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General Assessment of Science, Technology and Information (STI) Performance Profiles, 2005
Strong
Weak
Performance profile of innovation system
Austria
Employment in medium/high technology manufac- All others except government funding of business
turing, innovative firms in manufacturing and ser- R&D.
vices, value added in medium/high technology
manufacturing.
Belgium
SME share in R&D, employment in medium/high
technology manufacturing and high technology
services, inward FDI, government funding on
business R&D, business-funded R&D at institutions of higher education, tertiary education, venture capital.
Innovation expenditures, science and engineering International linkage and private funding system,
graduates, PhDs, business-funded R&D at govweak economic performance.
ernment labs, participation in lifelong learning,
share of innovative firms in manufacturing and
services, productivity, value added and high technology share.
Finland
Most indicators, except overall economic performance.
Inward FDI, share of innovative firms in manufacturing and services.
Greece
Science and engineering graduates, high share of All others.
medium/high technology in GDP.
Overall weak performance, strong in science and
engineering education.
Ireland
Employment in medium/high technology manufacturing and services, inward FDI, science and engineering graduates, share innovative firms in
services and manufacturing, labour productivity
and value added.
Patens, business expenditure on R&D, government funding of business R&D, publications, basic research, share of R&D in overall budget,
business-funded R&D at labs and institutions of
higher education, tertiary education, participation
in lifelong learning, knowledge investments.
Strong company system, good overall performance, weak knowledge system.
Netherlands
Patents, employment in high-technology services,
inward FDI, publication, business-financed R&D
in labs and institutions of higher education, venture capital.
Employment in medium/high technology manufac- Big firms, strong private funding system for innoturing, science and engineering graduates, PhDs, vation.
basic research, share of research in overall
budget, tertiary education, share of innovators
with co-operation, labour productivity.
Sweden
Innovation expenditures, employment in medium/high technology manufacturing and services, business expenditure on R&D, direct government funding of R&D, PhDs, publication, basic
research, business-funded R&D at institutions of
higher education, share of co-operative innovators, tertiary education, participation in lifelong
learning, knowledge investments, venture capital.
SME share in R&D, business-funded R&D in labs, Overall strong inputs with weaker performance,
share of innovative firms in services, labour prostrong knowledge system.
ductivity, employment in medium/high technology
relative to GDP.
Innovative industrial system.
Strong system with a paradox of a less innovative
company system.
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General Assessment of Science, Technology and Information (STI) Performance Profiles, 2005
Strong
Weak
Performance profile of innovation system
Norway
Share of SMEs in R&D, employment in medium/high technology services, direct government
funding of R&D, PhDs, publications, share of R&D
in overall budget, share of co-operative innovators, tertiary education, labour productivity (oil
rent-based).
Innovation expenditures, patents, employment in
medium/high technology manufacturing, inward
FDI, business expenditure on R&D, science and
engineering graduates, basic research, share of
innovative firms in manufacturing and services,
value added and employment in medium/high
technology relative to GDP.
Overall good economic performance in weaker
company system, service- and governmentoriented.
Switzerland
Innovation expenditures, patents, employment in
medium/high technology manufacturing and services, direct government funding of business
R&D, tertiary education, participation in lifelong
learning.
Basic research, business-funded R&D at institutions of higher education
Strong company system and government in
knowledge investments.
Japan
Patents, employment in medium/high technology
manufacturing, business expenditure on R&D,
share of R&D in overall budget, tertiary education,
participation in lifelong learning, knowledge investments, venture capital.
SME share in R&D, employment in services, inStrong industrial system and know-ledge investward FDI, direct government funding of R&D,
ments, weak on system performance.
PhDs, publications, business R&D at institutions
of higher education and labs, share of cooperative innovators, value added in medium/high
technology relative to GDP, employment in medium/high technology relative to GDP
New Zealand
Publications, basic research, business-funded
R&D at labs, tertiary education, share of innovative firms in manufacturing and services.
Patents, business expenditure on R&D, direct
government funding of business R&D, share of
R&D in overall budget, business-funded R&D at
institutions of higher education, venture capital,
labour productivity, value added in medium/high
technology relative to GDP.
Innovative company system, variable inputs.
SME: small and medium enterprises;
R&D: research and development;
FDI: foreign direct investment.
Source: OECD, Governance of Innovation Systems, Volume 1: Synthesis Report, Paris 2008, pp. 29-30.
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