dari
budaya lain ya jaidi ada kursus Bagaimana belajar bahasa dan bagaimana belajar
budaya lain ya selama 4 tahun.
Q: Mungkin sebelum datang ke sini pernah beajar bahasa Indonesia?
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Belum, sebelum pindah ke sini Saya tidak tahu bahasa Indonesia sama sekali,
mungkin em.. terimakasih.
Q: Apakah ada kesulitan selama anda tinggal di sini?
Emm, wah itu waktu pertam kami datang mungkin hany rindu ya keluarga tapi
kalau disini memang orangnya sanagat menerima kami ya tidak ada yang kurang
ramah atau apa, semua baik-baik saja, mungkin hanya katika waktu Saya belajar
bahasa itu sulit buat kami karena belum bisa berkomunikasi ya, Saya tetangga atau
teman orang Indonesia ya, sedikit-sedikit ya. Bisa berkomunikasi dengan lebih
mudah.
Q: Pendapat anda tentang Indonesia pertama kali?
Yam, em banyak ya perbedaan antara Indonesia dengan kebudayaan Saya di
Amerika, tetapi yang Saya ingat ya waktu pertama Saya ingat sekali dengan apa,
bagaimana masyarakat saling membantu, seperti misalnya dalam 1 RT ya, setiap
tetangga kalau ada em… kalau ada masalah atau perlu bantuan kami tetangga siap
membantu, dan juga dalam keluarga itu klau di Amerika ada masalah kadangkadang , sering terjadi ada orang tua, yang sudah tua sekali dan anak-anaknya
sendri, cucunya sendiri tidak mau merawat mereka. Ya tidak selalu, tapi semakin
lama semakin seperti itu. Jadi itu sangat … buat kami sedih ya lihatorang seperti itu
seharusnya dihormati ya, tapi mereka mungkin ditinggalkan oleh anaknya. Tapi
disini itu kami senang, karena anak-anak kami bisa belajar dari kebudayaan Jawa
ya, mau merawat yang sudah tua mau menghormai, emm apa yang lebih tua seperti
itu, neneknya kakeknya dan orang tuanya.
Q: Rencana anda tinggal di Indonesia?
Em, kami harap bisa lama, tapi kami jadi itu setahun-setahun, jadi setiap tahun harus
tunggu izin pemerintah, apakah boleh ?, tapi kami harap masih lama lagi.
Q: Bagaimana anda bisa datang ke Indonesia
Oh ya, itu kami di Amerika dari yayasan dari Amerika. Tapi kalau masuk kisini.
Dan di Amerika ada teman, gereja juga yang apa seperti membiayai kehidupan
kami, tapi kami disini Lebih baik dan kalau di Jawa yang kami tahu kebudayaan ini
yang sangat luas, jadi ini daerah yang baik untuk mereka belajar bahasa Indonesia.
Q: Faktor apa dalam bahasa Indonesia yang menurut anda sulit?
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Dari bahasa Indonesia? Mungkin Maksud saya yang paling sulit kata- kata, bukan
karena bahasa Indonesia, sering kalau saya bicara lupa kata-kata, mungkin katakata yang paling sulit.
Ms. Tabitha
Q: Miss Tabhita terimakasih atas waktunya, bisa disebutkan nama lengkap?
Ya nama Saya Tabitha Julia Kidwell.
Q: Bisa dieja?
T.A.B.I.T.H.A. J.U.L.I.A. K.I.D.W.E.L.L.
Q: Miss Tabitha berasal dari mana?
Ya, asli Amerika dan Negara Bag ohayo yang terletak di utara di Amerika.
Q: Sudah berapa lama tinggal di sini? Di Salatiga tinggal di mana?
Saya tinggal disini satu setengah tahun . he em di Salatiga , di Grogol Jl. Yudistira.
Q: Keperluanya datang ke sini?
Maaf? Oh Saya disini untuk mengajar di STAIN Salatiga, Saya mengajar bahasa
Inggris dan metodologi pendidikan bahasa.
