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The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms • Covalent: non-polar and polar • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH v Functional Groups v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA Carbohydrate Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides Glucose Polysaccharides are Monosaccharides Linked by Dehydration Figure 2.8 Polysaccharides are Used for Energy Storage or Structural Support Energy storage: glu glu glu OR glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu glu Structural support: glu glu glu glu glu glu Chitin is Made of Repeating NAG Molecules (Fungal Cell Walls)) Structural support: NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG Peptidoglycan/Murein is Made of NAG-NAM (Bacterial Cell Walls) Structural support: NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM pentapeptide links NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms • Covalent: non-polar and polar • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH v Functional Groups v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA Monomers of Lipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol are Saturated fatty acid: all single C-C bonds Unsaturated fatty acid: one or more double C=C bonds Complex or Polymer Lipids Figure 2.9c Complex or Polymer Lipids Figure 2.10a Complex or Polymer Lipids Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes) (animal cell membranes) Cholesterol and ergosterol keep plasma membranes fluid and flexible The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms • Covalent: non-polar and polar • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH v Functional Groups v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA Protein Monomers: Amino Acids (Peptides) Twenty Amino Acids Used in Polypeptides Linking Amino Acids (Peptides) Figure 2.14 Levels of Protein Structure QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Disulfide bonds Ionic bonds Non -polar interactions Hydrogen bonds The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms • Covalent: non-polar and polar • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH v Functional Groups v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA Monomers of Nucleic Acids 5’ 1’ 4’ 3’ribonucleotide 2’ ribonucleotide 5’ 1’ 4’ 3’ 2’ deoxyribonucleotide Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Information Storage RNA: Single stranded DNA: Double stranded Uses G, C, A, U bases Uses G, C, A, T bases Uses ribose sugar Uses deoxyribose sugar The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms • Covalent: non-polar and polar • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH v Functional Groups v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
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