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Pre‐biotic era Organic compounds Functional groups Linkages Polymers Condensaton reaction Hydrolysis Replicate Natural selection Vesicles Compartmentation E. coli Precursors Catalysts Eukaryotes Nucleus Prokaryotes Virus Cytoplasm Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi appartus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vacuoles Cytosol Cytoskeleton Taxonomy Phylogeny Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Methanogens Halobacteria Thermophiles Symbiotic Mutations Thermodynamics Systems Surroundings Energy Heat Work Enthalpy Spontaneous process Entropy Boltzmann constant Gibbs free energy Exergonic Endergonic Equilibrium State functions Partial molar free energy Chemical potential Standard state Equilibrium constant Van’t Hoff plot Activity Isolated systems Closed systems Open systems Steady state Enzymes Polar Hydrogen bond Van der Waals distance Van der Waals forces