Q: Bisa anda ceritakan apa yang anda lakukan sebelum datang ke sini?
Ya sebelum datang kesini Saya mengajar bahasa Prancis dan bahasa Spayol di SMP
di Amerika, di Ohayo em.. jadi Saya bekerja sebagai guru disana. Em.. sebelum itu
Saya mengajar bahasa Inggris di perancis dan di Madagaskar juga.
Q: Sebelum datang ke sini pernah punya pengalaman belajar bahasa Indonesia?
Em.. sebelum Saya datang kesini Saya belajar oleh internet aja. Jadi Saya belajar di
website. Tapi waktu Saya datang kesini Saya belajar sama rekan di kantor sini dan
sama teman dan Saya ikut kursus di UKSW.
Q: Apakah ada kesulitan saat pertama ali datng ke sini?
Iya, m.. tidak terlalu sulit karena Saya punya teman bagus sekali disini dan mereka
membantu banyak, em tapi datang ke negeri lain dann tinggal dalam budaya lain
itu sulit selau, jadi em waktu Saya datang kesini sulit katena Saya tidak tahu dimana
em beli makanan, dimana em bagaimana datang ke kampus dari rumah jadi ada
banyak kesulitan tentang tinggal ditempat baru? Iya
Q: Pendapat anda tentang Indonesia?
111
He’em ya Saya senang sekali disini em dulu rencana Saya 1 tahun aja. Em karena
Saya senang disini, Saya udah perpanjang untuk tanggal disini 1 tahun lagi. Jadi
Saya senang sekali disini orang Indonesia baik sekali dan cuaca di Salatiga enak
sekali. Em Saya senang suka makanan disini. Saya senang disini.
Q: Bisa anda ceritakan bagaimana anda bisa datang ke sini? Volunteer atau apa?
Ya, ya Saya bukan volenter em.. Saya mendapat salary, em.. tapi Saya di Salatiga
di STAIN Salatiga karena pak Hanung mendaftar dengan kedutaan Amerika. Saya
menulis proposal untuk mendapat velow disini, dan Saya juga di Amerika Saya
menulis proposal untk pergi kemana-mana seperti velow. Jadi, em mereka mengiri
Saya kapada Salatiga, em karena pengalaman Saya cocok dengan program di UPB
yang menulis, yang ditulis oleh Pak Hanung jadi Saya disini dengan program dari
kedutaan besar Amerika.
Q: Apa rencana anda setelah menetap dua tahun di Indonesia?
Ya belum tahu, Saya mau kembali ke Amerika karena melihat keluarga Saya lagi,
tapi ya rencana Saya belum tepat, tapi Saya karena tinggal di Amerika, bekerja di
sekolah-sekolah disana,belum tahu masih mencari kerja atau mungkin kembali ke
sekolah. Mungkin kembali untuk ambil S3 di Amerika.
Q: Perbedaan Indonesia dengan Negara lain / di Amerika?
Em.. di Amerika beda sekali karena Saya mengajar di SMP, tapi em.. kalau Saya
melihat SMP disini dan SMP disana beda seklai. Karena disana murid ada disekolah
jam 8 pagi sampai jam 4 sore. Jadi ada lebih banyak jam sekolah dan waktu mereka
di sekolah selalu ada kursus, jadi mereka belajar banyak di Amerika. Saya serasa
bahwa disini kalau Saya lewat SMP, selalu ada banyak murid di halaman yang
bukan di, tidak ada di dalam kelas, dan Saya pikir apa? Apa mereka lakukan disana?
Jadi pengalaman Saya disini, Saya melihat banyak SMP yang disana gak ada guru,
gak ada kursus, atau murid SMP pulang jam 11 pagi udah selesai, dan menurut Saya
sekolah public di Amerika lebih serius lebih em apa, lebih penting untuk orang
Amerika mungkin. Kurang tahu tapi murid pasti ada di sekolah tiap hari.
Q: Selain mengajar di STAIN apa kegiatan anda?
