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Protein: Amino Acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Amino Acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Amino Acids • Nonessential amino acids –a.k.a dispensable amino acids • Essential amino acids –a.k.a indispensable amino acids • Conditionally essential amino acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning An Essential Amino Acid Nonessential Amino Acids Proteins • Peptide bond Proteins • Dipeptide Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Proteins • Tripeptide Proteins • Polypeptide Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Proteins • Amino acid sequences Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein shape and function Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Proteins • Protein denaturation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Digestion • Stomach –HCl –Pepsinogen pepsin •Proenzyme Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Digestion • Small intestine –Proteases •Intestinal and pancreatic –Peptidases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Digestion in the GI Tract Protein Absorption • Carriers • Capillaries • Absorption misconceptions – Enzyme/amino acid supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Synthesis • Delivering the instructions –DNA •mRNA Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Synthesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Synthesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Synthesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Synthesis • Sequencing errors Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Synthesis • Nutrients and gene expression Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Roles of Proteins • Building material –Growth –Maintenance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Roles of Proteins • Enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Roles of Proteins • Hormones Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Roles of Proteins • Regulation of fluid balance –Edema • Acid-base regulation –Acidosis –Alkalosis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Transport Proteins Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Roles of Proteins • Immunity –Antibodies –Antigens Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Roles of Proteins • Source of energy • Other roles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Metabolism • Protein turnover –Amino acid pool • Nitrogen balance –Positive nitrogen balance –Negative nitrogen balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids to make proteins • Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids to make other compounds –Neurotransmitters • Using amino acids for energy and glucose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Metabolism • Deamination • Using amino acids to make fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Quality • High-quality proteins • Digestibility –Animal vs. plant • Amino acid composition –Limiting amino acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Quality • Reference protein • Complementary proteins Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein Quality • PDCAAS –Protein digestibilitycorrected amino acid score Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Food Labels • Quantity of protein • Daily Value –50 g protein •10% of a 2000 kcal diet Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Acute PEM • Chronic PEM Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Marasmus • Kwashiorkor • Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Infections –Dysentery • Rehabilitation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Health Effects • Heart disease • Cancer • Adult bone loss –osteoporosis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Health Effects • Weight control • Kidney disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Recommended Intakes • RDA –0.8 g/kg/day –10% - 35% of energy intake Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Recommended Intakes • Adequate intake • Protein in abundance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Supplements • Protein supplements • Amino acid supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets • Health benefits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets • Diet planning –Protein •Lacto-ovo-vegetarians •Meat replacements –Texturized vegetable protein Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets • Vitamins and minerals –Lactovegetarians –Vegans Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets • Omega-3 fatty acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets • Vegetarian diets through the life span –Pregnancy and lactation –Infancy –Childhood and adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Vegetarian Diets • Healthy food choices –Macrobiotic diets Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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