Em.. Saya presentasi di kongerensi di seluruh JATENG, contoh di Semarang, di
Solo, di Jogja dan sedikit di seluruh Indonesia juga karena Saya disini dengan
kedutaan Amerika, jadi kadang-kadang ada rencana seperti di Lombok atau di
Ambon, di tempat jauh sekali jadi Saya bisa pergi kesana dengan rencana kedutaan
dan bisa melihat Indonesia dan bisa membantu orang-orang disana dan ini bagus
sekali.
Q: Kesulitan yang anda hadapi di Indonesia? Mungkin makanan, tetangga atau
lainya?
112
Kesulitan? Ya ada banyak kesulitan sulit sekali tinggal didalam budaya lain, budaya
Indonesia karena Saya orang Amerika tinggal di sini Asing untuk Saya, jadi em tipa
hari ada kesulitan,Saya tidak bisa bicara dengan orang disini Saya pakai bahasa
Indonesia Sya tidak bisa bagus sekali,ada bnayak kesulitan ketidak mengertian, tapi
apa yang paling sulit tinggal disini dengan keluarga di Amerika karena kangen.
Kadang-kadang Saya sedih disini karena tidak bisa melihat Ibu Saya, tidak bisa
bicara dengan saudari Saya, tapi mungkin tentang makanan? Saya sudah terbiasa
makanan Indonesia tapi makanan Amerika, Saya mau makan lagi dan tidak ada
disini, jadi Sayamau makn pizza, mau makna pasta, mau makan makanan Amerika
yang ada disini tapi tidak sama. Jadi sekarang kalau Saya ke Swalayan Saya melihat
opsi semua makanan dan Saya sedih karena Saya tidak mai makn apa-apa ya jadi
Saya tidak bisa makan nasi lagi, sudah cukup, tidak bisa lagi tapi kalau orang
Indonesia, setiap hari nasi, 3 kali sehari, Saya kala Saya, Saya sudah cukup nasi
untuk hidup Saya, karena Saya sudah makan banyak nasi,dan sudah nasi tidak mau
makan nasi lagi.
Q: Menurut anda struktur atau mungin kosa kata yang menurut anda sulit dalam
bahasa Indonesia?
Dalam bahasa Indonesia? Ya. Untuk mulai ada konjugasi kata kerja seperti dalam
bahasa Inggris, jadi tata bahasa kalau mulai lebih mudah, tapi nanti waktu sudah
bisa bicara dengan orang di jalan dan waktu sudah seperti pertengahan em.. jadi
menjadi jauh lebih sulit, karena sekarang ada banyak kategori tata bahasa yang tidak
ada dalam bahasa Inggris seperti pasif, relative, em tidak tahu. Jadi ada banyak tata
bahasa lebih maju yang sulit sekali, dan Saya belum, belum tahu bagaimana bicara
bahasa Indonesia dengan sempurna, bisa berkomunikasi tapi masih ada banyak
kesulitan dalam bahasa Saya dan masih tidak bisa pakai struktur lebih, lebih
complex, jadi mudah seklai menjadi segi profesion aja, tapi sulit menjadi sulit,
bicara seperti orang Indonesia dengan sempurna,ya.
Mr. Peter Anderson
Q: Ok Mr Peter terimakasih atas waktunya, bisa disebutkan nama lengkap?
Maaf sekali lagi, oh complete name,, nama saya Peter Anderson A N D E R S O N,
e .. betul nama last name NEAL sama dengan istri saya.
Q: Berasal dari Negara mana?
Saya berasal dari Amerika tetapi e … saya em … berasal dari kata Chicago
Q: Bisa disebutkan tempat dan tanggal lahir?
Em sekali lagi maaf ? oh birth date ? oh born ..? em… ya September atau
sebtembery em 29 eh 1983, eh ya … em … betul
Q: Sudah berapa lama tinggal di Indonesia?
Em kira-kira empat bulan
113
Q: Maksud datang ke Indonesia?
Oh em, saya em .., mungkin saya tidak tau kata tetapi saya naik pesawat, eh untuk
organisasi dan em … di satu tahun, no tidak, bukan Salatiga. Saya pergi ke e…
Tarakan, anda tau Tarakan di Kalimantan ? ok saya pergi ke Kalimantan sudah saya
belajar bahasa Indonesia untuk satu tahun dan em … ada, apa kata untuk village ?
desa? Ada desa di gunung jauh dari Tarakan dan saya naik pesawat di, e.. ke gunung
dan waktu e… menjadi sakit e.. saya membawa dia ke Tarakan, iya betul.
Q: Apa kegiatan anda sebelum datang ke Indonesia?
Oh sekali lagi mungkin, sedikit slower maaf. Em … iya, saya pelatih, ya saya
pelatih pesawat, Saya em… apa kata untuk teach? Mengajar ya mengajar maaf
orang-orang em.. untuk naik pesawat.
Q: Di ?
Ya, dekat Chicago em.. tetapi state Michigan, anda tahu Michigan? Ya ya deket
Chicago em.. tetapi waktu saya tinggal di Michigan Saya bekerja dengan orangorang untuk naik pesawat.
Q: Apakah ada kesulitan yang anda dapat saat tinggal di sini?
Em.. apa kata ,em maaf apa artnya ‘kesulitan’ ? Oh ya.. oh ya ya, itu sulit waktu
Saya pergi ke Indonesia karena Saya sukakeluarga ya? Em.. dan ,Saya dan istri Saya
punya hanya grandson di keluarga jadi nenek ya dan kakek ? Grandfather sedih
karena Saya dan istri pergi ke Indonesia dan anak Saya juga em.. culture?
Indonesia? Maaf? Betul kebudayaan Indonesia itu tidak sama tetapi itu tidak bagus,
mean it’s not bad, it’s different so? Di Amerika, orang Amerika suka individuality,
very individual tetapi..orang kebiasaan. Oh tetapi kebiasaan Indonesia itu bersamasama sekali, mean it’s very community. Individuality itu bagus, emm.. community,
bersama-sama itu bagus juga tetapi itu tidak sama so? Saya belajar tentang em..
orang Indonesia , Saya suka orang Indonesia, em.. ya so? Ini mungkin contoh sulit,
tetapi bagus.
Q: Rencana anda menetap di Indonesia berapa lama?
Em.. apa artinya merancap, apa artinya rencana iya. Planning iya mengerti em.. di
Salatiga untuk 1 tahun kemudian waktu kami pergi ke Tikan, kami em.. akan tiggal
disana untuk 3 tahun kemudian kalau kami ingin atau mau tinggal di lagi, kami akan
maaf kami mau tinggal disana untuk 4 more, 4 lebih tahun. Mengerti ?
Q: Setelah tinggal di Tarakan 2 tahun lalu kembali ke Amerika?
Hem betul, untuk 6 bulan ya.. ya.. anda sudah bercakap-cakap dengan Pak Pet
kedua? Ya.. oh ok ya mengerti, seperti mereka ya.. ya.. betul.
114
Q: Kegiatan anda di Salatiga selain belajar bahasa Indonesia?
Em.. betul, setiap malam kami, Saya maaf Saya punya tetangga dan teman Saya die
m.. apa kata untuk re.. RW? RW. Mereka datang ke rumah Saya dan kami bermain
ping-pong dan bercakap-cakap dalam bahasa Indonesia, ya dan ungkin English ya.
Em.. Saya naik gunung dengan teman-teman Saya. Em… Saya pergi ke gereja
orang Indonesia. Saya bermain basket ball dengan anak-anak Saya di SI ya, em..
Saya punya teman, teman di pasar siapa punya warung atau toko dan waktu Saya
pergi ke pasar kami bercakap-cakap dan Saya punya em.. rambut Saya punya
rambut dipasar dan ya so banyak aktivitas di Salatiga.
Q: Pendapat anda tentang Indonesia?
Tentang Indonesia atau orang Indonesia oh atau oh ok.. Saya suka orang Indonesia,
ramah? Friendly? Ya ramah seklai di Amerika karena mereka value individualy,
kadang-kadang waktu em.. berjalan di jalan,mungkin orang tidak mari, selamat
pagi,selmat siang, selamat sore. Biasanya, mereka focus sekali. Tetapi waktu Saya
jalan-jalan banyak orang Indonesia oh mari.. selamat pagi dan em Chicago kami
punya oh tidak punya gunung oh jungle, em.. hutan? Forest? Em.. tetapi tidak
sepetri ini, this is very large ieh.. ini ya so ? jadi Saya suka. Ya.
Q: How about the food?
Oh Saya suka nasi goreng, Saya em.. maaf Saya suka nasi goring Saya juga bahkan
soto ayam dan nasi goreng dan sate dan banana split, tetapi kami punya banana split
di Amerika. Ya.
DAFTAR SKK
115
NAMA
: Ratih Asti Supriyanto
JURUSAN
: Tarbiyah
NIM
: 113 09 059
PROGRAM STUDI
: TBI
No.
Nama (Kegiatan)
Penyelenggara
Tempat & Waktu
Sebagai
Nilai
1.
Orientasi
Pengenalan
Akademik dan
Kemahasiswaan
(OPAK) 2009
Panitia Pelaksana
OPAK 2009
STAIN Salatiga, 1820 Agustus 2009
Peserta
3
2.
Pelatihan ESIQ
Mahasiswa baru
STAIN Salatiga
STAIN Salatiga
Peserta
3
3.
User Education
(Pendidikan
Pemakai)
UPT Perpustakaan
STAIN Salatiga
Peserta
3
4.
Diskusi Panel &
Buka Bersama
“Aktualisasi
Bahasa Arab dan
Bahasa Inggris
dalam Dakwah
Islam”
CEC, LDK &
ITTAQO STAIN
Salatiga
Peserta
2
English Friendship
Camp (EFC)
Communicative
English Club (CEC)
STAIN Salatiga
Peserta
3
PLCPP XIX
Racana Kusuma
Dilaga, STAIN
Salatiga
Peserta
3
5.
6.
STAIN Salatiga
21 Agustus 2009
Salatiga,
25-29 Agustus
2009
Salatiga,
05 September
2009
116
Salatiga,
16 Oktober 2009
Buper Pantaran,
Boyolali
18-21 Oktober
2009
Salatiga,
7.
Praktikum
Kepramukaan
Jurusan Tarbiyah
STAIN Salatiga
8.
Seminar
“Peningkatan
Bahasa
Internasional
untuk
Menguatkan
Pendidikan
Nasional”
CEC & ITTAQO
STAIN Salatiga
9.
SK Pengangkatan
Kepengurusan
CEC
Practicum
Program:
10.
Intensive Course,
Pronunciation,
Magazine Writing,
Public Speaking
22-24 Februari
2010
Peserta
3
Peserta
3
Peserta
3
Peserta
3
Salatiga,
20 April 2010
Salatiga,
STAIN Salatiga
19 Juli 2010
Department of
Religious Affairs
English Education
Study Program
STAIN Salatiga
Salatiga,
01 September
2010
2
11.
Amalan
Ramadhan Racana
ke-12
Racana Kusuma
Dilaga, STAIN
Salatiga
Kecamatan
Pabelan,
Kabupaten
Semarang
30 Agustus-03
September 2010
117
Panitia
Salatiga,
12.
Pelatihan
Advokasi
Kebijakan
Anggaran
13
English Friendship
Camp
CEC Stain Salatiga
Candi Gedong
Songo, 23-24
Oktober 2010
14.
Seminar Politik
“Pilwakot yang
Ideal untuk Masa
Depan Salatiga
yang Lebih Baik”
DEMA Stain
Salatiga
Salatiga, 27
Januari 2011
Communicative
English Club (CEC)
STAIN Salatiga
Salatiga,
15.
Seminar “Heal the
World with
Voluntary
Service”
Reveal A Book
“Ratusan Bangsa
Merusak Satu
Bumi”
Communicative
English Club (CEC)
STAIN Salatiga
16.
17.
Practicum
Program:
DRAMA
DEMA STAIN
Salatiga
12-13 Oktober
2010
Panitia
3
Peserta
3
Panitia
3
Peserta
3
Peserta
3
Panitia
3
Department of
Religious Affairs
English Education
Study Program
STAIN Salatiga
Peserta
3
19 Maret 2011
Salatiga,
03 Mei 2011
Salatiga,
21 September
2011
18.
English Friendship
Tour 2011
CEC Stain Salatiga
Candi Prambanan,
22-23 Oktober
2011
19.
English Public
Speaking Training
(EPST)
CEC Stain Salatiga
Salatiga, 17 Maret
2012
Panitia
3
20.
Praktikum
Pelatihan TOEFL
bagi mahasiswa
UPB STAIN Salatiga
Salatiga,
Peserta
3
118
Jurusan Tarbiyah
Angkatan 2009
30 Juli – 15
Agustus 2012
Praktikum
Pelatihan ILAiK
bagi Mahasiswa
Jurusan Tarbiyah
Angkatan 2009
UPB STAIN Salatiga
22.
Practicum
Program :
Discourse Analysis
Department of
Religious Affairs
English Education
Study Program
STAIN Salatiga
23.
Sarasehan
Nasional “Peran
Mahasiswa dalam
Realita dan
Idealitas Bangsa”
24.
25.
21.
Salatiga,
Peserta
3
Salatiga, 28 April
2012
Peserta
3
DEMA Stain
Salatiga
Salatiga, 1 Juli
2012
Peserta
6
Workshop
Leadership
DEMA Stain
Salatiga
Salatiga, 6 April
2012
Peserta
3
Workshop
Penelitian
“Reaktualisasi
Perwujudan
Amanah Tri
Dharma
Perguruan Tinggi
dalam
Memecahkan
Problematika di
Masyarakat"
Lembaga Pers
Mahasiswa (LPM)
Dinamika
Salatiga,
Peserta
3
Seminar
“Technology Era,
CEC Stain Salatiga
Peserta
3
119
30 Juli – 15
Agustus 2012
26 November
2012
Salatiga, 12
Desember 2012
26.
The Best Moment
to Learn English”
27.
English Debate
Competition
CEC Stain Salatiga
Salatiga, 11
Desember 2012
Juara I
3
28.
Seminar Nasional
“Kepemimpinan
dan Masa Depan
Bangsa”
HMI Salatiga
Salatiga, 23
Februari 2013
Peserta
3
29.
Seminar Nasional
“ASWAJA dalam
Perspektif Islam
Indonesia”
DEMA STAIN
Salatiga
Salatiga, 26 Maret
2013
Peserta
6
30.
Seminar Nasional
“Mengawal
Pengendalian
BBM Bersubsidi”
DEMA STAIN
Salatiga
Salatiga, 8 Juli
2013
Peserta
6
Jumlah
97
Salatiga, 09 Juli 2013
Mengetahui
Wakil Ketua III
Bidang Kemahasiswaan
H. Agus Waluyo, M.Ag
IP. 19750211 200003 1 001
120
121
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
: Ratih Asti Supriyanto
Place/Date of Birth
: Kab. Semarang, 26 July 1991
Address
: Tingkir Lor RT 1/01 Salatiga
Email Address
: [email protected]
Phone Number
: +6285 641 986 938
Educational Background
:
1. SD N Tingkir Lor 01 (1997-2003)
2. SMP N 3 Salatiga (2003-2006)
3. MAN Salatiga (2006-2009)
Experiences
:
1. English
teacher
at
Early
English
Education
2. Assistant of SIBI’s Lecturer at STAIN
Salatiga’s Language Service Unit
122